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顆粒鏈球菌屬的研究進展

2011-08-15 00:50:22曹陽佩綜述周學(xué)東施文元審校
華西口腔醫(yī)學(xué)雜志 2011年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:心內(nèi)膜炎鏈球菌球菌

曹陽佩綜述 周學(xué)東 施文元審校

顆粒鏈球菌屬的研究進展

曹陽佩綜述 周學(xué)東 施文元審校

(口腔疾病研究國家重點實驗室,四川大學(xué),成都 610041)

顆粒鏈球菌屬是兼性厭氧、觸酶陰性的革蘭陽性球菌,口腔微生物組研究發(fā)現(xiàn)顆粒鏈球菌屬是人口腔的優(yōu)勢菌,可引起牙周病、牙髓炎等機會感染。本文重點介紹顆粒鏈球菌屬的最新研究進展。

顆粒鏈球菌屬; 營養(yǎng)變異鏈球菌; 口腔; 生物學(xué)特征; 鑒定; 感染

口腔微生物組研究發(fā)現(xiàn)顆粒鏈球菌屬(Granulicatella)是人口腔的優(yōu)勢菌,在口腔中多個部位檢出,如唇前庭、軟腭、硬腭、牙周袋[1]、頰上皮、舌側(cè)面、扁桃體[2]、唾液[3-4]、舌背部[5-7]、齦下菌斑[8-11]等處。顆粒鏈球菌屬可引起口腔、感染性心內(nèi)膜炎等機會感染。目前國內(nèi)相關(guān)介紹較少[12-15],本文對顆粒鏈球菌的研究現(xiàn)狀介紹如下。

1 分類學(xué)

顆粒鏈球菌屬是兼性厭氧、觸酶陰性的革蘭陽性球菌,F(xiàn)renkel等[16]在1961年首次于亞急性細菌性心內(nèi)膜炎和中耳炎患者的血培養(yǎng)分離得到。顆粒鏈球菌屬細菌營養(yǎng)要求十分苛刻,需要補充一些巰基化合物以滿足其生長要求或與其他細菌共生形成典型的衛(wèi)星菌落現(xiàn)象。顆粒鏈球菌早期被稱為營養(yǎng)變異鏈球菌(nutritionally variant streptococci,NVS)[17]。Bouvet等[18]通過DNA-DNA雜交證實了這些細菌與鏈球菌屬的低基因相關(guān)度,并將NVS命名為缺陷鏈球菌(Streptococcus defectivus)和毗鄰鏈球菌(Streptococcus adjacens)。Kawamura等[19]通過16S rRNA序列研究,認為NVS與鏈球菌屬在系統(tǒng)發(fā)生學(xué)上無親緣關(guān)系,提出其應(yīng)為新的菌屬,將其命名為乏養(yǎng)球菌屬(Abiotrophia),并將缺陷鏈球菌和毗鄰鏈球菌移入乏養(yǎng)球菌屬,即缺陷乏養(yǎng)球菌(Abiotrophia defective)和毗鄰乏養(yǎng)球菌(Abiotrophia adiacens)。此后,乏養(yǎng)球菌屬又添加了3個新種,包括由心內(nèi)膜炎患者血液中分離得到的苛求乏養(yǎng)球菌(Abiotrophia elegans)[20]、副毗鄰乏養(yǎng)球菌(Abiotrophia para-adiacens)[21]、貂鯨乏養(yǎng)球菌(Abiotrophia balaenopterae)[22]。2000年Collins等[23]的16S rRNA測序結(jié)果表明:系統(tǒng)發(fā)生學(xué)上乏養(yǎng)球菌屬由2個不同的譜系組成,一是模式株缺陷乏養(yǎng)球菌,另一個是由毗鄰乏養(yǎng)球菌、苛求乏養(yǎng)球菌、副毗鄰乏養(yǎng)球菌、貂鯨乏養(yǎng)球菌組成的相似菌群,因此,提出后4種應(yīng)納入新的菌屬——顆粒鏈球菌屬,包括毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌(Granulicatella adiacens)、苛求顆粒鏈球菌(Granulicatella elegans)、副毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌(Granulicatella para-adiacens)、貂鯨顆粒鏈球菌(Granulicatella balaenopterae)。

