俞江濤

本文從定語(yǔ)從句的高考的考點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn); 定語(yǔ)從句的高考命題特點(diǎn); 高考定語(yǔ)從句的應(yīng)對(duì)策略三個(gè)方面來(lái)揭開(kāi)定語(yǔ)從句這一令無(wú)數(shù)同學(xué)望而生畏的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象的神秘面紗,希望能給同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)苦學(xué)路上撐起一盞明燈,助你們揚(yáng)帆遠(yuǎn)航!

一、定語(yǔ)從句高考考點(diǎn)、熱點(diǎn)直擊

(一)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞

1.當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)用 who／that，作賓語(yǔ)用whom／that，作定語(yǔ)用whose。例如：

①The famous basketball star, ____ tried to make a comeback， attracted a lot of attention． (2002北京、內(nèi)蒙古、安徽春招)

A． where B． when C． which D． who(D)

2.當(dāng)先行詞指事物時(shí)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)用which／that，作定語(yǔ)用whose。例如：

②She heard a terrible noise, ____ brought her heart into her mouth．(MET1991)

A． it B． which C． this D． that (B)

③Have you seen the film Titanic ____ leading actor is world famous？(2001上海春招)

A． its B． its C． whose D． which(C)

3.當(dāng)先行詞指時(shí)間時(shí)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)用when，作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)用which／that。例如：

④We are living in an age ____ many things are done on computer．(2003北京春招)

A． which B． that C． whose D． when (D)

4.當(dāng)先行詞指地點(diǎn)時(shí)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)用where，作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)用which／that。例如：

⑤We will be shown around the city： schools， museums， and some other places， ____ other visitors seldom go.(2002北京高考)

A. what B. which C. where D. when(C)

⑥New York， ____ last year， is a nice old city.(2003北京高考)

A． that I visited B． which I visited

C． where I visited D． in which I visited(B)

5.當(dāng)先行詞指原因時(shí)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)常用why，作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)常用which／that。例如：

⑦Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work？(2002上海春招)

A． he explained B． what he explained

C． how he explained D． why he explained (A)

注意事項(xiàng)：

1.關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，但引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略；當(dāng)?shù)谝粋€(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用作賓語(yǔ)省略時(shí)，第二個(gè)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞則不可省略。例如：

⑧The doctor ____ is leaving for Africa next month．(MET1983)

A． the nurse is talking to him B． whom the nurse is talking

C． the nurse is talking to D． who the nurse is talking (C)

2.that與which的區(qū)別：

that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也不能緊跟在介詞之后作介詞賓語(yǔ)，而which可以；先行詞是that時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，用which而不用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句如用關(guān)系代詞that，第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句常用關(guān)系代詞which，以避免重復(fù)。 先行詞是which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，用that引導(dǎo)；當(dāng)先行詞既有指人的名詞又有指物的名詞時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)；當(dāng)先行詞是all， none， few， one， little， much， something， everything， noth-ing， anything等不定代詞時(shí)，用 that引導(dǎo)；當(dāng)先行詞受very， only，last， no， all，以及形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)。例如：

⑨All ____ is needed is a supply of oil．(MET1989)

A． the thing B． that C． what D． which(B)

⑩Finally， the thief handed everything ____ he had stolen to the police．(MET1987)

A． which B． what C. whatever D. that (D)

(二)當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意主謂語(yǔ)的一致性及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題。尤其要注意在考題中不用定語(yǔ)從句，而是用分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。例如：

①The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

A. having written B. to be written

C. being written D. written (D)

②The train that stands at platform 6/standing at platform 6 is for Wuhan.

③Any article that is left in these buses/left in these buses will be taken at once to the Lost Property Office.

(三)定語(yǔ)從句中不能再重復(fù)與先行詞有關(guān)的代詞或副詞。必須牢記定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞已經(jīng)替代先行詞并且在定語(yǔ)從句中已經(jīng)充當(dāng)其成分，故不能再用相關(guān)的代詞或副詞。例如：

①He made another wonderful discovery, ____ of great importance to science.

