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突破固定思維的束縛,做出正確的選擇

2008-05-21 10:07
中學生英語高效課堂探究 2008年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:定語賓語狀語

曹 凌

我們做英語的選擇題時,出題者往往設(shè)下“陷阱”,改用熟悉的句型結(jié)構(gòu),利用一些詞或短語的搭配來制造陷阱,誤導(dǎo)考生掉入所設(shè)的陷阱,考生常常會受到固定思維的束縛而忽略了題中已經(jīng)變化的條件或情境,輕而易舉選出“正確答案”,結(jié)果往往選錯。針對這種情況,同學們在平時應(yīng)學會深入分析句式結(jié)構(gòu)及成分,尤其是長難句,認真分析語境,找出其特殊性。要時刻記?。赫Z意第一、語法第二的解題原則。

下面我結(jié)合近些年的高考題,就同學們在考試中常常出現(xiàn)的幾種類型的思維定勢進行剖析,以期對同學們有所幫助。

一、漢語的“干擾”

由于母語在大腦中根深蒂固,所以常常會對同學們英語學習產(chǎn)生一定的負面影響,形成思維定勢,從而使考生在考試中產(chǎn)生錯誤的判斷,這尤其易發(fā)生在一些習慣表達方式上。

例1. Ill come to see you if_______ .

A. youre convenient

B. it is convenient for you

C. you feel convenient

D. it is convenient with you

解析:答案為B,但易誤選A或C,因為按漢語意思“如果你方便的話”,易直譯為if you are convenient或if you feel convenient。但事實上,英語中表示“如果你方便的話”,通常說if it is convenient for (to) you。

【及時鞏固練習】

1. I wont go there alone, and Ill take______________ wants to go.

A. anyoneB. who

C. whoeverD. what

2. Mary is very clever and_______worth teaching, but her brother isnt. Look, he is now_______asleep in class.

A. very; veryB. much; very

C. well; veryD. well; fast

3. —What do you think has caused the fearful_______ hurricane in America?

—_______ out too much warm gas.

A. People cut forest at will and let

B. Because people cut forest at will and let

C. When people cut forest at will and let

D. Peoples cutting forest at will and letting

4. —Who is making so much noise in the_____ garden?

—_______ the children.

A. There areB. They are

C. That isD. It is

5. There are some occasions_______you may be misunderstood by others.

A. whichB. when

C. thatD. Where

二、句型須“活用”

句型結(jié)構(gòu)是英語學習的基礎(chǔ)。同學們在高一、高二年級零零碎碎地學過一些句型,但到了高三總復(fù)習時,尤其是在考場上如何明辨、活用這些句型又是一個問題。

例2. —Did Jack come early last night?

—Yes. It was not yet eight oclock_______ he arrived home. (05福建卷)

A. beforeB. when

C. thatD. until

解析: 考生的思維定勢有二:首先,認為是考查強調(diào)句型。同學們熟記了強調(diào)句型的基本模式:It be + 被強調(diào)部分 + that / who +其余部分。而判斷一個句子是否為強調(diào)句型,只需將其中的It is / was和who / that去掉,如果句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整通順,則是強調(diào)句型,否則就可能是其他語法形式。如果選C項,去掉It was和所填的that后,時間狀語前缺少介詞,產(chǎn)生句法錯誤,因此該句不是強調(diào)句型,而是狀語從句。其次,此題也易被認為是在考查It ... before ...句型。 It is + 時間段 + before句型的肯定式表示“過多久……才、就”;否定式表示“不久……才、就”。此題如用before則邏輯不符,故答案選B。

【及時鞏固練習】

6. —Where did you get to know her?

—It was on the farm_______we worked. (07年山東卷)

A. thatB. there

C. whichD. where

7._______has got the first place will be announced at the meeting this afternoon.

A. WhoB. Whom

C. WhoeverD. Whomever

8. Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem_______none of us worked out.

A. thatB. asC. andD. which

9. Only those who have been to the Great Wall_______believe it is really a wonder.

A. will theyB. they will

C. do theyD. Will

三、識破句型結(jié)構(gòu)陷阱,結(jié)構(gòu)要“審清”

例3: Who would you rather_______with him to go travelling this summer holiday?

A. have goneB. have been gone

C. have goD. have to go

解析:陷阱為have something done這一句型結(jié)構(gòu),易誤選A項。如果把題干還原,則很容易看出句首的who做have的賓語,句型結(jié)構(gòu)為have somebody do something,故應(yīng)選C項。

【及時鞏固練習】

10. —Did Jack come back early last night?

