史光軍 張磊 許評 于江
·論著·
大鼠胰腺干細(xì)胞的分離純化、鑒定及定向分化
史光軍 張磊 許評 于江
目的探討大鼠胰腺干細(xì)胞體外分離、純化的實(shí)驗(yàn)條件及其定向分化潛能。方法應(yīng)用胰腺原位灌注V型膠原酶消化大鼠胰腺組織,100目濾網(wǎng)濾過,F(xiàn)icoll 400濃度梯度離心法分離胰腺干細(xì)胞,采用添加表皮生長因子(EGF)、成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(bFGF)的培養(yǎng)基行體外培養(yǎng)。運(yùn)用熒光免疫染色法檢測細(xì)胞表面CK-19、Pdx-1、Nestin、Insulin和Glucagon蛋白,計算陽性細(xì)胞率。雙硫腙(DTZ)染色鑒定誘導(dǎo)分化后的細(xì)胞,光電酶標(biāo)記法ELISA檢測胰島素分泌功能。結(jié)果本實(shí)驗(yàn)獲取的胰腺干細(xì)胞,體外培養(yǎng)可穩(wěn)定傳代培養(yǎng)8代以上。細(xì)胞表面CK-19、Pdx-1和Nestin蛋白均呈陽性,陽性細(xì)胞率分別為(88.6±6.2)%、(84.6±8.6)%和(81.3±7.5)%。誘導(dǎo)分化后細(xì)胞經(jīng)DTZ染色呈棕紅色。在高糖刺激下,培養(yǎng)上清液中胰島素含量增高。結(jié)論本法可獲取高純度、多數(shù)量的胰腺干細(xì)胞,在人工誘導(dǎo)下可定向分化為具有胰島素分泌功能的胰島樣細(xì)胞團(tuán),為臨床胰島移植獲得足量細(xì)胞來源提供實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)。
胰腺; 干細(xì)胞; 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)技術(shù); 細(xì)胞分化; 鑒定
糖尿病,尤其是1型糖尿病患者需終身應(yīng)用胰島素替代治療,并且無法有效遏制遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,危及人類健康[1]。胰島移植為1型糖尿病患者擺脫胰島素替代治療提供了光明前景,并已有成功治愈的研究報道。但臨床胰島來源匱乏。研究表明[2-3],胰腺干細(xì)胞可以在體外穩(wěn)定傳代培養(yǎng),并可誘導(dǎo)分化為有胰島素分泌功能的胰島細(xì)胞。但目前對胰腺干細(xì)胞的分離純化技術(shù)還不夠成熟。本實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步探討大鼠胰腺干細(xì)胞的分離、純化及定向分化技術(shù)。
一、大鼠胰管V型膠原酶灌注和胰腺獲取
Wistar大鼠,4~6周齡,體重160~230 g,雌性,購于山東魯抗醫(yī)藥動物飼養(yǎng)中心,適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周以上。麻醉、消毒、鋪單后,取腹正中切口入腹。用棉棒將肝臟翻向右上,胃腸翻向左下,暴露膽總管。穿膈剪心放血處死,鉗夾膽總管兩端,10號套管針穿刺膽胰管,注入0.1%Ⅴ型膠原酶5 ml。分離周圍組織,完整切除胰腺,置4℃ Hank′s液中。
二、胰腺干細(xì)胞的分離、培養(yǎng)
胰腺組織加3倍容積的Ⅴ型膠原酶,38℃水浴消化10 min,3 min震蕩1次,至胰腺組織消化成細(xì)沙粒狀,加入含10% FCS的冷Hank′s液,100目網(wǎng)濾過、沖洗、離心,用2 ml Hank′s吹打制成細(xì)胞懸液,應(yīng)用23%、17%、11%的Ficoll 400濃度梯度離心分離。吸出位于中上層的干細(xì)胞層,加含10% FCS的RPMI 1640液常規(guī)培養(yǎng),第3天添加表皮生長因子(EGF)、堿性纖維生長因子(bFGF),第7天轉(zhuǎn)入培養(yǎng)瓶中改用含10%FCS、100 U/ml青霉素-鏈霉素、20 ng/ml EGF和bFGF、10 mmol/L HEPES、1.0 mmol/L丙酮酸鈉、71.5 μmol/L β-巰基乙醇的RPMI 1640液繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)、傳代,3 d換液1次。
三、胰腺干細(xì)胞的鑒定
取出傳代后細(xì)胞行爬片培養(yǎng),采用SABC-FITC免疫熒光染色。小鼠抗大鼠細(xì)胞角蛋白(cytokeratin, CK-19)單抗(Sigma公司)、兔抗大鼠神經(jīng)巢蛋白(Nesting)單抗工作濃度1∶100;兔抗鼠胰十二指腸同源異型基因(Pdx-1)多抗(Chemicon公司)工作濃度1∶150;小鼠抗大鼠胰島素(Insulin)及Glucagon單抗(Sigma公司)工作濃度均1∶100;羊抗小鼠 FITC熒光抗體1∶100稀釋。以 PBS替代一抗作為空白對照組。借鑒張中明等[4]計算病毒轉(zhuǎn)染率的方法,計數(shù)熒光染色陽性細(xì)胞,并計算陽性細(xì)胞百分率。
四、胰腺干細(xì)胞的誘導(dǎo)分化
