鐘雪梅

一、文章特點(diǎn)

常見的說明文有自我介紹、人物介紹（傳記）、地方介紹、習(xí)俗介紹、節(jié)日介紹、方法（步驟）介紹，產(chǎn)品說明、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、科普小品、讀書報(bào)告和新聞報(bào)道等。這類文章主要有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

1. 內(nèi)容的客觀性。

說明文客觀地說明、介紹、解釋或報(bào)道客觀的人物、事物或發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象，使讀者獲取一定的信息或知識(shí)，語言直白，沒有主觀的評(píng)論或情感的抒發(fā)。

2. 篇章的條理性。

說明文層次分明，脈落清晰，有條有理。有的按空間順序進(jìn)行說明，有的按時(shí)間順序進(jìn)行說明，有的按因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行說明，有的按先主后次的順序進(jìn)行說明，有的先概述后舉例，有的先舉例后概述，也有的按事情的邏輯關(guān)系展開（如：解析為什么，如何做等方面的問題），等等。

3. 語言的樸實(shí)性。

說明文的目的是讓讀者獲取信息，明白事理，因此，文章的作者會(huì)用樸實(shí)、易懂和準(zhǔn)確的語言或使用數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行說明，不浮夸，不加描述和議論。

二、解題技巧

要保證答題的速度和效率，可采用下列解題技巧：

1. 根據(jù)上下文的詞語暗示來選擇。

找到上下文的相關(guān)信息，特別是有暗示性的詞語，就容易找到正確的選項(xiàng)了。

2. 根據(jù)上下文的行文邏輯來選擇。

短文是由有一定邏輯關(guān)系的句子組成的，任何一句話都不是孤立存在的，而是要靠上下文作依托，相互之間存在一定的聯(lián)系。只要我們把握好了空格上下文的行文邏輯，再活用所學(xué)語言知識(shí)，就能選出正確答案。

3. 根據(jù)文化背景和生活常識(shí)來選擇。

有時(shí)，先前所積累的文化背景知識(shí)和生活常識(shí)有利于正確解答完形填空題。

4. 緊扣上下文，巧用排除法。

有時(shí)，很難從正面確定答案，尤其是答案碰巧是一個(gè)你不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞，而其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)你都認(rèn)識(shí)的時(shí)候，緊扣上下文，巧用排除法往往會(huì)給你驚喜。

當(dāng)然，有時(shí)一個(gè)技巧可以解一題，有時(shí)解一題需用到多個(gè)技巧和多項(xiàng)知識(shí)，而有時(shí)單憑語感就能找到答案。不管怎樣，不斷積累語言知識(shí)，豐富文化背景知識(shí)，提高快速閱讀，特別是跳讀的能力，借鑒上述解題方法加以多練，并不斷進(jìn)行反思和總結(jié)，就一定會(huì)享受到解題的成功感。

三、實(shí)例分析

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從21—30各題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland (since 1437) as well as one of the biggest and most important cities in the country, the seventh biggest in the United Kingdom. The___21___of the city is around half a million. It lies in the southeast of___22___. As the capital city it is also the seat of the Scottish Parliament (created in 1999). It is the second most___23City in the United Kingdom after London, with 13 million visitors a year.

The___24___of Edinburgh is 100 square miles (259 square kilometers). The historical centre of the city is divided into two main parts, the Old Town and the New Town. They are___25___Princes Street Gardens. Both districts were___26___as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.

Edinburgh is quite famous for its annual Edinburgh Festival held four weeks from early August.

Edinburgh has been connected with many___27___people through its whole history. Famous authors of the city___28___Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the___29___of Sherlock Holmes, or nowadays J. K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter. As far as the___30___is concerned, the most famous people connected with Edinburgh are Charles Darwin (the biologist), Alexander Graham Bell (the telephone pioneer), and so on.

21. A. peopleB. number

C. area___D. population

22. A. EnglandB. Britain

C. Wales D. Scotland

23. A. travelledB. visited

C. seen D. explored

24. A. land B. amount

C. area Ｄ. boundary

25. A. separated by B. divided into

C. divided byD. separated into

26. A. regarded ___B. thought

___C. listed D. treated

27. A. great_________B. historical

___C. famous D. intelligent

28. A. include______ B. contain

C. have D. are

29. A. author B. discoverer

___C. director D. creator

30. A. science B. biology

___C. art D. literature

答案與解析

本文介紹了愛丁堡這個(gè)城市的地理概況、人口、節(jié)日和當(dāng)?shù)氐拿说惹闆r。

21. D。根據(jù)下文的around half a million可知。

22. D。根據(jù)常識(shí)得知。

23. B。根據(jù)下文visitors的暗示。

24. C。根據(jù)下文的100 square miles (259 square kilometers)。

25. A。根據(jù)常識(shí)，分辨be divided into和 be separated from，緊扣語境來選擇。

26. C。根據(jù)詞義辨析。這里指“新舊城均被列入聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界文化遺產(chǎn)”。

27. C。據(jù)上下文的行文邏輯。下文講的都是愛丁堡的名人。

28. A。根據(jù)上下文的行文邏輯，此句意為“名作家包括柯南.道爾或J?K羅琳”。 contain是指“一種物質(zhì)內(nèi)含什么東西作為它其中的一部分”。

29. D。根據(jù)文學(xué)常識(shí)。

30. A。根據(jù)下文biologist和telephone pioneer的提示。

四、即時(shí)練習(xí)

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從21—30各題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

(1)

October 15th, 2008, is the first Global Handwashing Day. Activities are planned in more than twenty___21___to get millions of people in the developing world to wash their hands with soap.

