楊開成
1. contain, include, conclude
contain意為“含有,包含,容納,里面裝有”,指某物容納在比其更大的東西之內,側重所含的量與成分。include意為“包括,在……之內,計入”,指包括或容納某東西成為整體的一部分,側重于對比整體與部分。include常以including和included的形式出現在短語中。conclude vt.斷定,決定,得出結論;締結,議定,結束; vi.完結,結束。如:
The basket contains a variety of fruits. 這籃子裝有各種水果。
The hall can contain two hundred people. 這禮堂能容納200人。
Sea water contains salt. 海水里含有鹽。
Youll find the plan includes most of your suggestions.
你會發(fā)現這計劃包括你的大部分建議。
There are ten of us here, including four children.
我們這里一共有十個人,包括四個孩子。
Everybody has something to say, me included.
所有的人,包括我,都有些話要說。
After waiting an hour they concluded that she wasnt coming.
等了一小時之后,他們斷定她不會來了。
conclude a treaty締結條約
He concluded by thanking everyone. 他講話結束時向大家致謝。
2. be familiar with, be familiar to
be familiar with意為“對……熟悉”,主語為表示人的名詞或代詞,with的賓語可以是人或物的名詞或代詞; be familiar to意為“為……所熟知”,主語為物,to的賓語為人。如:
Im familiar with his face. 我熟悉他的面孔。
These are the poems that every student is familiar with.
這些是每個學生所熟悉的詩歌。
His face is familiar to me. 他的面孔為我所熟悉。
The Bible is the book that is familiar to every Englishman.
《圣經》是每個英國人所熟悉的一本書。
3. hire, rent, employ, appoint, engage
hire為日常用語,指按工作量或時間雇用人或租借東西,是短期行為。employ則指商店或公司長期雇用人手。rent一般指租借房屋,把地產租借出去。appoint為“任命”。engage指經簽約、聘用專業(yè)人員從事服務性工作。如:
Shes hiring a private detective to trace her ex-husband.
她雇用一名私家偵探跟蹤她的前夫。
Well employ three new secretaries next Monday.
我們下星期一要雇用三名新秘書。
The house rents for 1,800 dollars a year.
這房子每年以1800美元出租。
They appointed him as the headteacher. 他們任命他為班主任。
Mr Green engaged my sister as his secretary.
格林先生聘用我姐姐為他的秘書。
4. apply for, apply to, apply oneself to
apply for意思是“(正式以書面形式)提出請求,申請”,向某人提出申請用apply to sb. for sth.;apply to意為“適用于”;apply oneself to意為“致力于,專心于”。如:
I made up my mind to apply for a scholarship. 我決定申請獎學金。
If you want to go abroad, the first thing you should do is to apply to your government for a passport. 如果你要出國的話,要做的第一件事就是向政府申請護照。
We applied to the authorities for assistance. 我們向當局請求幫助。
This rule applies to freshmen only.
這條規(guī)則只適用于大學一年級學生。
Students should apply themselves to their study.
學生們應該專心致志地學習。
5. skim, scan
這兩個動詞都有“瀏覽,略讀”的意思,但含義有所不同。skim指的是以掌握大意為目的的快速“略讀”或“粗略地看一看”。它可以用作及物或不及物動詞,用作不及物動詞時,后接through/over sth.。scan的意思是通過“快速地看一看”來找出特定的信息資料,而不是了解全書或全文的大意。scan只能用作及物動詞,其后直接跟賓語。如:
When he is having breakfast he has the habit of skimming over a newspaper. 吃早餐的時候,他有瀏覽報紙的習慣。
The magazine is worth skimming through. 這本雜志值得瀏覽一下。
Mr Green often scans the TV Guide over breakfast.
格林先生常常一邊吃早餐一邊翻閱電視節(jié)目單。
6. beard, moustache
beard指下巴上的胡須或絡腮胡子;moustache指上唇上面的胡子,俗稱小胡子。如:
He grew a beard while he was on holiday. 度假時他留著胡子。
The man wears a years growth of beard.
這個人的胡須一年沒有剃了。
He grew a short moustache to make him look older.
他留著小胡子,看起來年齡顯得大一些。
The young man wears a moustache. 這個年輕人留著小胡子。
7. ever since, ever before
ever since意為“從那時起一直到現在”,其中since是副詞。ever since也可跟名詞或從句,解作“從……時起一直到現在”,通常與持續(xù)性動詞的完成時態(tài)連用。ever before的意思是“比以往任何時候”,其中before是副詞,ever before常出現在than后面,其中ever用以加強before的語氣,有時before可以省略。如:
He has been looking for a job ever since.
