李國(guó)勤

引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式：一種是直接引語(yǔ)（Direct Speech），即原封不動(dòng)地引用原話，把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi)；另一種是間接引語(yǔ)（Indirect Speech），即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號(hào)內(nèi)。

一、直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)

A． 陳述句的間接引語(yǔ)

直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，引述動(dòng)詞通常是say, tell等。與此同時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和其他方面也要相應(yīng)有所變化。

The foreigner said to me, “I like Beijing very much.”

那老外對(duì)我說(shuō)：“我很喜歡北京?！?/p>

→The foreigner told me that he (she) liked Beijing very much.

那老外告訴我說(shuō)他（她）很喜歡北京。

She said, “We are very fond of sports.” 她說(shuō)：“我們都喜歡體育運(yùn)動(dòng)?！?/p>

→She said that they were very fond of sports. 她說(shuō)他（她）們都喜歡體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。

“Ill go over the grammar lesson once again,” he said.

他說(shuō)：“我將把語(yǔ)法課再?gòu)?fù)習(xí)一遍。”

→He said that he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他說(shuō)他將要把語(yǔ)法課再?gòu)?fù)習(xí)一遍。

B． 疑問(wèn)句的間接引語(yǔ)

1．一般疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句

一般疑問(wèn)句改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用陳述語(yǔ)序，并要加連詞if 或 whether，其主句動(dòng)詞常用ask, wonder, want to know, didnt know等。句末不用問(wèn)號(hào)。

My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music？” 我老師問(wèn)我：“你喜歡美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)嗎？”

→My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music. 我老師問(wèn)我是否喜歡美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)。

“You havent been to Beijing, have you?” asked he. 他問(wèn)：“你沒(méi)去過(guò)北京，是嗎？”

→He asked me if/whether I had been to Beijing. 他問(wèn)我是否去過(guò)北京。

2．否定的一般疑問(wèn)句和選擇疑問(wèn)句

如果直接引語(yǔ)為否定的一般問(wèn)句或選擇疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用whether/or連接。

She said, “Dont you know my telephone number?” 她說(shuō)：“你難道不知道我的電話號(hào)碼嗎？”

→She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not.

她問(wèn)我是否知道她的電話號(hào)碼。

“Do you like this one or that one?” Tom asked. 湯姆問(wèn)：“你是喜歡這個(gè)還是那個(gè)？”

→Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 湯姆問(wèn)我是喜歡這個(gè)還是那個(gè)。

3．特殊疑問(wèn)句

直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)前仍然用特殊疑問(wèn)詞作為連詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，注意從句必須用陳述語(yǔ)序，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用ask。

He asked, “How do you like it?” 他問(wèn)：“你覺(jué)得怎樣？”

→He asked me how I liked it.

他問(wèn)我覺(jué)得它怎樣。

She asked me, “Whats the matter with you？” 她問(wèn)我：“你怎么啦？”

→She asked me what was the matter with me. 她問(wèn)我我怎么啦。

“How many books do you have?” she asked. 她問(wèn)：“你有多少本書(shū)？”

→She asked me how many books I had. 她問(wèn)我有多少本。

4.其它

英語(yǔ)中有些疑問(wèn)句并非提出疑問(wèn)，而是表示請(qǐng)求、勸告、建議等。這種疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往采用其他的形式。

①suggest doing

“Shall we all go to the film tonight?” said Michael. 邁克爾說(shuō)：“我們今晚都去看電影，好嗎？”

→Michael suggested going to the film tonight. 邁克爾建議今晚都去看電影。

“What about having a drink?” he asked. 他問(wèn)：“喝一杯怎么樣？”

He suggested having a drink.

他建議喝一杯。

②advise sb. to do

“Why dont you go hiking?” asked James. 詹姆斯問(wèn)：“你為什么不徒步旅行？”

James advised me to go hiking.

詹姆斯建議我去徒步旅行。

③offer to do

He said, “Would you like me to post the letter?” 他說(shuō)：“你要我寄信嗎？”

He offered to post the letter.

他主動(dòng)提出寄信。

④ask sb. to do

“Will you please bring your reference book here tomorrow?” she said to me. 她對(duì)我說(shuō)：“勞駕你明天把你的參考書(shū)帶來(lái)好嗎？”

→She asked me to take my reference book there the next day.

她讓我第二天把我的參考書(shū)帶去。

C． 祈使句的間接引語(yǔ)

1．直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)往往用復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)來(lái)表示，其結(jié)構(gòu)為主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞不定式）。引述動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)口氣選用tell, ask, order, command, request等詞，句中please去掉。

She said to me, “Please have a rest.” 她對(duì)我說(shuō)：“請(qǐng)休息一下?！?/p>

→She asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。

“Dont all answer at once,” she said to the pupils. 她對(duì)學(xué)生說(shuō)：“大家不要齊聲回答?！?/p>

→She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫學(xué)生不要齊聲回答。

2．帶有l(wèi)et的祈使句（表示請(qǐng)求，建議或命令），可用suggest+v-ing形式或suggest+that從句來(lái)表示其相應(yīng)的意思。

“Lets go for a walk,” said the girl. 那姑娘說(shuō)：“讓我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉桨伞！?/p>

→The girl suggested going for a walk. 這女孩建議去散散步。

The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy the classroom.” 老師說(shuō)：“讓莉莉整理教室?！?/p>

→The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom.

老師建議讓莉莉整理教室。

D． 感嘆句的間接引語(yǔ)

1 ．直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，多采用賓語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)，既可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。

“What a clever boy you are!”my teacher said to him. 老師對(duì)他說(shuō)：“你是個(gè)聰明的孩子?。　?/p>

→My teacher told him what a clever boy he was. 老師對(duì)他說(shuō)他是一個(gè)多聰明的孩子啊。

→My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy. 老師說(shuō)他是一個(gè)非常聰明的孩子。

He said, “How well you look!” 他說(shuō)：“你看起來(lái)氣色多好啊！”

→He said how well I looked.

他說(shuō)我看起來(lái)氣色多好啊。

→He said that I looked very well. 他說(shuō)我看起來(lái)氣色很好。

2.有些感嘆句可以根據(jù)原句的意思，采用適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞變?yōu)殛愂鼍?，不需用間接賓語(yǔ)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)述。

“Help!” he cried. 他喊到：“救命?。　?/p>

→He called for help.

他大聲呼救。

“What terrible weather it is!” he said. 他說(shuō)：“多么糟糕的天氣！”

→He complained about the terrible weather.

他抱怨這糟糕的天氣。

“Happy Christmas!” he said.

他說(shuō)：“圣誕快樂(lè)！”

He wished me a happy Christmas. 他祝我圣誕快樂(lè)。