Experts say people around the world wash their hands but very few use soap at so-called critical(關(guān)鍵)___22_____. These include after using the toilet, after cleaning a baby and before touching food.

Global Handwashing Day is the idea of the Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap. Partners include the United Nations Children's Fund, American government agencies, the World Bank and soap___23___Unilever and Procter and Gamble. The goal, they say, is to___24___a culture of hand washing with soap.

The organizers say all soaps are equally___25___at removing disease-causing germs. They say the correct way to wash is to26___your hands with a small amount of water and cover them with soap. Rub it into all areas, including under the fingernails.27 for at least twenty seconds. Then, rinse(沖洗)well under running water.28___, dry your hands with a clean29or wave them in the air.

The partnership says washing with soap before eating and after using the toilet could___30___more lives than any vaccine or medicine.

21. A. districts B. areas

C. organizations D. countries

22. A. situations B. emergency

C. moments D. locations

23. A. makers B. brands

C. makes D. creator

24. A. create B. build

C. invent D. enjoy

25. A. suitable B. effective

C. acceptable D. important

26. A. wash B. wet

C. fill D. cover

27. A. Hold B. Rub

C. Keep D. Wash

28. A. Eventually B. Additionally

C. Then D. Finally

29. A. clothing B. paper

C. cloth D. clothes

30. A. save B. rescue

C. help D. protect

(2)

Most people think heart- healthy living involves sacrifice. Give up your favorite foods. Break a sweat. Lose weight. But some of the best things you can do for your___21Do not involve deprivation(剝奪) or medication. Simple and even pleasurable changes in the foods you ___22___can rival medication in terms of the benefit to your heart.

Just a few small changes — eating more fish, vegetables, nuts and fiber — can have a23impact on your risk for heart problems. For some people, drinking moderate(適度) amounts of wine may24___additional benefits. Even a 55-year-old man who is about 20 pounds___25___and does not exercise regularly will have a heart-disease risk far below average if he26___consumes fish, nuts, fiber and vegetables and drinks___27 amounts of wine.

Its hard to believe that such___28___food changes can make a meaningful difference, but data from hundreds of studies show they can.

For instance, a review of nearly 100 studies showed just how effective fish can be as a heart protector. In studies of people who consume diets29in omega-3 fatty acids like those found in fish, heart risk was 23 percent 30___compared with a control group. The 2005 review appeared in The Archives of Internal Medicine. (Note：Break a sweat：use a lot of energy or efforts）

21. A. health B. heart

C. body D. head

22. A. choose B. buy

C. eat D. buy

23. A. major B. serious

C. main D. small

24. A. afford B. suffer

C. affect D. offer

25. A. heavy B. fat

C. overweight D. light

26. A. mainly B. regularly

C. hardly D. rarely

27. A. moderate B. additional

C. large D. small

28. A. greenB. delicious

C. easy D. simple

29. A. much B. rich

C. full D. enough

30. A. lowerB. less

C. higher D. more

(3)

After a hard-fought campaign, Democratic Senator Barack Obama has won the US presidential election, and will become the 44th President of the United States – the first African-American in the countrys history to do so.

President-elect Obama marked his___21___with a speech to a crowd of tens of thousands of people in his hometown of Chicago.

Obama___22___his election as a “defining moment” in the history of the Unites States, saying that “___23___has come to America”.

The BBCs correspondent in Washington says that in electing Barack Obama, the American people have___24___their unhappiness with the status quo(現(xiàn)狀) and rejected their countrys historical racial divisions.

The Australian Prime Minister summed up how many people felt when he___25___President-elect Obama.

“Forty-five years ago Martin Luther King had a___26___of an America where men and women would be judged not on the colour of their___27 but on the content of their character. Today what America has done is turn that dream into a___28 .” said Prime Minister Kevin Rudd.

President-elect Obama will not take office until 20 January next year. However, when hedoesbecome

29 , he will face many serious___30 , including two foreign wars, climate change and what he has described as “the worst financial crisis in a century”.