—Yes. It was not yet eight oclock_______ he arrived home.

A. beforeB. when

C. thatD. until

11. You can never imagine what great difficulty

I have_______your house.

A. foundB. finding

C. to findD. for finding

12. Every minute is made full use of_______our lessons.

A. to studyB. studying

C. studiedD. being studied

13. The day we look forward to_______ .

A. comeB. coming

C. has comeD. have come

14. Ways must be thought of_______the balance of nature.

A. keepB. keeping

C. to keepD. being kept

四、 搭配防“軟肋”

英語中的固定搭配在高考中很重要,就拿一些詞組的搭配來說,如look forward to, devote to, object to, be used to, stick to, make use of, lead to, belong to, refer to, thanks to等,其中的to / of均為介詞,后面要跟名詞或動名詞。have后可接have sb. do / doing, have sth. done, 分別指讓某人做或一直做某事或請人做某事。而命題者也常常會抓住考生這個思維的“軟肋”來設(shè)置解題障礙,聲東擊西。

例4: He made up his mind to devote his life_______pollution_______happily.

A. to prevent; to live

B. to prevent; from living

C. to preventing; to live

D. to preventing; living

解析:答案為C,易誤選B或D項。思維定勢有二:其一是認為第一空為不定式,其實devote ... to ... (把……奉獻給……) 中的to是介詞,接-ing形式;其二是片面地認為是prevent ... (from) doing sth.這個固定搭配,其實第二空是不定式做目的狀語,否則在邏輯上不通。

【及時鞏固練習】

15. Im reading the article my son has just finished_______any spelling mistakes.

A. correctingB. correct

C. to correctD. having corrected

16. What is the way Mr. Smith thought of______________ enough money to buy the new _______house.

A. gettingB. having got

C. being gotD. to get

17. She cant help_______the windows because shes busy making a cake.

A. to cleanB. cleaning

C. cleanedD. being cleaned

18. He thought the child was more important than the job, and then he gave up_______after him.

A. to lookB. looking

C. lookedD. look

19. He ran as fast as he could_______to catch the bus.

A. hopeB. to hope

C. hopingD. hoped

20. In order not to be disturbed, I spent three hours_______in my study.

A. lockingB. locked

C. to lockD. to be locked

21. The reason_______he gave the teacher was that he hadnt caught the bus in time.

A. whyB. for

C. whichD. where

22. —Oh!This is the same book_______I_______am looking for!

—Where did you find it?

A. asB. that

C. whichD. where

23._______is reported in the newspaper that talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. ItB. As

C. ThatD. What

【答案與解析】

1. 解析:答案為C,但考生易誤選A 或B項,誤選的原因主要是直接按中文意思套譯,即將其譯為“我不會一個人去,誰想去我就帶誰去”。 當然若將 A、B兩項合起來,即 anyone who,則也正確。選項 C (whoever)引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句,用做動詞 take 的賓語。

2. 解析:答案為D,但易誤選A,因為許多同學往往將漢語中的“很”與英語中的very相對應(yīng)。但是許多漢語中的“很”是不能用英語中的very來直譯的。如漢語“我很喜歡英語”,在英語中就不能說成I very like English.,而應(yīng)說成I like English very much.因為副詞very在英語中習慣上不用來修飾動詞。上題不能選A,因為形容詞worth和asleep習慣上不能用副詞very來修飾,而是分別用well和fast修飾,即說成be well worth doing sth.(很值得做某事),be fast / sound asleep(熟睡),所以此題的最佳答案應(yīng)選D。

3. 解析:此題易誤選B項。題干中問“什么引起美國可怕的颶風”,應(yīng)該回答“人們亂砍森林并且釋放大量熱氣引起……”,回答主語,應(yīng)用名詞性成分,此短語后面省略了has caused the fearful hurricane in America,故選D項。

4. 解析:受漢語思維的影響,此題易誤選B項。題干中問的是誰,回答的主語應(yīng)該是孩子們。句中的答語采用強調(diào)句型的省略形式,完整句子為It is the children that are making so much noise in the garden.,故選D項。

5. 解析:很多同學易誤選D項。但如果知道occasion表示時間,譯為“時間,場合”,就應(yīng)該知道此題選B項,句中when引導(dǎo)一個定語從句。

6. 解析:答案為D??忌豢吹竭@個句子,立即就想到了強調(diào)句型,而誤選為A項,殊不知這是一個帶有定語從句的強調(diào)句的省略形式??罩行枰钊氲氖嵌ㄕZ從句的關(guān)系副詞where,完整的句子是It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.因為是口語交際,所以把后面部分that I got to know her 省略了。