2 生物學(xué)特征

2.1 細胞形態(tài)和染色性

顆粒鏈球菌屬細菌細胞是無動力、不形成芽胞的革蘭陽性球菌,球狀細胞可呈腫脹樣,其革蘭染色結(jié)果也往往呈現(xiàn)可變性。其排列呈多形性,成對、短鏈狀或短桿狀。細胞形態(tài)的多形性與其營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)相關(guān),在營養(yǎng)狀況良好的條件下,可觀察到革蘭陽性的球菌,成對或短鏈狀排列。因此,菌株形態(tài)上的不典型性使得根據(jù)形態(tài)鑒定十分困難[24]。

2.2 培養(yǎng)特性

顆粒鏈球菌屬為兼性厭氧菌,10℃和45℃不生長,在6.5%NaCl肉湯中不生長。顆粒鏈球菌屬對營養(yǎng)要求較高,常要在培養(yǎng)基中加入0.01%L-半胱氨酸或0.001%鹽酸吡哆醛。對奧普托欣(Optochin)耐藥,對萬古霉素敏感。顆粒鏈球菌屬在補充鹽酸吡哆醛或L-半胱氨酸的5%或10%丹麥血平板(danish blood agar plate,DBA)或5%綿羊血平板(sheep blood agar plate,SBA)上生長。在10%DBA上培養(yǎng)48 h后,可觀察到直徑約1~3mm的灰白色菌落[25]。顆粒鏈球菌屬細菌可在許多細菌周圍呈現(xiàn)“衛(wèi)星現(xiàn)象”生長,是一種典型的共生菌,這些細菌可以提供其生長需要的鹽酸吡哆醛,被稱為“助養(yǎng)細菌”。最早報道的“助養(yǎng)細菌”為嗜血桿菌屬,在共同培育48 h后,在其接種劃線區(qū)邊緣可觀察到菌落增大的現(xiàn)象,其他助養(yǎng)菌還包括葡萄球菌屬、鏈球菌屬、腸桿菌屬及酵母菌[16,26-27]。

2.3 生化特性

顆粒鏈球菌屬細菌觸酶和氧化酶陰性,發(fā)酵葡萄糖的代謝產(chǎn)物為乳酸,不產(chǎn)氣。毗咯芳氨酸酶和亮氨酸芳胺酶陽性,堿性磷酸酶、α-半乳糖苷酶、β-半乳糖苷酶陰性。

3 鑒定

3.1 表型鑒定

顆粒鏈球菌屬菌株主要分離自血培養(yǎng),其形態(tài)、染色不僅具有多形性,隨著培養(yǎng)時間的延長,初代分離培養(yǎng)基的組成變化很大,故對其生長特性的描述也在不斷變化?!靶l(wèi)星現(xiàn)象”和“吡哆醛依賴試驗”可以輔助鑒定,但一些分離株還會出現(xiàn)“適應(yīng)現(xiàn)象”,在未補充鹽酸吡哆醛的培養(yǎng)基上可以生長良好,也不出現(xiàn)“衛(wèi)星現(xiàn)象”,給分離鑒定造成更大困難。對鑒定顆粒鏈球菌屬較為有價值的生物學(xué)特性包括是否產(chǎn)生α-半乳糖苷酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、β-葡糖苷酸酶,馬尿酸鹽水解,精氨酸水解,海藻糖、蔗糖、支鏈淀粉、塔格糖產(chǎn)酸等[25]。乏養(yǎng)球菌屬和顆粒鏈球菌屬的初步鑒定可采用“衛(wèi)星現(xiàn)象”結(jié)合Rapid ID 32鏈球菌鑒定系統(tǒng)[28-29]。