將培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞更換為含有2 g/L牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、10 mmol/L尼克酰胺、10 μg/L HGF、71.5 ng/ml胰島素-轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白-硒(ITS)和100 U/L青霉素-鏈霉素的無血清DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液中進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)分化,每2~3 d換液一次[5]。1周后,當(dāng)細(xì)胞形態(tài)發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)變化時行雙硫腙(DTZ)染色鑒定。
五、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的胰島素釋放功能測定
誘導(dǎo)分化后的細(xì)胞更換10 mmol/L的高糖培養(yǎng)基,2 h后每隔30 min吸取1次培養(yǎng)上清,共取8次,經(jīng)光電酶標(biāo)記的ELISA染色,測定培養(yǎng)液中胰島素含量,制作胰島素釋放曲線圖。
一、細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)狀況
獲取的中上細(xì)胞層細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)后2 d可見細(xì)胞增殖,3 d后生長加速(圖1),7d后細(xì)胞融合80%以上,可穩(wěn)定傳8代。傳代細(xì)胞的CK-19、 Pdx-1 和 Nestin染色陽性率分別為 (88.6±6.2)%、(84.6±8.6)%和(81.3±7.5)%(圖2a、b、c)。
圖1 培養(yǎng)3 d的胰腺干細(xì)胞(×200)
圖2CK-19(a)、 Pdx-1(b)和Nestin(c)陽性染色細(xì)胞(×200)
二、干細(xì)胞的誘導(dǎo)分化
胰腺干細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)分化后形成胰島樣細(xì)胞團(tuán),被DTZ特異性染成棕紅色(圖3)。在高糖刺激下,培養(yǎng)上清液中胰島素含量不斷升高(圖4 )。
圖3 誘導(dǎo)分化后的胰島樣細(xì)胞(DTZ染色 ×400)
圖4 胰島素釋放曲線
胰腺干細(xì)胞原先是在取下胰腺剪碎后再消化獲取,但這種方法耗時,且細(xì)胞損傷較大。胰腺原位灌注消化法能很好地克服這些弊端。因大鼠膽胰管較細(xì),在行膽胰管穿刺時容易斷裂,故解剖辨認(rèn)應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確,穿刺要耐心仔細(xì)。對膽管的遠(yuǎn)端和近端都要進(jìn)行鉗夾或絲線結(jié)扎,可以避免套管針穿刺位置過低而損傷腸道,并且可以防止腸液反流入膽胰管,引起細(xì)菌污染。為判斷膽胰管穿刺是否成功,可以先緩慢少量推注Ⅴ型膠原酶,如穿刺不成功,胰腺表現(xiàn)為局部膨脹,而穿刺成功時,胰腺為均勻的膨脹。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)運(yùn)用3個步驟對胰腺干細(xì)胞進(jìn)行分離和純化:(1)將消化均勻的胰腺組織進(jìn)行濾網(wǎng)濾過,初步篩選掉較大的纖維和脂肪組織;(2)濾過后的細(xì)胞采用Ficoll 400濃度梯度離心法舍棄胰島層,保留干細(xì)胞層培養(yǎng);(3)根據(jù)胰腺干細(xì)胞貼壁生長的特性,通過換液將懸浮的胰島和其他混雜細(xì)胞去掉,進(jìn)一步提高干細(xì)胞純度。
胰腺干細(xì)胞的鑒定主要依據(jù)細(xì)胞表面的標(biāo)志物,常用的有:(1)CK-19:在發(fā)育過程中,胰腺的內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞來自角蛋白陽性的內(nèi)胚層上皮細(xì)胞,胰腺的內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞高表達(dá)角蛋白[6]。(2)Nestin:它是神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志物,而胰腺與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育控制機(jī)制相似,胰腺干細(xì)胞可能來源于神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞。(3)胰十二指腸Pdx-1:它是胰腺干細(xì)胞發(fā)育過程中表達(dá)的第一個分子標(biāo)記,是一個同源區(qū)蛋白,也就是胰島素增強(qiáng)子1。本法提取的以上3種標(biāo)志物均陽性率在80%以上。此外有學(xué)者報道利用Notch信號、kit基因、端粒酶活性等來鑒定胰腺干細(xì)胞,但尚無定論。
文獻(xiàn)報道,肝細(xì)胞生長因子(HGF)、角朊細(xì)胞生長因子(KGF)、ITS均可誘導(dǎo)胰腺干細(xì)胞分化為胰島細(xì)胞。尼克酰胺(Nicotinamide)是一種核酶多聚合成酶抑制劑,因其能夠誘導(dǎo)人類胚胎胰島內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞的分化和成熟,增加胰島素和C肽的表達(dá)而廣泛用于誘導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞向胰島內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞分化。本實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用HGF、ITS和尼克酰胺進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)。誘導(dǎo)分化的細(xì)胞經(jīng)雙硫腙(與胰島細(xì)胞內(nèi)含有的鋅離子特異性結(jié)合)染色證實(shí)為胰島細(xì)胞,并通過高糖刺激,培養(yǎng)上清液中胰島素含量不斷增加,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)誘導(dǎo)分化的細(xì)胞具有分泌胰島素的功能。
