鐘美云

任務(wù)型“閱讀理解”是近幾年隨著任務(wù)型教學(xué)出現(xiàn)的新題型。它是在遵循新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)任務(wù)型教學(xué)的任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)而形成的一種新題型。該題型強(qiáng)調(diào)考查考生的實(shí)際“動(dòng)手”能力。任務(wù)型閱讀理解題所選文章題材真實(shí)可靠，內(nèi)容貼近現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生活，涉及學(xué)生和涉外生活、富有時(shí)代氣息，語言原汁原味，主要以廣告、海報(bào)、通告等應(yīng)用文體為主。重在考查學(xué)生根據(jù)所提供信息具體解決實(shí)際問題的能力，同時(shí)還注重考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解、分析理解、邏輯推理及社會(huì)生活的綜合運(yùn)用能力。

題型展示一：短文排序型閱讀理解

這類題型的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是給出一篇約200-300詞的短文，各段落的順序已被打亂，要求學(xué)生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)將段落重新排序，有時(shí)首段或尾段的位置已給出。這對(duì)把握篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的能力提出了更高的要求。要求我們要從篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的層面上把握短文，了解其大概結(jié)構(gòu)，分清段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

解這類題型時(shí)，首先要注重首段或尾段，了解短文的主要內(nèi)容，并以此為基礎(chǔ)判斷其基本的邏輯關(guān)系。注意首段的最后幾句可能給出的線索。再通讀其余段落，留意各段中含有暗示性的詞語或句子及出現(xiàn)頻率較高的詞匯，這些可能是解題的關(guān)鍵所在。初步排列段落，結(jié)合各段所給出的暗示以及上下文的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)一步調(diào)整各段順序。最后確認(rèn)，把排好順序的短文通讀一遍，從整體上對(duì)段落的順序進(jìn)行最后的確認(rèn)。

[題型舉例]閱讀下列語段。把它們組成一篇連貫的短文。

(A)A fire-engine will arrive quickly． The firemen know what to do．They have long ladders to reach high windows．

(B)If you want to be a fireman， you must be strong and healthy． A fireman has to be able to carry heavy things． He has to be able to climb ladders and to work in high places． So he also has to be brave．

(C)They try their best to rescue the people who cant get out． If some people are hurt， they are taken to hospital in ambulances(救護(hù)車)．

(D)When a fire begins， we must tell the fireman． Do you know how to do this?

(E)After all the people have been rescued， the firemen put out the fire． Sometimes this is very difficult because some people keep things in passages and on stairs． Then the firemen cant get past to fight the fire．

(F)Go to the nearest telephone and dial the number 119． When someone speaks， tell him about the fire． Speak slowly and clearly．

[答案及簡析]通過閱讀，我們可知這是一篇關(guān)于消防知識(shí)的短文，應(yīng)該按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序排列。根據(jù)第一語段D我們可以預(yù)測(cè)全文的內(nèi)容，發(fā)現(xiàn)火災(zāi)的處理方法是：就近撥打119報(bào)警，消防車來到，滅火的過程，當(dāng)一個(gè)消防隊(duì)員的基本條件。根據(jù)這個(gè)步驟可得出正確的順序應(yīng)是：

1. 選F。說明火災(zāi)報(bào)警的基本要點(diǎn)，就近撥打119，報(bào)警時(shí)說話要慢且清晰。

2. 選A。說明消防隊(duì)員接到報(bào)警后來到火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)并攜帶他們的專業(yè)設(shè)備。

3. 選C。說明消防隊(duì)員怎樣救人。

4. 選E。說明有時(shí)他們也會(huì)遇到一些困難，如過道堵塞等。

5. 選B。闡述做一個(gè)消防隊(duì)員應(yīng)該具備的基本條件。

題型展示二：填充式閱讀理解

這類題型的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是：給出一篇完整的短文，然后根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容改寫成另一短文或轉(zhuǎn)換為若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的單句，每空填上一個(gè)單詞或短語，使其能符合短文原意。

解這類題型時(shí)，首先要充分理解所給材料，運(yùn)用分析、推理、判斷等方法，結(jié)合所學(xué)的語言知識(shí)，從詞形變化、同義詞、句型轉(zhuǎn)換、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)等多方面進(jìn)行解答。

[題型舉例]A school inspector(檢察官) was coming to visit a school. The school headmaster was afraid. He sent a boy to the station to see if the inspector was on the train and he told the boy to run back to school if the inspector arrived.

