本刊記者 徐 華
全面提升履行使命的能力
本刊記者 徐 華
半個(gè)世紀(jì)前,伴隨著新中國(guó)航運(yùn)與造船業(yè)的重生,中國(guó)的船檢事業(yè),擔(dān)負(fù)著保護(hù)水上安全和檢驗(yàn)船舶質(zhì)量的國(guó)家使命而誕生。經(jīng)過了半個(gè)世紀(jì)的洗禮,在我國(guó)航運(yùn)與造船業(yè)從小到大,從大到強(qiáng)的歷史進(jìn)程中,中國(guó)船級(jí)社(CCS)也不斷地?cái)U(kuò)大服務(wù)范圍,提高技術(shù)實(shí)力,加強(qiáng)內(nèi)外聯(lián)合,全面提升履行國(guó)家使命的能力。
深夜,CCS北京應(yīng)急響應(yīng)會(huì)議室仍然燈火通明,走進(jìn)會(huì)議室,緊張的工作氣氛讓人有一種仍在白天工作的時(shí)空錯(cuò)覺。
幾小時(shí)前,一艘散貨船自澳洲開往中國(guó)的途中機(jī)艙浸水,船東難以決斷對(duì)船舶的處置方案,受損船舶是否有足夠的強(qiáng)度拖帶回國(guó)?于是申請(qǐng)CCS通過應(yīng)急響應(yīng)系統(tǒng)(ERS)幫助公司提供應(yīng)急處置方案。經(jīng)過短暫召集,北京和上海兩地ERS專家組立即召開視頻會(huì)議,通報(bào)船舶遇險(xiǎn)情況,分析事故報(bào)告并對(duì)多種處置方案進(jìn)行了計(jì)算,并連夜向船東提供了處置預(yù)案。最終,在船舶吃水超限,貨艙開始浸水的情況下,船東按照CCS提供的預(yù)案在準(zhǔn)備好的沙灘位置搶灘成功,船和貨物損失都控制在了最小。這次ERS服務(wù)之后,該公司要求其未加入ERS服務(wù)協(xié)議的其余散貨船均加入CCS的ERS服務(wù)框架。
近年來,重大安全事故頻發(fā)使人們本已緊繃的神經(jīng)更加脆弱,國(guó)家高度重視人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全,將應(yīng)急響應(yīng)制度上升到國(guó)家高度,然而,多年來,制度的落實(shí)卻總是難如人意,煤礦安全事故此起彼伏,火災(zāi)的無力救援均暴露出應(yīng)急響應(yīng)能力的盲區(qū)。俗話說,凡事預(yù)則立,如何能使高高在上的應(yīng)急響應(yīng)服務(wù)從墻上走下來,真正落實(shí)到實(shí)處?水上安全應(yīng)急響應(yīng)服務(wù)或許能為其他領(lǐng)域提供一些借鑒。
船舶航行海上,一旦發(fā)生由碰撞、擱淺、火災(zāi)、爆炸或惡劣天氣而導(dǎo)致的艙室進(jìn)水和溢油情況,及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確的處置方案將是最大限度降低損失的可靠保障,而船員和管理人員的正確處置離不開后臺(tái)及岸基的技術(shù)支持。作為政府部門水上事故處置方面的重要助手,2007年,CCS開始為國(guó)際航行干貨船和部分國(guó)內(nèi)船舶建立應(yīng)急響應(yīng)機(jī)制。為了可以最大程度地降低船舶應(yīng)急情況下的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),CCS的ERS專家組將船舶事故處置與先進(jìn)的管理和計(jì)算技術(shù)結(jié)合起來,為事故處置提供了快速準(zhǔn)確的應(yīng)對(duì)方案。據(jù)CCS專家介紹,應(yīng)急響應(yīng)服務(wù)重在速度,事故發(fā)生,第一時(shí)間就是了解事故舶船的全部情況,為此,事先我們建立了ERS系統(tǒng),按照船舶結(jié)構(gòu)圖紙事先建立模型,在緊急情況下可以快速及時(shí)地輔助事故船應(yīng)急處置。如果沒有事先建立的數(shù)據(jù)模型,那么事故發(fā)生后即使立即搜集圖紙建模,也需要多個(gè)技術(shù)人員一個(gè)星期以上才可能完成,這還未考慮缺少圖紙情況下的時(shí)間消耗。
CCS最重要的工作之一就是五星旗船舶的法定檢驗(yàn),在建設(shè)“航運(yùn)強(qiáng)國(guó)”的過程中,伴隨我國(guó)船隊(duì)不斷發(fā)展壯大,需要有一支強(qiáng)有力的檢驗(yàn)隊(duì)伍為其安全質(zhì)量保駕護(hù)航;而我國(guó)造船工業(yè)的發(fā)展同樣要求一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家船級(jí)社提供技術(shù)支持,確保中國(guó)造船的安全質(zhì)量。CCS從船舶上的每一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的制造到大型船舶的制造過程都要參與,發(fā)揮自己的技術(shù)和管理優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)于新造船采用項(xiàng)目管理制,將審圖和建造檢驗(yàn)與建造廠的項(xiàng)目管理有效對(duì)接,將檢驗(yàn)要求與船舶建造過程有計(jì)劃地組織起來,確保建造檢驗(yàn)有序、有效地實(shí)施,從而促進(jìn)了船舶建造質(zhì)量的提高,特別是需要完成1000萬總噸建造交船的今年,項(xiàng)目管理制的有效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)確保了各項(xiàng)檢驗(yàn)工作的有效完成。
