一、如何變?nèi)朔Q：

學(xué)生在將直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，常常弄不清人稱變化。下面有一句順口溜“一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”。“一隨主”是指在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果直接引語(yǔ)中是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)的人稱要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱變化。如：

She said， “My brother wants to go with me.”

→She said her brother wanted to go with her.

“二隨賓”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，若直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)是第二人稱，或被第二人稱所修飾，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語(yǔ)一致。如果主句沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，也可以用第一人稱。如：

He said to Kate, “How is your sister now?”

→He asked Kate how her sister was then.

“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)。如果直接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)的人稱一般不需要變化。如：

Mr Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.”→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.

二、如何變時(shí)態(tài)：

直接引語(yǔ)在改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整?，F(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)需改為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)改為過(guò)去完成時(shí)；過(guò)去完成時(shí)則保留原來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)。如：

1)She said, “I have lost a pen.”→She said she had lost a pen.

2)She said, “We hope so.”→She said they hoped so.

3)She said, “He will go to see his friend.” →She said he would go to see his friend.

但要注意在以下幾種情況下，直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般不變。

①直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理。如：

“The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth,” the teacher told me.→The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.

②直接引語(yǔ)是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：

Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?”→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.

③直接引語(yǔ)中有具體的過(guò)去某年、某月、某日作狀語(yǔ)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：

Xiao Wang said, “I was born on April 20, 1980.” →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.

④直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，變 為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：

He said, “I get up at six every morning.”

→He said he gets up at six every morning.

⑤如果直接引語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有過(guò)去時(shí)的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已經(jīng)是過(guò)去時(shí)的形式時(shí)，（例：could, should, would, might）時(shí)態(tài)不再變。如：

Peter said, “You had better come here today.”

→Peter said I had better go there that day.

三、如何變狀語(yǔ)：

直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)律，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來(lái)”（例：now變?yōu)閠hen, yesterday.變?yōu)?the day before）；地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語(yǔ)，由“此”改為“彼”（例：this 改為that)。如：

He said, “These books are mine.” →He said those books were his.

[附] 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)正誤例析

1.“Speak English more often in and out of class，” our English teacher said to us.

Our English teacher suggested us to speak English more often in and out of class. （誤）

Our English teacher told/asked us to speak English more often in and out of class. （正）

Our English teacher suggested that we （should） speak English more often in and out of class. （正）

解析：直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)語(yǔ)氣需要使用ask，tell，order等動(dòng)詞，其句型是：ask/tell/order someone to do sth.，但是suggest不能接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，只能接-ing形式或從句（從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）作賓語(yǔ)。

2.“Dont play football on the street，little boys，” the policeman said.

The policeman told the little boys did not play football on the street. （誤）

The policeman told the little boys not to play football on the street. （正）

解析：如果直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句的否定式，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要將其改為不定式的否定形式作賓補(bǔ)，不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not，而不是加do not， does not， did not等。

3.“Would you please do me the favor to carry the box upstairs？”the young woman said to me.

The young woman ordered me to carry the box upstairs for her. （誤）

The young woman asked me to carry the box upstairs for her. （正）

解析：直接引語(yǔ)是表示請(qǐng)求、建議的疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)， 也變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ阶髻e語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。需要注意的是應(yīng)根據(jù)原句的語(yǔ)氣選用恰當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞。因?yàn)榇颂幵瓉?lái)的疑問(wèn)句用的是很客氣的語(yǔ)氣，改寫后不宜用order。

4.“You clean the classroom after class today， Tom，” said the monitor.

The monitor said that Tom cleaned the classroom after class that day.（誤）

The monitor told Tom to clean the classroom after class that day. （正）

解析：一般而言，祈使句是以動(dòng)詞原形開(kāi)頭的，但是如果說(shuō)話人有意強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，也可以在句首加上主語(yǔ)。我們?cè)趯⑵渥優(yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)不能將帶有主語(yǔ)的祈使句與陳述句混淆起來(lái)。

5.“Its a fine day. Lets go to the country for a picnic，” Peter said to me.

Peter told me that it was a fine day and let us go to the country for a picnic. （誤）

Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me to go to the country for a picnic with him. （正）

解析：當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中有多種句子形式如陳述句、祈使句、疑問(wèn)句等時(shí)，我們就要用不同的方式將各種句子進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述。因?yàn)樵渲兄苯右Z(yǔ)前面部分是陳述句，故變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，后面部分是祈使句所以變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ阶髻e補(bǔ)。

福建省永定縣湖雷中學(xué) 黃新慶