21. A. election B. debate

C. excitement D. victory

22. A. described B. said

C. expressed D. knew

23. A. success B. luck

C. fortune D. change

24. A. expressed B. written

C. said D. spoken

25. A. celebrated B. observed

C. cheered D. congratulated

26. A. wish B. request

C. dream D. demand

27. A. hair B. skin

C. eyes D. clothes

28. A. practice B. life

C. reality D. fact

29. A. master B. leader

C. president D. president-elect

30. A. challenges B. chances

C. failures D. questions

答案與解析

（1）本文介紹了首屆世界洗手日、洗手日的發(fā)起者、正確的洗手方法和意義。

21. D。從上句的Global得到提示。

22. C。從下文after using the toilet, after cleaning a baby and before touching food得知，在這幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻很少有人用肥皂洗手。situations“境遇，形勢(shì)”，emergency“緊急情況”， locations “位置”，均不符語境。

23. A。由常識(shí)可知，下文的“聯(lián)合利華”“寶潔”是肥皂制造商。

24. A。分辨詞義，緊扣語境來選擇。create “創(chuàng)造”，其對(duì)象往往是精神上的， 如藝術(shù)，文學(xué)作品中的人物以及新的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域等；可以用來表示創(chuàng)設(shè)一種氣氛、營(yíng)造一種文化；invent 著重指“發(fā)明、創(chuàng)造”世界上前所未有的東西，其對(duì)象往往是物質(zhì)性的；build主要指“建造”建筑物。根據(jù)句意，成立洗手日的目的是要營(yíng)造用肥皂洗手的文化。

25. B。透過上下文的字里行間，我們可知，用肥皂洗手——不管是哪一種肥皂，對(duì)祛除致病病菌一樣有效。

26. B?？筛鶕?jù)生活常識(shí)，洗手時(shí)，先弄濕手在涂肥皂，故選B。

27. B。根據(jù)語境，洗手的第三步是，把肥皂搓遍全手，包括指甲下面，搓20秒鐘；hold意為“保持某一種狀態(tài)”；keep意為“保持某一種狀態(tài)或留在某處”。

28. D。根據(jù)詞義辨析。eventually和 finally都有“最后”之意。但finally可表列舉的最后次序。根據(jù)上下文的行文邏輯，此處講的是洗手的最后步驟，不適合用then。

29. C。根據(jù)詞義辨析。clothing衣物的總稱；clothes 衣服（復(fù)數(shù)）； cloth “布料（不可數(shù)）或用作某一用途的一塊布（可數(shù)）； paper 作紙張解時(shí)，不可數(shù)。

30. A。根據(jù)上下文的行文邏輯來選擇。上文說“所有肥皂對(duì)祛除致病病菌一樣有效”，故其可以救命,選A。 rescue“拯救”往往指“從危險(xiǎn)、緊急境遇中營(yíng)救某人, 不符合語境。

（2）本文介紹了一種簡(jiǎn)單、令人愉快的飲食變化——吃多些魚、蔬菜、堅(jiān)果和纖維并喝適量的酒，就能降低心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

21. B。通過上下文可知全文講的是使心臟健康的飲食變化。

22. C。從下文的small changes — eating more fish, vegetables， nuts and fiber可知是指所吃食物的變化。

23. A。從下文的make a meaningful difference可知其影響大。

24. D。下文提到吃魚、蔬菜、堅(jiān)果和纖維并喝適量的酒，心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)大大低于平均值。故喝酒可提供額外的好處。

25. C。該句句首的Even說明這種飲食變化對(duì)超重20磅、沒有常規(guī)鍛煉的55歲老人也能大大降低心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

26. B。魚、蔬菜、堅(jiān)果和纖維不是主食，故排除A。根據(jù)上下文，應(yīng)該是定期吃魚、蔬菜、堅(jiān)果和纖維并喝適量的酒，心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)大大低于平均值。

27. A。從上文drinking moderate amounts of wine可知。

28. D。根據(jù)上文Simple and even pleasurable changes in the foods可知。

29. B。吃了富含omega-3脂肪酸的食物，心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低，吻合文章的大意。

30. A。根據(jù)上文的risk far below average可知。

(3)本文報(bào)道了奧巴瑪競(jìng)選總統(tǒng)獲勝，實(shí)現(xiàn)了美國(guó)夢(mèng)，發(fā)表演講慶祝勝利。

21. D。根據(jù)上文won the US presidential election的提示，marked his victory意為“慶祝勝利”。

22. A。分辨詞義，緊扣語境來選擇：describe sth. as 意為“把……描繪成……”；express后常跟ones atisfaction/ gratitude/ thanks/ disappointment等表示心情的詞語 。say sth. as是中文式英語， 排除B。借助下文的saying排除D項(xiàng)。

23. D。根據(jù)上下文的行文邏輯，或根據(jù)新聞時(shí)事信息得出。

24. B。根據(jù)上下文的行文邏輯可知，“民眾選奧巴瑪，表達(dá)對(duì)現(xiàn)狀的不滿”。

25. D。根據(jù)上文Obama has won the US presidential election可知，此處肯定是congratulated了。慶祝節(jié)日用celebrate或observe。

26. C。根據(jù)歷史知識(shí)得出。

27. B。根據(jù)常識(shí)得出。

28. C。turn that dream into a reality夢(mèng)想成真。

29. C。 根據(jù)下文的will not take office until 20 January next year得出。

30. A。根據(jù)下文的提示可知。

責(zé)任編校___蔣小青