CCS接受交通運(yùn)輸部海事局的委托對(duì)進(jìn)口船舶實(shí)施進(jìn)口勘驗(yàn),從船舶懸掛五星旗開始即對(duì)船舶的安全質(zhì)量進(jìn)行控制,將低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)船舶排除在船隊(duì)之外。對(duì)于營(yíng)運(yùn)船舶,CCS制定了積極的PSC管理方針,定期與國(guó)內(nèi)船東交流,幫助船公司解決技術(shù)難題、提升安全管理質(zhì)量,確保五星旗船舶長(zhǎng)期保持極低的PSC滯留率,特別是狠抓老齡船舶的塢修檢驗(yàn),在塢修時(shí)派出資深驗(yàn)船師加強(qiáng)質(zhì)量控制,確保船舶出廠后在相當(dāng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷,通過扎扎實(shí)實(shí)的質(zhì)量控制為航運(yùn)企業(yè)的順利經(jīng)營(yíng)保駕護(hù)航。
2010年4月22日,“2010國(guó)際海事動(dòng)態(tài)和我國(guó)業(yè)界應(yīng)對(duì)措施高層研討會(huì)”在中國(guó)船級(jí)社總部召開。會(huì)議由中國(guó)船舶工業(yè)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)、中國(guó)造船工程學(xué)會(huì)和中國(guó)船級(jí)社聯(lián)合舉辦,來自交通運(yùn)輸部、工業(yè)和信息化部以及造船、航運(yùn)、海事院校、科研院所和協(xié)會(huì)、學(xué)會(huì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、專家出席了會(huì)議。會(huì)議在通報(bào)和分析了國(guó)際海事方面一些新的重大熱點(diǎn)問題以及可能對(duì)造船業(yè)和航運(yùn)業(yè)帶來重大挑戰(zhàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,商討了我國(guó)業(yè)界的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。CCS總裁李科浚表示,CCS作為國(guó)家船舶檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu),有義務(wù)為相關(guān)政府部門和業(yè)界提供最新的國(guó)際海事信息,通報(bào)CCS參與國(guó)際公約和規(guī)則制定的情況,以便業(yè)界能及早準(zhǔn)備,爭(zhēng)取更為有利的發(fā)展環(huán)境。
隨著全球航運(yùn)、造船產(chǎn)能過剩加劇、發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家社會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)需求日趨提升,以國(guó)家利益為主導(dǎo)的國(guó)際海事技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)正不斷升級(jí)。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家急于轉(zhuǎn)移技術(shù)成本,加速推動(dòng)安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)特別是環(huán)境能效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不斷提升,以使其安全、環(huán)保性能較優(yōu)的船隊(duì)獲得更有利的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境,使其相當(dāng)高端的造船、配套產(chǎn)業(yè)獲得持久的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。這將對(duì)我國(guó)航運(yùn)和造船及配套產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響,如不能及時(shí)了解發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài),掌握第一手資源,必將陷于被動(dòng)。長(zhǎng)期以來,CCS一直積極參與IACS和IMO的相關(guān)工作,在其中發(fā)揮著積極的作用,努力維護(hù)我國(guó)航運(yùn)、造船、配套等產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展權(quán)益。