7. 解析:答案為A。老師經(jīng)常對同學們強調(diào),遇到?jīng)]有標點的句子,尤其是考查主語從句時,應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮whoever,不過,這一固定思維用在此處是行不通的,因為句義不通。因為只能說誰將獲勝,而非無論誰獲勝。

8. 解析:粗心大意的同學一看到so,就易想到了that并選答案這A,他們總以為 “so ... that”搭配“天經(jīng)地義”,其實不然。 此題中的worked out 后無賓語,因此空后句子應(yīng)理解為定語從句,定語從句用什么樣的關(guān)系代詞呢?原來so difficult an examination problem也可改寫為such a difficult examination problem, as正是定語從句,故選B。

9. 解析:陷阱為only開頭的句子要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),易誤選A、C項。only放在句首后接狀語時,通常用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),但only加主語的句子不倒裝。題干中those是句子的主語,后面帶有who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,故答案為D項。

10. 解析:此題易誤選A項。如果是強調(diào)句型,去掉it was和that后,句子應(yīng)依然完整。此句中it指時間,when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,故選B項。

11. 解析:本題中含有一個句型“have some / much / great difficulty (in) doing something”,只不過這個句型不是以普通形式出現(xiàn)的。此句相當于“I have great difficulty finding your house. You can never imagine that.”所以答案應(yīng)為B。不要誤以為是完成時從而誤選A。

12. 解析:本題考查固定詞組make full use of something的用法。可是這里用了該詞組的被動語態(tài)形式,故排除B、D兩項。而A項為不定式,可作狀語,所以此題答案應(yīng)該為A項。

13. 解析: 若按“思維定勢”解答此題,答案是B。因為動詞短語look forward to(盼望)中的to 為介詞,后接動名詞作賓語。若稍微細心一點,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)此句中缺少謂語,因而要選C。試分析:the day 為先行詞,we look forward to 是定語從句,其實to 的賓語就是先行詞the day。

14. 解析:答案為C。由于受介詞of的影響,容易誤選B。其實這是一個被動句,其主動結(jié)構(gòu)是think of ways to do something。

15. 解析: 答案為C,其實本句考查的是帶定語從句的目的狀語,my son has just finished 是定語從句,它修飾前面的article, finish的賓語是article,而非correcting, to correct 做Im reading the article的目的狀語。

16. 解析: 同理,學生們受到thought of的影響,會誤選A,而沒有分清Mr. Smith thought of是前面the way的定語從句,the way后接了to buy the new house來做定語,故答案為D。

17. 解析:大部分同學讀完題目,不假思索地想到“cant help doing sth.(情不自禁地做某事)”的結(jié)構(gòu)而誤選B項。其實只要正確理解題意“因為她忙于做蛋糕,不能幫助擦窗戶”,就不難得出答案是A,此處的“cant help”意為“不能幫助”,后接不定式作賓語。

18. 解析:錯誤的解題思路為判斷give up為一個只能接動名詞作賓語的短語動詞而選答案為B,而正確答案是A,何故?只要翻譯原題,便會豁然開朗。題意為“他認為孩子比工作重要,然后他放棄(工作)來照顧孩子?!贝颂庍x不定式做目的狀語。

19. 解析:答案為C,但考生易誤選B,其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語hoping to catch the bus用做伴隨狀語,即一邊跑一邊希望能趕上汽車。跑和希望同時所以用現(xiàn)在分詞形式hoping。而不定式通常表示其動作或意識后于謂語,所以此處不宜選to hope。

20. 解析:答案為B,但考生易誤選A,以為是考查spend ... (in) doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。其實不是“鎖門”花去了三小時,而是“將自己鎖在書房里度過了三小時”,句中過去分詞短語做伴隨狀語。

21. 解析: 受the reason why ... is that ... 的影響易誤選A項。題干中的gave應(yīng)該帶有雙賓語,why在定語從句中只能做狀語。此句只能用which做gave的間接賓語,故正確答案C項。

22. 解析: 此題陷阱為the same ... as ... 這一習慣搭配,易誤選A項。the same ... as ...譯為“和……一樣”,而the same ... that ...指“就是同一個”。根據(jù)語意和it可知應(yīng)選B項。

23. 解析: 此題陷阱為As is reported這一結(jié)構(gòu),易誤選B項。 但仔細分析后不難看出,此題中it做形式主語,that引導(dǎo)真正的主語從句,因此正確答案為A項。

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