俞江濤
請看下題:
He was educated at the local high school, ____ he went on to Beijing University.
A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that
本題把介詞和定語從句的用法綜合到一起。從句式看,可以先排除B和D。因為B項中的after是一個介詞,不能連接兩個句子,可以改為He was educated at the local high school, and after that he went on to Beijing University。B項如果引導(dǎo)的是定語從句,介詞后面不能加that,表示事物可以加上which,而D項in that作連詞用意思是“因為”,很明顯“他繼續(xù)上北京大學(xué)”不是“他在當(dāng)?shù)刂袑W(xué)讀書”的原因。正確答案為A項,很多同學(xué)會誤選C。
錯誤的原因在于混淆了介詞表示時間還是表示地點(diǎn)。從語境看,本句表達(dá)的意思是“他在當(dāng)?shù)氐闹袑W(xué)讀書,之后他繼續(xù)上了北京大學(xué)?!币虼舜颂幍慕樵~表示了時間的先后關(guān)系。如果使用in which則表示“他在當(dāng)?shù)氐闹袑W(xué)讀書,期間他繼續(xù)上了北京大學(xué)”或理解為“他在當(dāng)?shù)氐闹袑W(xué)讀書,在當(dāng)?shù)刂袑W(xué)他繼續(xù)上了北京大學(xué)”,很顯然不符合語義邏輯。再如:
There were a lot of people standing at the door and the small girl couldnt get ____.
A. between B. through C. across D. beyond
本題考查了介詞表示空間的用法。四個選項都可以表示地點(diǎn)。between強(qiáng)調(diào)在兩者之間;through表示從內(nèi)部通過、穿過;across強(qiáng)調(diào)橫穿;beyond在……的那一邊。題干表達(dá)的意思是“門口站著很多人,小女孩進(jìn)不去(從門口進(jìn)入)”。所以使用get through。
介詞既可以表示時間、也可以表示空間,這是介詞最基礎(chǔ)、最常見的用法,掌握該用法的關(guān)鍵要從以下幾個方面來辨析介詞的“時”、“空”用法,才能和介詞手牽手,自由、瀟灑地穿越于“時”、“空”之中。
一、表示時間
1. 時間的大小各不同
【例句】
①As a middle school student in a small city, I have to get up at 6 every morning.
②The 2008 Chinese Spring Festival falls on February 7.
③The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be held in August.
[辨析] at表示時間的一點(diǎn),時刻,如:at 12∶00,也可以表示“在黎明、中午、夜間”。如:at dawn/at daybreak 在黎明時候;at noon 在中午;at night 在夜里;at midnight在半夜。on表示具體的日子或特定的時間,如某日、星期幾、某個特定節(jié)日。如:on August 8, on a cold morning, on Monday, on National Day。 in則表示較長的時間,如世紀(jì)、朝代、年、季節(jié)、月份,也可以泛指上下午、晚上等。如: in the 1990s, in the Ming Dynasty, in May, in the morning。
2. 時間的點(diǎn)和段要分清
【例句】
①The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be held in four months.
②I will go abroad to study for my master degree after July.
③I have learned English for 6 years.
④I have learned English since 6 years ago.
[辨析]in和after都可以表示“在……之后”用在一般將來時中,in 后面加表示一段時間的狀語(“四個月”是一段時間);after后面的時間表示時間點(diǎn)(“七月份”是時間點(diǎn));for后面加段時間(“六年”是一段時間),since后面接的時間表示時間點(diǎn)(“六年前”是時間點(diǎn))。
3. 從泛指和特指方面來攻關(guān)。
【例句】
①We usually have PE classes in the afternoon.
②The opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be held on the morning of 8, August.
③I have a practice of surfing the Internet at night, but I had to finish my homework on the night of last Monday.
[辨析] 表示泛指的“在上下午、晚上”用in,但特指在某天的上下午、晚上則使用on;表示泛指的“在黎明、中午、夜間”使用at,但是特指某天的黎明、中午、夜間則用on。
4. 時間的先后不含糊
【例句】
①His father died in Wuhan at last March.
②His father had gone abroad to do business by last March.
③His father has been doing business abroad since last March.
[辨析] at表示就在某個時間點(diǎn),by表示在某個時間之前,since表示從某個時間之后。在區(qū)別這幾個介詞時要注意根據(jù)句子的時態(tài)來判斷時間的先后。
二、表示空間
1. 區(qū)別空間的方位
【例句】
①The horse jumped over the fence and ran across the field. Beyond the field flowed a river.
②Taiwan lies in the east of China; Japan lies to the east of China; Korea lies on the east of China.
③The university is opposite a factory, between a hospital and a post office.
[辨析]over表示從上方越過,across表示橫越,beyond表示在……的那一邊。in強(qiáng)調(diào)在……內(nèi)的某個方向,to強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個地點(diǎn)不相連,on強(qiáng)調(diào)兩地接壤。opposite表示在……對面。between表示在(兩者)之間。
2. 區(qū)別所在空間的動態(tài)和靜態(tài)。
【例句】
①When I came into the room, he was in the sofa.
②Mr. Smith was walking along the coast when he found a beautiful cottage on the coast.
[辨析] into是動態(tài)介詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)由一處進(jìn)入另一處,in是靜態(tài)介詞,表示處于某個位置。along常用作動態(tài)介詞,和動詞連用表示“沿著……”,on是靜態(tài)介詞,表示與線或面接觸的地方。
3. 區(qū)別空間的大小
【例句】
①He lives at 88 Xianggang Road.
②He lives in Wuhan.
[辨析] at表示小地點(diǎn),in表示大地點(diǎn)。
介詞的用法林林總總,除了表示時空的基本用法以外,還可以表示目的、方向、原因、程度等。需要同學(xué)們注意的是大部分介詞經(jīng)常和動詞、名詞、形容詞構(gòu)成固定短語,因此我們在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中要逐步積累、不斷體會。
【鞏固練習(xí)】
1. ——Where is the post office?
——You can find it ____ 2336 Fire Road.
A. on B. in C. near D. at
2. We can see a lot of people doing exercises in the parks even ____ a cold morning.
A. at B. in C. by D. on
3. Your mother will be back ____ a few minutes, but your father will be back ____ ten oclock.
A. after; after B. in; in C. in; after D. after; in
4. Hubei lies ____ the north of Hunan, which is ____ the middle of China.
A. to; on B. on; in C. in; in D. on; on
5. The train leaves ____ 6:00 p.m. So I have to be at the station ____
5:40 p.m. at the latest.
A. at; until B. for; after
C. at; by D. before; around
6. The enemy got beaten and fled ____ all directions.
A. to B. toward C. for D. in
7. Can you see the heavy smoke ____ the skyscraper? What is
happening over there?
A. through B. beyond C. on D. across
8. The doctor will be free ____.
A. 10 minutes later B. after 10 minutes
C. in 10 minutes D. 10 minutes after
9. The sunlight came in ____ the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.
A. through B. across C. on D. over
10. He suddenly saw Jane ____ the room. He pushed his way ____ the crowd of people to get to her.
A. across; across B. over; through
C. over; into D. across; through
Key(3)