Then the boy got to the station; he was very glad to meet his uncle there. He didnt see the inspector. His uncle didnt know why the boy was there at that time. The boy told his uncle the secret and he said the headmaster was waiting for the inspector.

The boy thought his uncle was coming to see his father. But his uncle came with him to his school. His uncle wanted to see the headmaster because he was the inspector.

閱讀短文，完成句子，每空一詞。

The headmaster felt ____(1) when he heard a school inspector was coming to ____(2) the school. So a boy was sent to the station. He asked the boy to run ____(3) as soon as he ____(4) the inspector. The boy was so ____(5) when he saw his uncle at the station. His uncle didnt know ____(6) the boy was there ____(7) school time. From the boys words, he knew the headmaster was waiting ____(8) him. The man didnt go to the boys home, instead came ____(9) the boy to his school. The boy didnt know his uncle was just the ____(10).

[答案及簡析]該短文非常的幽默，首先考生應(yīng)該了解短文的大意，學(xué)校的檢察官去視察學(xué)校，校長很害怕。于是他派一個(gè)孩子去看看車站上有沒有檢察官，這個(gè)孩子只見到了他的叔叔，他告訴了他的叔叔他去車站的秘密。他以為他的叔叔是來看他的爸爸的，而他的叔叔卻隨他去了學(xué)校，他就是那個(gè)檢察官。然后我們逐個(gè)地去分析每個(gè)空：第一句話說明校長聽說檢察官要來參觀他們的學(xué)校時(shí)，他很害怕。故答案為(1)afraid; (2)visit。下句很明顯說明小孩到車站的目的，一看到檢察官就回來，故答案為(3)back; (4)saw。當(dāng)男孩在車站看到叔叔時(shí)心情是高興的，故答案為(5)happy/glad。叔叔不知道男孩上課時(shí)候在這兒的原因，故答案為(6)why; (7)at。(8)空考查的是一個(gè)固定的搭配wait for(等候)，答案為for。這個(gè)人和男孩去了學(xué)校，他就是檢察官，故答案為(9)with; (10)inspector。

題型展示三：選擇搭配型閱讀理解

這類題型的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是：給出一篇短文，其中有五個(gè)空白，文章后有5~7句話，要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容從這5~7句話中選擇5句，分別放進(jìn)文章中五個(gè)空白處。

恢復(fù)原文要求考生對(duì)文章總體結(jié)構(gòu)有正確推理，考生可以把它看作是一完形填空，重點(diǎn)考查短文的連貫性、一致性等語段特征以及文章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解等。做這類題時(shí)，重點(diǎn)是整體把握文章的脈絡(luò)，然后仔細(xì)閱讀空白處的上下文，結(jié)合該空在全文所處的位置，篩選選項(xiàng)，綜合判斷。

[典型舉例]請(qǐng)閱讀短文，從文后所給的句子中選出適當(dāng)?shù)奶钊肟瞻滋?，補(bǔ)全短文。

The elephant is the largest animal walking on Earth. An elephant can carry a load of 1,200 pounds. (1)____

The elephant can carry log(原木) with its trunks. (2)____

There are two kinds of elephants: the African elephant and the Indian elephant. The African elephant has the larger ears. (3)____ Another name for the Indian elephant is the Asian elephant.

The greatest threat to the elephant is the ivory(象牙) trade. From 1979 to 1989 was a bad time for the African elephant. (4)____ In 1989 an international agreement limited the trade in ivory. It protects the elephant from being killed(被殺), but there are still many people kill the elephant for ivory. (5)____ Dont even buy anything that looks like ivory!

A. It eats 3,000 pounds every day.

B. Please dont ever buy anything made of ivory.

C. About 70,000 wild elephants were killed for ivory every year.

D. The Indian elephant has smaller ears.

E. It also uses its trunk for drinking water, bathing, eating and communicating.

[答案及簡析]這是一篇介紹大象的文章，既說了大象的概況，也說了大象的外形及近來的遭遇。第(1)小題從前面句子的意思可知是在介紹大象的大概情況，和前一句中的1,200 pounds相對(duì)應(yīng)的，也是介紹大象的情況的只有A選項(xiàng)。第(2)小題的信息詞是“trunk”，根據(jù)句意可知是在說大象的鼻子的作用，所以此題選E。第(3)小題前一句的信息詞是“ears”,說了非洲象的耳朵，自然要說亞洲象的耳朵，根據(jù)此關(guān)系可確定此題應(yīng)選D。第(4)小題可根據(jù)上文中的“a bad time for African elephants”，在剩下的B，C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中可確定應(yīng)選C。第(5)小題可根據(jù)前后句意來判斷選B。