A. which I think it is B. which I think is

C. which I think it D. I think which is (B)

②This is the hospital ____ they visited last year and is the one ____ I worked in five years ago．

A． that； where B． where； that

C． where； where D． that； that (D)

③There are dirty marks on her trousers ____ she had wiped her hands.

A. that B. which C. where D. when(C)

(四)對(duì)介詞后接關(guān)系代詞而不接關(guān)系副詞的考查；當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)，且該介詞不是和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成固定短語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞可以提前，這樣就出現(xiàn)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。先行詞指物，用“介詞+which”, 指人則用“介詞+whom”, 且兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞均不能省略，介詞的選擇要遵循兩個(gè)原則

1.根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞的搭配內(nèi)容而定。

2.根據(jù)先行詞特殊用法而定。例如：

①This flower doesnt do well in soil other than the one ____ it has been specially developed．

A． for which B． that C． of which D． where (A)

②Anyway, that evening, ____ I will tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place.

A. when B. where C. what D. which (D)

(五)關(guān)系代詞as的考查。關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)既可指人又可指物。它只能替代由such， the same等修飾的先行詞；as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可放于句首，句中或置于句尾，而which則只能置于主句之后。但如果定語(yǔ)從句為否定句或表示否定意義，使用which。as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句有“正如”之意，而which引導(dǎo)的沒(méi)有。 例如：

①Our teacher set us such a difficult maths problem ____ we could not work out.

A. that B. which C. as D. even (C)

②Carl said the work would be done by October, ____ personally I doubt very much.

A. it repaired B. that C. when D. which (D)

③____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B. As C. That D. What (B)

(六)把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞融入定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)考查

近幾年的高考試題更傾向于把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查融入到定語(yǔ)從句中來(lái)增加句子的復(fù)雜性、干擾性。其對(duì)策是仔細(xì)找出定語(yǔ)從句，然后確定從句所包含的非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，然后順藤摸瓜，選出最佳答案。例如：

①M(fèi)rs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she has had ____ went wrong again. (Shanghai98)

A. it repaired B. it repaired

C. repaired D. to be repaired

(答案是C, 原句可改寫(xiě)為：Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine went wrong again. She has had the washing machine repaired.顯然定語(yǔ)從句包含有“have sth. done”句型)

②The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year. (NMET2000)

A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out

(答案是C,原句可以改寫(xiě)為T(mén)he managers discussed the plan. They would like to see the plan carried out the next year.顯然定語(yǔ)從句含有“see sth. done”句型)

(七)解題時(shí)要注意題干的內(nèi)容和句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，(進(jìn)行必要的語(yǔ)法分析，弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。)再行答題。例如：

①The teacher wanted to teach us ____ he knew at this last lesson.

A. all which B. all that

C. of which D. everything which (B)

②Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ____ I will always treasure.

A. that B. one C. it D. what (B)

③____ is well-known that Antarctica is difficult to reach.

A. It B. What C. As D. Which(A)

④____ is well-known, Antarctica is difficult to reach.

A. It B. What C. As D. which (C)

二、高考命題特點(diǎn)

1.在疑問(wèn)句中考查定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

Is this the farm ____ you visited last week?

A. where B. the one C. on which D. /

解析:答案是D。命題人經(jīng)常利用疑問(wèn)句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)干擾學(xué)生的正確選擇。遇到這類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，最好的辦法是先把疑問(wèn)句還原成陳述句，然后判斷誰(shuí)是先行詞，再看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑詈蟠_定正確答案。

2.在倒裝句中考查定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

We came to a place, ____ stood a big tower.

A. which B. that C. / D. where

解析:正確答案是D。為了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒裝語(yǔ)序。倒裝的使用使定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為特殊，因此對(duì)于使用倒裝語(yǔ)序的定語(yǔ)從句，應(yīng)先把倒裝語(yǔ)序還原成正常語(yǔ)序，這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清晰了。

3.拆分詞組和固定搭配來(lái)考查定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

①The second is connected with the use ____ the body makes of food.

A. of which B. where C. to do D. that

②Why cant you realize the part ____ they have played in our life?