3.2 分子生物學(xué)鑒定

分子生物學(xué)鑒定方法是最好的鑒定方法[30],以聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)為基礎(chǔ)的細菌核糖體基因(rRNA)檢測分析是金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),通常進行16S rRNA基因序列分析[31]。除16S rRNA分析技術(shù)外,其他基于分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)的鑒定方法發(fā)展迅速。Drancourt等[32]采用了基于rpo B基因序列的鑒定方法以區(qū)分革蘭陽性厭氧球菌中的鏈球菌屬、腸球菌屬、孿生球菌屬、乏養(yǎng)球菌屬和顆粒鏈球菌屬?;?6S~23S核糖體DNA基因間隔區(qū)(intergenic spacer,ITS)的鑒定技術(shù)是新興的菌種鑒定方法,由于ITS序列間具有較低的種群內(nèi)差異性和較高的種群間差異性[33],鑒定結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確可靠[34]。Tung等[35]采用ITS技術(shù)鑒定21種鏈球菌,1種乏養(yǎng)球菌,18種腸球菌,3種顆粒鏈球菌,正確率為98.2%(213/217),提示ITS可能成為受廣泛認可的分子生物學(xué)鑒定技術(shù)。此外,ITS序列長度(189~601 bp)相比16S rRNA基因序列長度(約1.5 kb)更短,ITS序列測序會比目前普遍采用的16S rRNA測序更為準(zhǔn)確有效,公共數(shù)據(jù)庫中的ITS序列信息也在不斷完善[36]。基于ITS發(fā)展的寡核苷酸微陣列(oligonucleotide microarray)技術(shù)鑒定菌種的結(jié)果也令人滿意,Chen等[37]報道鑒定結(jié)果的敏感性和特異性分別為100%(312/312)和98.6%(72/73)。Tung等[29]報道結(jié)果的敏感性和特異性分別為100%(120/120)和95.6%(87/91)。以上優(yōu)勢提示ITS可能成為受廣泛認可的分子生物學(xué)鑒定技術(shù),甚至取代16S rRNA技術(shù)。

4 病原學(xué)

隨著研究進一步深入,顆粒鏈球菌屬所導(dǎo)致的疾病日益引起人們的重視。Christensen等[25]從97例患者中分離得到的乏養(yǎng)球菌和顆粒鏈球菌屬主要來自血標(biāo)本,但有3例來自眼部潰瘍,58%患者診斷患有感染性心內(nèi)膜炎,26%患者診斷患有菌血癥或敗血癥,提示該類菌與感染關(guān)系密切。

4.1 口腔疾病

國外學(xué)者已有報道顆粒鏈球菌屬與口腔疾病的密切關(guān)系,國內(nèi)尚未見相關(guān)報道。

4.1.1 牙周炎 顆粒鏈球菌屬被認為是可疑的牙周致病菌。16S rRNA基因序列技術(shù)已證實其在牙周病患者中的高檢出率[8],在成人牙周炎患者[8-9,11,38]、壞死性潰瘍性牙周炎患者[10]、復(fù)發(fā)性牙周炎患者所提取的樣本中均檢出了毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌。在早期牙周炎患者的舌部樣本中,毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌的檢出率更高,并具有相關(guān)性(P<0.05)[5]。最近,Colombo等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)性牙周炎患者與單純性牙周炎患者和牙周健康者相比,毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌檢出率更高(P<0.05)。以上報道提示顆粒鏈球菌屬可能是牙周病的致病菌之一。

4.1.2 牙髓炎 在原發(fā)性牙髓感染和持續(xù)性牙髓感染的病例中均檢出毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌[38,40-41]。Siqueira等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn)毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌在原發(fā)性牙髓感染樣本中有14%的檢出率。R??as等[43]報道毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌在有癥狀的牙髓感染中有較高的檢出率(10%)。以上報道提示毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌可能是牙髓感染的致病菌之一,其致病機制尚不清楚。

4.1.3 齲病 毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌在兒童、成人齲病患者的樣本中也有檢出[44-45]。Ling等[46]報道顆粒鏈球菌屬與齲病有明顯的相關(guān)性(P<0.05)。Kanasi等[47]發(fā)現(xiàn)苛求顆粒鏈球菌與嚴(yán)重早期兒童齲有相關(guān)性(P<0.01)。以上報道提示顆粒鏈球菌屬可能與齲病發(fā)病相關(guān),尤其是早期兒童齲。

4.1.4 口臭 在大多數(shù)健康人和口臭患者的舌背部拭子中,毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌都能被檢測到[7]。Haraszthy等[6]檢測了8個口臭患者和5個無口臭健康人的舌背部樣本,毗鄰顆粒鏈球菌在所有口臭患者中約有2%檢出率,苛求顆粒鏈球菌僅能在口臭患者中檢出(0.6%)。

