趙中蘭

一、高考測試分析

名詞在高考測試中占有重要地位，從歷年高考試題可以看出，各省市試卷幾乎都涉及到名詞的考查，如抽象名詞具體化、名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)問題、名詞作定語、名詞的所有格、名詞詞義辨析以及常見名詞的固定搭配等。冠詞也是高考英語的?？键c，主要考查考生對冠詞的基本用法的理解和掌握情況。此外，還涉及到冠詞與名詞共同考查的問題。冠詞與名詞一起合用有三種情況:即定冠詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞可以表示類指;不定冠詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞也可以表示類指;零冠詞與可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)表示類指。

二、高考考查內(nèi)容探析

(一)抽象名詞的具體化與冠詞考查

1.抽象名詞表示具體或特定時，前面應(yīng)用“不定冠詞”。

(1)表示某種特性、狀態(tài)、行為的具體表現(xiàn)，常用“a/an+抽象名詞”;“a/an+adj.+抽象名詞”的形式表示具體行為、一個方面。如:

China has got a good _______ for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization. [2009年高考安徽卷]

A. reputationB. influence

C. impressionD. knowledge

【簡析】A 考查抽象名詞具體化?！癵et a good reputation”表示贏得好名聲。influence“影響力，權(quán)力，勢力”;impression“印象;感想”;knowledge “知識;認(rèn)識;知道，了解;消息”。

(2)狀態(tài)、思維行為的一次、一種、一類、一頓，常與have/take/get等詞搭配。如:

For many Beijingers， dreams of living in_____green area are becoming____reality.

A. a;a B. the;the C.不填;不填 D.不填;a

【簡析】A 考查了學(xué)生對抽象名詞具體化的掌握。抽象名詞或物質(zhì)名詞前或后加上表示性質(zhì)類別的修飾詞，指概念的“一種”“一類”“一次”等時，可用不定冠詞，例如:Physics is a science.

(3)表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、特點、情感、情緒的人和事等。如:

Washing machines made by China have won worldwide attention and Haier has becomepopular name. [2009年高考重慶卷]

A. a;theB. /;a C. /;the D. the;a

【簡析】B考查冠詞與抽象名詞。worldwide attention“世界的關(guān)注”為抽象名詞，看做不可數(shù)。第二空表示海爾成為一種很受歡迎的品牌。

2.抽象名詞有前置或后置修飾語時，前面用不定冠詞，使之具體化。如:

Some people fear that _______air pollution may bring about changes in_______weather around the world. [2009年高考江西卷]

A. /; theB. the; / C. an; theD. the; a

【簡析】A 考查冠詞用法。air pollution 是抽象名詞，這里是泛指，weather是特指全球的氣候，根據(jù)the weather around the world可知。

In order to find_______better job， he decided to study______second foreign language. [2009年高考四川卷]

A. the;a B. a;aC. the;theD. a;the

【簡析】B該題的意思是:為了找到一個更好的工作，他決定再學(xué)習(xí)另外一門外語。第一空表示泛指;第二空用“a +序數(shù)詞+名詞”表示 “又一，再一”。

(二)冠詞有無意義不同

有無冠詞含義有別，這種現(xiàn)象常常是一些固定搭配，學(xué)習(xí)時可通過對比記憶。如:out of question 毫無疑問的，out of the question 不可能的;take place發(fā)生，take the place (of) 代替;two of them 他們中的兩個，the two of them 他們兩個;by day 在白天，by the day 按天計算;on earth 究竟，on the earth 在地球上等。

(三)名詞的數(shù)和所有格

名詞的數(shù)主要包括名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)問題、名詞的類指以及名詞復(fù)數(shù)的使用。如:

The ______ shoes were covered with mud， so I asked them to take them off before they got into _______ car. [2009年高考江西卷]

A. girls; TomsB. girls; Toms

C. girls; TomsD. girls; Toms

【簡析】C 名詞所有格形式。根據(jù)題干后半部分的them可知對應(yīng)復(fù)數(shù)girls。

(四)名詞作定語

The ______is just around the corner and you wont miss it.

A. bicycles shopB. bicycle shop

C. bicycles shopD. bicycle shop

【簡析】B 考查名詞作定語。在此bicycle是起修飾作用的名詞，不表示所有關(guān)系而表示類別，且名詞作定語須用單數(shù)形式，故bicycle shop正確。

(五)集合名詞與謂語

1.某些集體名詞，如:family，team，class，club，audience，committee，crowd，government，party，public，enemy，group，population，couple等作主語時，如果作為一個整體看，謂語動詞用單數(shù);如果作為成員講，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。某些集體名詞，如:people，police，cattle等，只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞須用復(fù)數(shù)。如:The police are searching for him.警察們正在搜尋他。但people作民族講時，用作單數(shù)。

(六)名詞近義詞在語境中的辨析

The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without anywhen the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April， 2009.[2009年高考福建卷]

A. delayB. effortC. schedule D. consideration

【簡析】A 名詞詞義辨析。delay:耽擱,延誤;effort:努力;schedule:時間表;consideration:考慮,體諒;關(guān)心。題干意思是:當(dāng)甲型H1N1流感2009年4月襲擊墨西哥時,世界衛(wèi)生組織毫不猶豫地向人們提出了警告。

【小試牛刀】

1.Young as he is, David has gained_____rich experience in ______ society.

A. 不填;不填B. the;the

C. a;不填 D.不填;the

2.People regard the wheel as ______invention of the first importance in_____ human history.

A. an;the B. an;不填

C. the;the D. the;不填

3.Mr Stock,who is in Mexico on,runs small business.

A. business;aB. business;不填

C. the business;a D. business;不填

4.______on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is_______ major concern of the country.

A. The;不填B. The;a

C. An;the D. An;不填

5. ——He says that my new car is a _____of money.

——Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?

A. lackB. loadC. question D. waste

6.Many people are still in _____ habit of writing silly things in____ public places.

A. the;theB. 不填;不填

C. the;不填 D. 不填;the

7._______ it is to go swimming on such a hot day!

A. What fun B. How fun

C. What a fun D. How a fun

8.The dress is nice but she doesnt like the ______on the material.

A. shape B. sizeC. modelD. pattern

9._______of the solar eclipse(日全食) has aroused great interest across Asia and the____“eclipse” has quickly been the hottest click on the Internet.

A. A word;wordsB. The word;word

C. Word;word D. Words;word

10.Though I spoke to him many times,he never took any _____of what I said.

A. remark B. observation

C. attentionD. notice

11. Last night the president made a speech on TV to the ______.

A. countryB. state C. 1and D. nation

12. The old house belongs to _______.

A. Jacks and his brother

B. Jacks and his brothers

C. Jack and his brothers

D. Jack and his brother

13. The young student is______as a writer.Its ______ to all his teachers.

A. success;surpriseB. a success;surprise

C. success;a surprise D. a success;a surprise

14. My mothers______is getting grey,but my father has only a few grey ________.

A. hairs;hairB. hair;hairs

C. hair;hair D. hairs;hairs

15. Well have PE this afternoon but I forgot to bring my _______ .

A. sports clothesB. sport clothes

C. clothes of sports D. sports clothes

Keys:1-5 ABABD6-10 CADCD11-14 DCDBA