題型展示四：表格式閱讀理解

這類題型的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是：給出一段短文，后面用表格(圖表)設(shè)計(jì)了一些問題，要求考生填充表格，進(jìn)行解答。

解答表格式閱讀理解題時(shí)，有的問題考生可以直接從短文中找到答案，而有的問題雖然答案所需信息原文有所涉及，但因說法不同，句式有異，考生不能照搬照抄，而應(yīng)根據(jù)題干需要將文中所提供信息重新進(jìn)行組織整理，所以有時(shí)有一定的難度。

[典型舉例]Hamsters are small and sweet and make ideal first pets for children. If you want to buy it, you will need a cage, bedding(寢具), water bottle and food dish.

Hamsters must be kept indoors—they are not hardy enough for the great outdoors in Europe. The cage should not be situated in a very cold room, either, or there is a risk that your hamster may start to hibernate(冬眠) in winter. You will need some bedding for the floor of the cage. Bedding that is too dusty, can cause serious health problems. A water bottle will prevent the water from spilling all over the cage. A food dish will also help to keep the food clean, although most hamsters will remove the food and store it in some secret place, often in their bed.

Hamsters are vegetarian, and require a mixture of seeds and grains. You can buy hamster mix but be careful that the mix is not too rich in fattening sunflower seeds, or is too gentle and lacking the full range of vitamins. Its best to feed your hamster in the evening when he starts to wake up.

The best age to buy a hamster is at 4 weeks, when they should be fully weaned(斷奶). Adult hamsters are sometimes seen offered for sale, but they may have bad behavioural(行為的) characters, or may be difficult to train.

閱讀短文，完成表格：

[答案及簡析]本篇短文介紹了倉鼠的習(xí)性、飼養(yǎng)方式等，表格中的問題大多數(shù)能從短文中找到答案，第一空提的問題在第一段的最后就說明了，故答案為 A cage, bedding, water bottle and food dish。第二空“去哪兒飼養(yǎng)它？”第二段的第一句就有飼養(yǎng)的地點(diǎn)，答案為Indoors。第三空盡管短文中“倉鼠籠子在冬天不能放在很冷的地方，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)在冬天開始冬眠”，但是由于問句問法有所不同，我們必須推斷出倉鼠在冬天很冷的時(shí)候冬眠，答案為Hibernate。第四空根據(jù)短文中說明“寢具不干凈，倉鼠會(huì)生病”，故答案為Because it can keep hamster healthy。第五空答案很明顯為In the bed。第六空的答案在第三段的第一句話中，答案為A mixture of seeds and grains。第七空根據(jù)第三段的最后一句，答案為In the evening。第八空答案也非常簡單，根據(jù)第四段的第一句可知，答案為At four weeks。

題型展示五：問答式閱讀理解

這類題型的特點(diǎn)是給出一段文字資料，然后根據(jù)這段文字資料一般設(shè)置五個(gè)問題，要求考生寫出正確答案(有時(shí)簡答即可)，有時(shí)答句已給出，只在句中留有空格。

做這類題時(shí)，首先要知道所設(shè)置的問題基本上由特殊疑問句或一般疑問句組成，故在解答這類題時(shí)，要求考生在不脫離原文的基礎(chǔ)上，利用所提供的信息，借助一定的常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推理、鑒別、抓住關(guān)鍵詞等多種方法，再通過恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、人稱變化等相關(guān)方法知識(shí)，最終得出結(jié)論。

[典型舉例]Do you want to stay safe and have fun while youre on the Internet? You can do just that if you follow our tips.

1. Always have good manners and be polite when talking to someone else online.

2. Ask your parents to spend time with you while online so that you can show them some of the neat things you can find online.

3. Only use Internet when your parents tell you its OK, and only for as long as you are supposed to.

4. Dont give out personal information like your address, telephone number or school name to anyone unless you have permission from your parents.

5. Never meet with a key pal unless your parents go with you or you have their permission to go alone.

6. Dont break copyright rules by taking words, pictures or sound from someone elses Web site without their permission.

7. Dont answer any e-mail messages you get if they are strange, mean or upsetting to you, and tell your parents or teachers right away.