在參與國(guó)際船級(jí)社協(xié)會(huì)(IACS)的技術(shù)工作中,CCS參加IACS工作組數(shù)量從2007年的4個(gè),增加到2009年的33個(gè),在一些重大技術(shù)工作中承擔(dān)重要角色,推動(dòng)了共同知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的油輪和散貨船結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范的制定和實(shí)施,縮短了我國(guó)在設(shè)計(jì)制造標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面與先進(jìn)造船國(guó)家的差距。在參與IMO技術(shù)工作組的過程中,CCS利用技術(shù)專長(zhǎng)給予我國(guó)政府有關(guān)部門有力支持,近十年來,CCS共替國(guó)家起草IMO提案71份,占我國(guó)IMO提案總數(shù)的86.6%,在船舶壓載艙強(qiáng)制涂層標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(PSPC)、MARPOL公約低硫排放等公約關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)的設(shè)定上,結(jié)合我國(guó)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展特點(diǎn)盡全力維護(hù)我國(guó)利益。CCS還積極支撐國(guó)家相關(guān)部委參與國(guó)際海運(yùn)船舶溫室氣體的減排工作,為我國(guó)行業(yè)贏得了非常寶貴的空間和時(shí)間。
在積極參與國(guó)際舞臺(tái)角逐的同時(shí),CCS的規(guī)范科研實(shí)現(xiàn)適時(shí)應(yīng)用。以強(qiáng)化IMO、IACS和ACS(亞洲船級(jí)社協(xié)會(huì))工作為著力點(diǎn),從而在國(guó)際參與能力上由“跟進(jìn)型”向“主導(dǎo)型”轉(zhuǎn)變。在CCS的25項(xiàng)規(guī)范科研項(xiàng)目中,包含子項(xiàng)目50項(xiàng),其中包括“基于IMO GBS規(guī)則要求的規(guī)范基礎(chǔ)性研究”、“綠色船舶框架體系研究”、“大型汽車運(yùn)輸船結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范”等重大項(xiàng)目。
目前,在圍繞著“綠色”而進(jìn)行的規(guī)范科研的研究升級(jí)全面展開之后,IMO對(duì)船級(jí)社規(guī)范進(jìn)行目標(biāo)型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的驗(yàn)證,正在全面考驗(yàn)CCS的科技攻關(guān)能力。IMO將從2012年1月1日開始,組織對(duì)各船級(jí)社的散貨船和油船建造規(guī)范進(jìn)行符合目標(biāo)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GBS)的驗(yàn)證和審核。對(duì)規(guī)范的審查驗(yàn)證,實(shí)質(zhì)上是對(duì)一個(gè)授權(quán)船級(jí)社、一個(gè)國(guó)家造船、航運(yùn)、海上開發(fā)等相關(guān)行業(yè)的科研能力、技術(shù)能力進(jìn)行深入持續(xù)的考察和審核,并通過這一過程保證規(guī)范的適用性及與IMO公約要求的一致性。當(dāng)前CCS與工業(yè)界正積極備戰(zhàn)GBS大考,專門成立了項(xiàng)目組,做著充足的準(zhǔn)備。
2009年10月14日,經(jīng)過繁復(fù)的問卷調(diào)查和取證,歐盟針對(duì)IACS及其成員的反壟斷調(diào)查組終于宣布“不應(yīng)被理解為IACS觸犯了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法”。在此項(xiàng)工作中,CCS完成和提交歐盟調(diào)查問卷3次,參加了17次交織著政策法律、技術(shù)業(yè)務(wù)和外交博弈的高難度國(guó)際會(huì)議,積極參與了IACS應(yīng)對(duì)歐盟反壟斷調(diào)查和承諾書及相關(guān)6個(gè)附件的擬定工作,經(jīng)過有禮有節(jié)的辯爭(zhēng)和有效的會(huì)下磋商,維護(hù)了IACS的整體利益,在IACS和律師團(tuán)中形成了越來越強(qiáng)的影響力,為我國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際反壟斷調(diào)查積累了寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
從國(guó)際上航運(yùn)、造船強(qiáng)國(guó)的發(fā)展歷程來看,國(guó)家“政策、市場(chǎng)、資本和技術(shù)”的緊密結(jié)合,將有利于航運(yùn)和造船產(chǎn)業(yè)有效應(yīng)對(duì)復(fù)雜的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境。
