喻華國(guó)
英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作是體現(xiàn)學(xué)生綜合能力的一個(gè)重要方面,也是高考的必考題型。英語(yǔ)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求覆蓋所有要點(diǎn),文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊奏,語(yǔ)法基本無(wú)誤,表達(dá)清楚,語(yǔ)言流暢,行文連貫要想在考試中獲得一個(gè)較理想的分?jǐn)?shù),考生應(yīng)該注意以下幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題。
第一、審題。高考作文主要是提供一定的素材,要求學(xué)生以材料為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)材料進(jìn)行綜合、說(shuō)明,并對(duì)某一問(wèn)題、某一事件闡明自己的看法、態(tài)度。作文材料的提供往往有三種類(lèi)型,即文字型、圖表型、圖畫(huà)型。所以,學(xué)生在動(dòng)筆之前,對(duì)作文要點(diǎn)的把握,對(duì)文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用,應(yīng)該有一個(gè)清醒的思路。特別是對(duì)圖表型、圖畫(huà)型題材的文章,更應(yīng)該認(rèn)真審題,找出文章的要點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樵u(píng)卷的一個(gè)很關(guān)鍵的因素就是文章是否涵蓋題目所提供的要點(diǎn)。根據(jù)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)遺漏要點(diǎn)的扣分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是相當(dāng)嚴(yán)格的。另外,在審題時(shí),切忌偏題離題,東拉西扯,不得要領(lǐng)。也忌重復(fù)冗繁,條理不清,重點(diǎn)不突出。從以往的閱卷情況看,有相當(dāng)一部分考生,在動(dòng)筆之前,不認(rèn)真思考。寫(xiě)完之后,才發(fā)現(xiàn)要點(diǎn)遺漏,文章結(jié)構(gòu)安排不合理,字?jǐn)?shù)超標(biāo)等等問(wèn)題。如果回轉(zhuǎn)頭再修改潤(rùn)飾,既費(fèi)時(shí),同時(shí)也影響卷面整潔。例如:
某地一模擬考試有一篇作文是關(guān)于養(yǎng)狗情況的調(diào)查。要求用英語(yǔ)表述調(diào)查的內(nèi)容,并談?wù)勛约簩?duì)該問(wèn)題的看法。調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)如下:
38%的被調(diào)查者認(rèn)為要禁止養(yǎng)狗,28%的被調(diào)查者要求限制養(yǎng)狗,10%的被調(diào)查者要求自由養(yǎng)狗,另有24%的調(diào)查者態(tài)度不明。
某考生的作文如下:
Here is the statistic of the Opinion Poll from the SHMT Investigation Centre. 10 percent of the people support raising dogs freely;38 percent tend to forbid raising dogs; 28 percent think it should be limited, and remaining havent a clear attitude.
In my opinion, I also think raising dogs should be limited other than be forbidden. As is known, dogs have long been our best friends. They can not only keep us company but also protect us. Some families even regard their dog as one of their family members. So it is not suitable to forbid raising dogs. But on the other side, sometimes dogs do make troubles. Besides, they may bring deadly diseases. It is a must to limit raising dogs so that people can enjoy the friendship with dogs better.
該篇作文除了在語(yǔ)言上還需要錘煉之外,在審題上也有些偏差。文章的重心落在自己對(duì)養(yǎng)狗問(wèn)題的看法上,對(duì)所給材料發(fā)揮不足。
第二,受青睞的作文往往是用詞用句精練、到位、準(zhǔn)確的文章。要盡可能多地運(yùn)用比較熟悉的詞組、短語(yǔ)、句式以確保文章通順流暢,切忌寫(xiě)出中文式的英語(yǔ)。另外,在用詞上,要盡量做到具體形象,不要抽象化,單一化。比如表達(dá)某物漂亮,我們可以避開(kāi)very beautiful,而用beyond description;對(duì)某人感激可以說(shuō)Words failed me when I wanted to express thanks to him. 在詞法上,要在使用動(dòng)詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞及詞語(yǔ)活用上下功夫。試想,在表達(dá)“人群大量涌出某個(gè)地方”時(shí),用flow效果肯定不錯(cuò)。在句法上,要盡量避免句式的單一化,應(yīng)做到各種句式轉(zhuǎn)換自如,如強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、各種從句、省略句等。比如表達(dá)“你家的旁邊有條小河”,應(yīng)用Beside your house runs a small river.就是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的選擇。當(dāng)然,在詞法句法上的亮點(diǎn),應(yīng)以一定的基本功為前提。切忌為了片面追求亮點(diǎn),寫(xiě)出不知所云的文章。
第三,行文的連貫也是評(píng)卷老師比較看重的一個(gè)方面。為了使文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),渾然一體,增強(qiáng)文章的說(shuō)服力和感染力,考生應(yīng)該在句子與句子之間,段落與段落之間使用一些過(guò)渡性的詞語(yǔ)。不用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞,往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言斷層現(xiàn)象,或者一篇文章成一段文章,這些都是閱卷老師不欣賞的。比較常見(jiàn)的連接詞如下:however, otherwise, of course, I think, as far as I know, on the one hand, on the other hard, whatt more, whats worse, to make things worse, moreover, furthermore, in addition, in addition to, besides, because of, for one thing, for another thing, most importantly, in ones opinion, to ones surprise, although, though, but, not only ... but, according to, but for, regardless of, for example, despite, in spite of, to tell you the truth, believe it or not, generally speaking, strictly speaking, as is often the case, not only ... but also, as is known to us, as far as we are concerned, in a word, because, since, to ones joy, owing to, due to。
第四,基本的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)盡量避免,不要寫(xiě)不完整的句子,時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,人稱(chēng)不要在句中突然轉(zhuǎn)換,主謂要一致,上下文指代應(yīng)該一致,名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不要弄錯(cuò),保證動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)正確,形容詞副詞不要誤用,還有從句中的連詞不要搞錯(cuò),如that,what就經(jīng)常被學(xué)生弄錯(cuò)。
第五,學(xué)生在發(fā)表自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)闡明態(tài)度時(shí),應(yīng)以實(shí)際情況為依據(jù),不能盲目擴(kuò)大或縮小事實(shí),胡編濫造會(huì)給閱卷老師留下態(tài)度不端正的印象。
第六,考生在細(xì)節(jié)上的疏忽也會(huì)影響得分的高低,如書(shū)寫(xiě)水平、字母的大小寫(xiě)、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、卷面整潔度、單詞拼寫(xiě),甚至個(gè)人的書(shū)寫(xiě)習(xí)慣也會(huì)影響得分。另外作文字?jǐn)?shù)的浮動(dòng)區(qū)間不要超出±10個(gè)。
以上注意事項(xiàng)還需要同學(xué)們?cè)趯?shí)際訓(xùn)練中多揣摩,多思考,才能在考試中運(yùn)用自如。