閱讀短文，回答問題：

1. Who are supposed to go online together with you, your classmates, your teachers, your parents, or your good friends?

2. Is it good for you alone to meet your key friends?

3. What should you do if you received a strange e-mail?

[答案及簡析]本篇短文說明了安全上網(wǎng)和網(wǎng)上注意有禮貌的七條建議?？忌梢葬槍?duì)后面問題，逐個(gè)進(jìn)行突破。如第一小題是一個(gè)選擇疑問句，考生可以從可選擇的問題進(jìn)行回答。第二條建議就說明了這個(gè)問題“要求你的父母上網(wǎng)陪著你，以便……”，故答案為Your parents。第二小題為一般疑問句，根據(jù)第五條建議“不要去見你的key friends，除非你的父母陪著你去或者允許你單獨(dú)去”，故答案為No, it isnt。第三小題為一個(gè)特殊疑問句，根據(jù)第七條建議收到陌生人郵件的處理辦法，故答案為Dont answer (open) it, and tell your parents or teachers right away.

[鞏固練習(xí)]請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)以上方法，認(rèn)真完成下列各題。(以下各題選自2007各地中考題，均保留原題號(hào))。

(1)

(2007天津市) 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，按照事件發(fā)生的先后順序排序（開始句和結(jié)尾句序號(hào)已給出）

When Julia Somberg eats her favorite food, she feels bad. She knows that chocolate can have a lot of fat and sugar. But Julia says she loves chocolate so much—once she starts eating it, she cant stop.

Julia isnt the only one who loves chocolate. It is a favorite food for people all over the world. People prefer chocolate over ice cream, cakes, and cookies.

The idea of eating chocolate didnt begin until the 19th century. Before that, people drank chocolate. The habit began in Central America where the Aztecs drank bowls of chocolate to stay watchful. When the liquid（液體） chocolate was brought to Spain in the 1500s, people thought it was medicine because it had a medicine taste. In fact, the people who made chocolate into drinks were doctors.

Then people discovered that mixing chocolate with sugar made a wonderful drink. King Ferdinand of Spain loved this drink so much that he put out an order: anyone who talked about chocolate outside the court（法庭） would be killed. For about 100 years, chocolate was a secret in Spain.

Finally, people found out about chocolate, and it became a popular drink in Europe. Later, the Swiss mixed milk and chocolate. Today, most Americans prefer milk chocolate, while most Europeans prefer dark chocolate.

New research shows that chocolate is actually good for us. “Chocolate has different kinds of vitamins,” says a researcher in France. “It has more than 300 different chemicals. One chemical works on the part of the brain（大腦） that feels pleasure. People who feel good when they eat chocolate are actually healthier. Feeling pleasure is important for health and can protect against illness.” “Good chocolate doesnt have much fat or sugar. You can enjoy it if you eat a little at a time!” says Tara Berish, anotherchocolate lover.

76. ____ Doctors made chocolate into drinks.

__1__ The Aztecs drank chocolate to stay watchful.

77. ____ Chocolate was a secret in Spain for 100 years.

78. ____ Liquid chocolate was brought to Spain from Central America.

79. ____ Sugar was mixed with chocolate to make a sweet drink.

__7__ Research has shown that chocolate is good for us.

80. ____ The Swiss put milk into the chocolate mixture.

Key:76-80 3，1，5，2，4，7，6（包含已給出的1和7的答案序號(hào)）

(2)

(2007湖北宜昌市)在方框中的六個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇五個(gè)還原到短文中。

A. making it a bit difficult to tell who was whom

B. sending clothes to the children

C. by taking a competition

D. finding out what our children were doing

E. while I was waiting at the school gate

F. because of the cold weather

It was so cold yesterday evening outside __66__, like many parents waiting for their sons or daughters, with a coat under the arm__67__. We loving parents noticed the changes of the weather to come up with the idea—__68__. Did they think it was a duty of the parents or were they grateful for what we did?

All the lights in the teaching building were brightly on, and at 8:30 pm, the students in their school sports suits came out of the gate in twos or threes, __69__. It was not only a competition among the students, but also among the parents—it seems to me that the parents love their only child as if they loved their pet, and that they would feel happy or unhappy if the pet, __70__ won a prize or fell behind. The results of their study for the students are just like the competition for the pets. Oh, poor boys and girls! Poor Dad and Mom!

Key:66.E 67.F 68.B 69.A 70.C