從那時起直到現在他一直在找工作。
His sister has kept up her study of English ever since she began to work. 他姐姐自從參加工作以來,一直堅持學習英語。
Today, new foods are traveling faster than ever before.
今天各種新食物的轉運比以前任何時候都要快。
Its raining harder than ever (before). 雨比以前下得都大。
8. stand out, stand by, stand for, stand up for, stand up to
stand out意為“(顯得)突出,鮮明”;stand by意為“支持;袖手旁觀”;stand for意為“代表,表示,象征”;stand up for意為“替……說話,支持,維護”;stand up to意為“經受住,頂住”。如:
He was very tall and stood out from the crowd.
他個子很高,在人群中顯得很突出。
Her talents stand out in comparison with the others.
和其他那些人比起來,她的才能很突出。
We firmly stand by you. 我們堅決支持你們。
You cannot stand by and allow such a thing.
你不能袖手旁觀,聽任發(fā)生這樣的事。
The letters PLA stand for the Peoples Liberation Army.
PLA這幾個字母代表中國人民解放軍。
P.O. stands for postal order. P.O.表示郵政匯票。
When the boss wanted to dismiss him, the other workers all stood up for him. 當老板要開除他時,別的工人都替他說話。
Were determined to stand up for our rights.
我們決心起來維護我們的權利。
He stood up to all the tests. 他經受了種種考驗。
9. result, effect, influence
result作“結果,影響”講,指某一行為、計劃或事件帶來的直接的后果等;effect作“結果、影響”講,指某一行動、計劃或事件帶來的間接的后果或某一物產生的效應;influence作“影響”解,指對周圍一切產生的影響,或指有影響、有勢力的人或有影響的物。如:
His limp is the result of a fall. 他的跛腿是摔跤摔的。
One of the effects of bad weather is a poor crop.
壞天氣的后果之一是莊稼欠收。
Will you use your influence to get me a job?
你愿意運用你的影響替我找一份工作嗎?
10. different, various
different意為“不同的,有差異的”,普通用詞,后接單復數名詞均可,可作定語或表語?!芭c……不同”應說be different from。various意為“不同的、各種各樣的”,通常作定語修飾復數名詞,指同一類中的不同種類,有時可與different通用。如:
To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.
她很驚訝地發(fā)現自己來到了一個不同的世界。
There are three different answers. 有三種不同的答案。
My plan is different from yours. 我的計劃和你的不同。
There are various/different kinds of pens in the shop.
商店里有各種各樣的鋼筆。
I did that for various reasons. 由于種種原因我才這樣干的。
11. evaluate, estimate, value
這三個詞都有“估計,估價”的意思。evaluate很少用來表示“估計”或“估價”某物的市場價值,而是用來表示“評價”。estimate表示的“估價”只是猜測,甚至只是一種想法。value意思是“估計某物的價格,價值”。如:
Its hard to evaluate her as a singer. 要把她當歌手來評價很難。
She evaluates people by their clothes. 她根據衣著來評價人。
I estimate the damage at 8,000 yuan. 我估計那項損失達8000元。
His fortune is estimated in seven figures.
估計他的財產達七位數字。
I value the instrument at 5,000 yuan.
我估計這臺儀器價值5000元。
He valued the house for me at £20,000.
那棟房子他替我估了20,000英鎊。
12. accurate, correct, exact
accurate的意思是“準確的,精確的”,它不僅表示沒有錯誤,而且表示細心謹慎地做到符合標準、事實,與事實無出入。correct的意思是“正確的”,指按照一定的標準或規(guī)則沒有錯誤。在這三個詞中,它的語義最弱。exact的意思是“精確的,確切的”,強調完全符合標準、符合事實或真相,絲毫沒有差錯。在這三個詞中,它的語義最強。如:
His information was fairly accurate. 他的信息相當準確。
He is accurate in his observation. 他觀察正確。
I think the answer is correct. 我認為這個答案是正確的。
It was difficult to tell his exact age. 很難說出他的確切年齡。
Give me his exact words. 把他的話一字不差地告訴我。
13. accomplish, finish, achieve, complete
accomplish指“成功地完成預期的目標、任務”等,通常接task, aim, journey, voyage等名詞,有時有“達成(效果)”之意。finish多指“日常事務的完成”,強調事情了結終止。achieve多指“排除困難完成宏偉計劃或大業(yè)”。complete表示“對于一項指派的任務,如建筑、工程、著作等,采取積極的態(tài)度去完成”,強調事物完整的完成或終結。如:
The explorer accomplished the voyage in three weeks.