A. which B. on which C. when D. where

解析:正確答案分別是D和A。一些詞組和搭配被拆開(kāi)后，句子的含義就變得難以理解。首先把拆開(kāi)的詞組復(fù)原是理解此類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。上述句子中包含以下詞組：make use of, play a part (in)。

4.添加插入語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)來(lái)考查定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

The scientist has made another discovery, ____ I believe is of great importance.

A. that B. / C. which D. why

解析:應(yīng)選擇C。這類(lèi)句子主要利用插入語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)的添加來(lái)增加試題的難度。常見(jiàn)的插入語(yǔ)有：I think (suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做這類(lèi)題目時(shí)，最佳的辦法是先刪去插入語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，這樣句子的主干部分就一目了然了。

5.插入非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)考查定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

Is this the man ____ you want to have ____ the radio for me?

A. who; repaired B. that; repaired

C. whom; repairing D. that; repair

解析:D項(xiàng)正確。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)中難度較大的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一，因而在定語(yǔ)從句中加入非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就成了學(xué)生最易失分的題目。對(duì)付這類(lèi)題目最有效的辦法就是將句子還原。例如：我們可以把這個(gè)句子中的定語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行還原，還原后的句子應(yīng)是：You want to have the man repair the radio for me.

三、應(yīng)對(duì)策略

1. 觀察、分析先行詞的屬性(如指人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因)，可以初步確定引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的范圍。

2. 仔細(xì)分析定語(yǔ)從句的成分。重點(diǎn)根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中所缺成分來(lái)確定是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞。尤其要看定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞；還要看定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞之間的關(guān)系。

3. 根據(jù)上述兩步，確定使用關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，要兼顧一些特殊情況。尤其要注意以下幾種情況：

①只能用that作關(guān)系代詞的情況；②只能用which作關(guān)系代詞的情況；③宜用who，而不用that指人的情況； ④as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別；⑤“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的選擇。

4. 綜合以上三步細(xì)致分析，最后則容易選(填)出適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞

【實(shí)戰(zhàn)點(diǎn)評(píng)】用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空：

①This is the factory ____ he visited last year.

②This is the factory ____ he worked last year.

③This is the factory____ he worked in last year.

④This is the factoryin ____ he worked last year.

⑤This is the very factory ____ he visited last year.

【解析】

(1)看先行詞：分析復(fù)合句的成分，可知主句的主語(yǔ)為this, the (very) factory為先行詞,指地點(diǎn)；

(2)分析從句成分：第①題定語(yǔ)從句中visited為及物動(dòng)詞且缺少賓語(yǔ)，故可填關(guān)系代詞which/that,且口語(yǔ)中?？梢允÷裕坏冖陬}定語(yǔ)從句中worked為不及物動(dòng)詞，先行詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故填關(guān)系副詞where；第③題定語(yǔ)從句中worked為不及物動(dòng)詞但其后有介詞in，先行詞在從句中作后置介詞的賓語(yǔ)，故可填關(guān)系代詞which/that且口語(yǔ)中可以省略；第④題定語(yǔ)從句中worked為不及物動(dòng)詞但其前有介詞in，先行詞在從句中作前置介詞的賓語(yǔ)，故只能填關(guān)系代詞which且不可以省略；

(3)特殊情況：第⑤題定語(yǔ)從句中visited為及物動(dòng)詞且缺少賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)兼顧先行詞factory被the very修飾,故只可填關(guān)系代詞that,且口語(yǔ)中可以省略。

(4)選關(guān)系詞：根據(jù)以上三步分析推敲，則易知適合上面五道題的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞分別為：①which/that ②where ③which/that ④which ⑤that

(5)當(dāng)然，做有關(guān)定語(yǔ)從句“關(guān)系詞”選(填)的題目，還要多對(duì)照，不要受思維定勢(shì)干擾；要重語(yǔ)義，不要墨守成規(guī)；要多角度思考定語(yǔ)從句，巧辨相似結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣，才能最終準(zhǔn)確地選(填)出合適的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。