4.2 感染性心內(nèi)膜炎

關(guān)于顆粒鏈球菌引起感染性心內(nèi)膜炎的機制尚不清楚。普遍認為心臟的病理情況是導(dǎo)致感染的發(fā)病因素之一,而口腔健康不佳、過去6個月內(nèi)的牙科操作可能促進感染性心內(nèi)膜炎的發(fā)生[48]。顆粒鏈球菌屬所致的感染性心內(nèi)膜炎占鏈球菌感染的4.3%~6%[49]。研究者們認為由于這類細菌對營養(yǎng)的特殊要求,可能導(dǎo)致在心內(nèi)膜炎病例的病原學(xué)檢測中常出現(xiàn)假陰性結(jié)果[17]。

分析30例NVS導(dǎo)致的感染性心內(nèi)膜炎病例,顆粒鏈球菌感染的病情惡化常比腸球菌或草綠色鏈球菌更為嚴(yán)重,治療更為困難。盡管給予了合適的抗生素治療,但其復(fù)發(fā)率仍達41%[50]。Senn等[51]指出在老年患者中,顆粒鏈球菌屬的致病性和死亡率更高,其生長特性使得臨床分離鑒定較困難,應(yīng)引起臨床工作者的高度重視。

4.3 其他感染

近年來,顆粒鏈球菌屬所引起的感染病例在國外多有報道,國內(nèi)僅報道了1例[52]。除去上述提到的口腔疾病、感染性心內(nèi)膜炎外,還涉及了多種感染,包括菌血癥[25,53]、腹膜透析相關(guān)性腹膜炎[54]、感染性顱內(nèi)動脈瘤[55]、化膿性關(guān)節(jié)炎[56]、脊椎骨髓炎[57-58]、關(guān)節(jié)盤炎[58]、乳房假體移植術(shù)后感染[59]、全膝關(guān)節(jié)成型術(shù)后感染[60]、腦膿腫[61]、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)感染[62]、腦膜炎[63]、結(jié)膜炎[64]、上頜竇炎[25,28,65]、尿道感染[28]、股動脈血栓[48]。

5 治療

臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)顆粒鏈球菌屬細菌所致感染治療較為困難[49],可能是因為其對一些抗生素耐藥。另外,傳統(tǒng)的表型鑒定對此類細菌的低檢出率也增加了診斷及治療的難度。對于顆粒鏈球菌屬所致的感染性心內(nèi)膜炎,推薦的治療方案是4~6周的青霉素G或氨芐青霉素聯(lián)合慶大霉素治療。僅當(dāng)患者不能耐受青霉素G或氨芐青霉素時,才選用萬古霉素。選用萬古霉素時,可不聯(lián)合慶大霉素進行治療[66]。對此類細菌藥物敏感性測試操作技術(shù)要求高,結(jié)果往往也不夠準(zhǔn)確,相應(yīng)報道[67-70]往往也缺乏一致性。美國臨床和實驗室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,CLSI)推薦采用微量肉湯稀釋法進行藥敏試驗:Mueller-Hinton肉湯添加2.5%~5%溶解的馬血和0.001%鹽酸吡哆醛[71]。CLSI指南提出,臨床工作者首先應(yīng)按照指南推薦方案治療顆粒鏈球菌所致感染性心內(nèi)膜炎病理,只有特殊病例需要時才進行藥敏測試。

6 展望

目前有關(guān)顆粒鏈球菌屬感染病例的報道日益增多,未來研究熱點應(yīng)著重于細菌的致病機制和其在生物膜中的作用,為臨床的預(yù)防和治療提供良好的依據(jù)。

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New progress in research of Granulicatella species

Cao Yangpei,Zhou Xuedong,Shi Wenyuan.(State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Sichuan University,Chengdu610041,China)

Granulicatella species are facultative anaerobic,catalase-negative Gram-positive cocci,oral microbiome researches find out Granulicatella species are dominant bacteria in oral cavity which may cause opportunistic infection like periodontal disease,endodontic infection.This review summarized research progress of Granulicatella species.

Granulicatella species;nutritionally variant streptococci; oral cavity; biological property; identification;infection

R 780.2

A

10.3969/j.issn.1000-1182.2011.06.027

1000-1182(2011)06-0665-05

2011-07-29;

2011-09-23

曹陽佩(1988—),女,四川人,碩士

周學(xué)東,Tel:028-85501439

(本文編輯 胡興戎)

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