探險家在三周內完成了這次航行。
Scientists have accomplished great advances in exploring outer space. 科學家在探險外層空間方面取得了巨大進展。
The ground-work will soon be completed/finished.
基礎工程不久就要完成了。
I finished reading the book. 我已經讀完了那本書。
All these cannot be achieved without hard work.
不經過努力這一切都不能取得。
I need one more stamp before my collection is completed.
我所集的郵票還差一張才成整套。
14. worth, worthy, worthwhile
worth可用作名詞或形容詞。作名詞時,意為“價值”,無復數形式;也可解作“值一定金額的數量”。worth用作形容詞時,只能作表語,不能作定語,其后常跟表示錢數或相當于錢的詞,表示“值多少錢”;其后也可跟動詞-ing形式,worth doing sth.表示“……值得做”,主動表達被動的含義。worthy為形容詞,意為“值得”,主要用作表語,后跟介詞of再接名詞或動詞-ing的被動形式。worthy后也可跟不定式,如要表示被動意義,則需要接不定式的被動形式。worthwhile是形容詞,意為“花時間去做它是值得的”。書寫時,也可將worthwhile分開寫成worth while。合起來寫時,既可作定語也可作表語,而分開寫時,while前可加物主代詞或the,只能作表語,一般用在句型“It is worthwhile (worth while)…”中,其后跟動詞-ing形式或不定式均可。如:
Nobody knew the true worth of his work.
沒有人知道他的工作的真實價值。
Give me five yuans worth of apples. 給我五元錢的蘋果。
The dictionary is worth 20 yuan. 這本辭典值20元。
The TV play is well worth watching. 這部電視劇很值得一看。
She is worthy of help. 她值得幫助。
The question is worthy of being discussed.
=The question is worthy to be discussed. 這問題值得討論。
This is a worthwhile job. 這是一項值得做的工作。
It is worth while to try/trying this experiment. 做這個實驗值得。
It is worth their while to read the book. 他們值得讀這本書。
15. offer, propose, suggest
這組詞都含有“提議,提出”的意思。offer指積極主動地提出一些建議和辦法,其目的是幫助他人或對某事物有所幫助;propose是書面語,比offer更正式、莊重,多指所提出的建議一經接受,便要貫徹執(zhí)行;suggest是普通用語,也可用于正式場合,不強調所提建議是否被采納。如:
The driver offered to drive us to the station.
那位司機主動提出送我們去車站。
He offered a toast to the Chinese people. 他建議為中國人民干杯。
The teacher offered a few ideas to improve the plan.
老師提出了幾點改進計劃的意見。
We propose an early holiday in the spring.
我們建議在春天提前放假。
I propose resting for half an hour. 我建議休息半小時。
The teachers proposed that they should all go to the Museum of Natural History. 教師們建議他們都去參觀自然博物館。
The following points are suggested for consideration.
下列各點提出供參考。
She suggested staying there another day. 她建議在那里再停留一天。
The doctor suggested that he should go for a holiday.
醫(yī)生建議他去度假休息。
It is suggested that we should modify our working plan.
有人建議我們修改我們的計劃。
16. refer to, refer…to
refer to的基本意思是“談及,提到;查閱;參考”。refer…to的基本意思是“把……提交給……;把……歸功于;讓……處理;讓……找(查)”,其中refer是及物動詞,可用于被動語態(tài)中。如:
He referred to his experiences during the Long March.
他談到他在長征中的經歷。
He referred to the map. 他參閱了地圖。
She suggests my referring to a dictionary. 她建議我查詞典。
They suggested referring the question to the coming March conference. 他們建議把這個問題提交給即將召開的三月會議討論。
They referred their success to the correct leadship of the Party.
他們把這個成就的取得歸功于黨的正確領導。
The teacher referred him to the dictionary. 老師叫他去查詞典。
17. raise, rise, arise
raise意為“使……上升,升起,提高”等,為及物動詞。rise作“上升,升起”這一意思時是不及物動詞,另外還有“站起,起床”的意思。arise為不及物動詞,意為“出現,發(fā)生”,也有“站起,起床”的意思。如:
She raised her voice in anger. 由于憤怒她提高了嗓門。
The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground.
風把落葉從地上刮得飄了起來。
Her voice rose higher and higher with excitement.
由于激動,她的聲音越來越大。
The child rose (arose) from the ground and ran to his mother.
那小孩從地上爬起來,朝他媽媽跑去。
Difficulties will arise as we do the work.
當我們做這件事的時候,還會出現各種困難。