中國(guó)船級(jí)社有參與國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制訂、國(guó)際公約研究、信息超前、技術(shù)背景清晰的優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)于產(chǎn)業(yè)資源的鏈接具有重要作用。同時(shí),作為國(guó)家船級(jí)社,CCS是我國(guó)航運(yùn)、造船可持續(xù)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略性技術(shù)資源。一直以來,CCS積極發(fā)揮船舶領(lǐng)域?qū)I(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理機(jī)構(gòu)的重要作用,通過提供船舶安全保障和信息服務(wù),大力推動(dòng)我國(guó)鋼鐵制造業(yè)、造船業(yè)、航運(yùn)業(yè)、物流業(yè)、金融業(yè)和保險(xiǎn)業(yè)等產(chǎn)業(yè)合作以及產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈整合結(jié)盟。
金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)后,中國(guó)船級(jí)社提出用資本紐帶整合產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈抗擊金融危機(jī),支持我國(guó)船舶融資取得歷史突破。分別與中石油、中海油下屬機(jī)構(gòu)以及中船重工、中交股份、振華港機(jī)、中船重工、大新華物流、金海灣重工等各行業(yè)代表企業(yè)簽訂戰(zhàn)略合作協(xié)議,參與、推動(dòng)民族品牌的形成。
2010年,在前一年取得豐碩成果的基礎(chǔ)上,繼續(xù)加大、加深了產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上下游資源的協(xié)作。5月7日,中國(guó)船級(jí)社與鞍山鋼鐵集團(tuán)公司簽署了戰(zhàn)略合作協(xié)議。戰(zhàn)略合作協(xié)議的簽署標(biāo)志著雙方將在更高層面展開全方位合作。雙方共同認(rèn)識(shí)到民族工業(yè)的振興,離不開相關(guān)行業(yè)之間的通力合作,在金融危機(jī)導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)萎縮和國(guó)際貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義抬頭的形勢(shì)下,加強(qiáng)金融、材料、產(chǎn)品、造船、航運(yùn)、認(rèn)證等合作,合力打造民族工業(yè)鏈、化危機(jī)為機(jī)遇,尤其具有更加深遠(yuǎn)的意義。同年9月20日,中國(guó)船級(jí)社與重慶鋼鐵(集團(tuán))有限責(zé)任公司在重慶簽署戰(zhàn)略合作協(xié)議,根據(jù)協(xié)議,中國(guó)船級(jí)社與重鋼將在材料、產(chǎn)品、認(rèn)證等多方面開展合作。雙方將建立起長(zhǎng)效合作機(jī)制,不斷擴(kuò)大合作領(lǐng)域,實(shí)行成果共享。與此同時(shí),中國(guó)船級(jí)社認(rèn)證公司(CCSC)與重慶鋼鐵股份有限公司還簽署了能源管理體系認(rèn)證合同,這是CCSC在取得國(guó)家能源管理體系認(rèn)證資格以來,首次與國(guó)內(nèi)大型鋼鐵企業(yè)簽署認(rèn)證合同。
堅(jiān)持“技術(shù)權(quán)威性、服務(wù)公正性、業(yè)務(wù)國(guó)際性”是船級(jí)社歷經(jīng)兩百多年而長(zhǎng)盛不衰的重要原因。在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的環(huán)境下,船級(jí)社的國(guó)際化、跨行業(yè)、交叉學(xué)科技術(shù)的特征,使船級(jí)社成為一個(gè)各方不可或缺的、承擔(dān)信息交流溝通和技術(shù)協(xié)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)化的重要平臺(tái)。隨著安全、環(huán)保、能效、保安等社會(huì)需求的不斷升級(jí),船級(jí)社與產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的上下游的親密合作,對(duì)整合產(chǎn)業(yè)資源,促進(jìn)行業(yè)合作具有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
Half a century ago, with the rebirth of China’s shipping and shipbuilding industry, China’s ship survey business was born bearing the mission to protect water safety and inspect shipping quality. After experiencing half a century’s development, China Classif i cation Society has continuously expanded its service scope, improved technical strength, strengthened both internal and external cooperation and fully improved the ability of carrying out the national missions.