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2010-05-24)
(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
Separatepurificationanddirecteddifferentiationpotencyofpancreaticstemcellsofadultratsinvitro
SHIGuang-jun,ZHANGLei,XUPing,YUJiang.
DepartmentofPancreaticBiliarysurgery,Qingdaomunicipalhospital,Qingdao266071,China
XUPing,Email:xu.ping@263.net
ObjectiveTo investigate the experimental condition of separate purification and directed differentiation potency of pancreatic stem cells of adult rats in vitro.MethodsThe pancreas of adult rats were digested by collagenase V in situ perfusion. Filtration was performed by 100 mesh filter. Ficoll 400 density gradient centrifugation was used to separate pancreatic stem cells and stem cells were for cultivation. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was added to medium for in vitro cultivation. Immunofluorescence staining method was used to detect the expression of CK19, Pdx-1, nestin, insulin and glucagon, and the positive cell rate was calculated. The differentiated cell was evaluated by dithizone (DTZ) staining; insulin excretion function was determined by optical enzyme labeled ELISA staining.ResultsThe pancreatic stem cell obtained from the study could be cultivated in vitro for 8 generations. The expression of CK19, Pdx-1 and nestin of the tem cells were all positive, and the rate of positive cells were (88.6±6.2)%, (84.6 ±8.6)% and (81.3 ±7.5)%. The differentiated cell was in brownish red color by DTZ dye. After high concentration sugar stimulation, the expression of insulin secretion was increased in the supernatant.ConclusionsThis method can harvest highly purified, and large amount of pancreatic duct stem cell. Artificial induction may result directed differentiate for islet-like clusters and have insulin secrete function.
Pancreas; Stem cells; Cell culture techniques; Cell differentiation; Identify
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2010.04.012
青島市科技局資金資助課題(07-2-1-2-nsh)
266071 山東青島,青島市立醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科(史光軍、許評、于江);濟(jì)寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院急診普外科(張磊)
許評,Email:xu.ping@263.net