When water ingress or oil spill happened to a ship on the sea due to collision, stranding, fi re, explosion or bad weather, seafarers and their managers should make efforts to reduce the loss of accidents ASAP through exact technical judgment. As the government’s assistant in dealing with the maritime accidents, CCS has introduced the 24-hour emergency response services which play an important role for government and shipping companies in decision making for ships in emergency cases.
CCS has accepted the delegation form the Maritime Safety Administration under the Ministry of Transport to conduct condition assessment for import ships and control the ship’s safety and quality since the date the ships fly China fl ag to exclude the low standard ships outside the fleet. For ships in operation, CCS has set up an active PSC management policy, exchanging with domestic shipowners regularly, helping shipping companies solve technical problems and promote safety and quality management, and ensuring that China fl ag ships maintain a very low PSC detention ratio. Especially, CCS put a lot of efforts on the docking repair of aged ships, assigning senior surveyors to enhance quality control during docking repair and ensure that ships out of delivery will have not structural deficiencies in a relatively longer period, and provides guarantees for the smooth operation of shipping enterprises through strong quality control.
As the national ship inspection body of China, CCS has the obligation to provide the latest international maritime information for relevant government bodies and the industry, notify the situation about the development of international conventions and regulations that CCS has participated in so that the industry can prepare at an earlier stage and seek the better development environment .
With the aggravated oversupply of global shipping and shipbuilding market and the requirement on environment protection from developed countries going more and more stringent, the competition on international maritime technical standards lead by the national interest is escalating. This will generate a huge impact on China’s shipping, shipbuilding and related manufacturing industries. If we cannot keep abreast of the developing trend and the fi rst hand resources, we will certainly fall into the passive position. For a long time, CCS has actively participated in the relevant work of IACS and IMO, and has played an important role trying to maintain and protect the development interests of our country’s shipping,shipbuilding and related manufacturing industries.
While actively participating in competition on the international stage, CCS has realized the timely application of its rules and researches. Through enhancing its participation in the work of IMO, IACS and ACS, CCS is trying to transfer its international participation from merely the “follow” type” to gradually the “l(fā)ead” type. Among the 25 rules and research items of CCS (or 50 items including the sub-items),we can see the “basic research on the rules following IMO GBS standards , “research on the framework system of green ship rules” and “research on the structural rules of largesize auto carriers” and etc.
CCS has since actively played the important role of working as a professional risk management body in the shipping sector, and vigorously promoted the industrial cooperation and alliance among the steel manufacturing,shipbuilding, shipping, logistics, fi nancing and insurance industries of China through providing safety guarantees and information services.
After the outbreak of financial crisis, CCS put forward using the capital tache to integrate the industries and resist the finical crisis, and supported our country’s shipping finance to make historic breakthrough. CCS has signed strategic cooperation agreements with the representative enterprises from the industries including PetroChina, CNOOC subsidiary, CSIC, CCCC, Zhenhua Port Machinery, Grand China Logistics, Jinhaiwan Heavy Industry, Anshan Iron and Steel Group Corporation,Chongqing Iron & Steel and participated in promoting the establishment of the national brands.
CCS persisted in the principle of “technical authority,service impartiality, business internationalism”, which is the important reason why class societies can continuously maintain prosperity for more than 200 years. With the continuous evolvement of the social requirements on safety, environmental protection, energy efficiency and security, closer cooperation between CCS and related enterprises on the industrial chain will have a far reaching inf l uence upon integrating industrial resources and improving industrial cooperation.
To Improve the Ability of Mission Performance
Reporter Xu Hua