苗長(zhǎng)盛,劉招君,2,方石,2,張革,張君龍,胡菲,孫曉娟
(1.吉林大學(xué)地球科學(xué)學(xué)院,吉林長(zhǎng)春130061;2.油頁巖實(shí)驗(yàn)中心,吉林長(zhǎng)春130061;3.大慶油田有限責(zé)任公司勘探開發(fā)研究院,黑龍江大慶163712)
塔南凹陷南屯組近岸水下扇沉積特征及有利含油相帶分析
苗長(zhǎng)盛1,劉招君1,2,方石1,2,張革3,張君龍3,胡菲1,孫曉娟1
(1.吉林大學(xué)地球科學(xué)學(xué)院,吉林長(zhǎng)春130061;2.油頁巖實(shí)驗(yàn)中心,吉林長(zhǎng)春130061;3.大慶油田有限責(zé)任公司勘探開發(fā)研究院,黑龍江大慶163712)
綜合利用地震、測(cè)井、巖心等資料,對(duì)塔南凹陷南屯組近岸水下扇的沉積特征、展布、演化及有利含油相帶進(jìn)行研究。結(jié)果表明:本區(qū)近岸水下扇可識(shí)別出3種亞相、4種微相,不同相帶間沉積特征差異顯著;近岸水下扇集中發(fā)育于凹陷東部控盆斷裂的下降盤,在多期扇體疊置連片下,形成了東南、東北兩套扇裙,其展布、演化具有“南北各自連片,扇裙先盛后衰”的特點(diǎn),但受控盆斷裂幕式活動(dòng)和東南、東北物源供給差異的影響,東南扇群的發(fā)展和消亡均略早于東北扇群;中扇辮狀溝道儲(chǔ)層物性及含油氣性最好,主要發(fā)育中低孔儲(chǔ)層,但不同位置及埋深儲(chǔ)層滲透率差異較大,很難形成大面積連片的優(yōu)質(zhì)儲(chǔ)層,因此本區(qū)近岸水下扇沉積主要發(fā)育個(gè)體規(guī)模相對(duì)較小卻數(shù)量眾多的巖性油氣藏和構(gòu)造-巖性復(fù)合油氣藏。
塔南凹陷;南屯組;近岸水下扇;沉積特征;展布演化特征;有利含油相帶
塔木察格盆地位于蒙古國(guó)東部,向北延伸進(jìn)入中國(guó)與海拉爾盆地相接,與其統(tǒng)稱為海拉爾—塔木察格盆地。塔南凹陷是塔木察格盆地的次級(jí)構(gòu)造單元,主體面積約3000 km2,為一受北東、北東東向基底大斷裂控制形成的東斷西超箕狀凹陷,在多個(gè)三級(jí)構(gòu)造單元的劃分下形成了“三凹四帶”的構(gòu)造格局。下白堊統(tǒng)南屯組沉積期,塔南凹陷處于快速沉降階段,控盆斷裂的劇烈活動(dòng)及“山高水深”的古地理背景,為近岸水下扇的大量發(fā)育創(chuàng)造了條件[1-3]。南屯組近岸水下扇沉積單井累積厚度可達(dá)900 m,且已鉆獲工業(yè)油流,因此筆者在綜合分析近岸水下扇沉積特征的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)其展布演化過程及有利含油相帶的特征進(jìn)行研究。
近岸水下扇是指發(fā)育在斷陷湖盆陡坡帶斷層下降盤一側(cè),以重力流為搬運(yùn)機(jī)制并呈楔形體插入深水湖泊沉積中的重要含油氣扇形體[4]。沉積環(huán)境、搬運(yùn)機(jī)制及沉積作用的特殊性,使近岸水下扇在沉積特征及含油特征方面明顯區(qū)別于其他湖泊砂體[4-7]。筆者利用地震、測(cè)井及巖心資料對(duì)其沉積特征進(jìn)行綜合分析,并參考國(guó)內(nèi)外前人相關(guān)研究成果[1,8-18],將其劃分為內(nèi)扇、中扇、外扇3種沉積亞相和4種沉積微相。
近岸水下扇內(nèi)扇主要緊貼基巖斷面發(fā)育,在地震剖面上表現(xiàn)為中強(qiáng)振幅斷續(xù)雜亂反射(圖1)。根據(jù)巖電特征,內(nèi)扇亞相可進(jìn)一步細(xì)分為主溝道和主溝道外兩個(gè)微相。主溝道微相是內(nèi)扇沉積的主體,電性顯示為中高幅齒化箱形、齒中線平行或微下傾(圖2),主要由混雜堆積礫巖和雜基支撐的雜色、灰色砂礫巖組成(圖3(a)),礫石成分復(fù)雜多樣、顆粒長(zhǎng)軸粒徑為2~90 mm,偶見塊狀層理或反粒序(圖3(b)),常見正粒序(圖3(c)),底部多具沖刷面(圖3(d))。巖石結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度極低,礫石多呈次棱角狀,常含有礫狀、條帶狀泥質(zhì)撕裂塊及大小不等的漂礫(圖3(d),(e)),反映了內(nèi)扇沉積過程中物源充足、高能快速堆積的特征。主溝道外微相是搬運(yùn)過程中溢出主溝道的沉積組分,電性特征為中低幅指狀、齒中線平行(圖2),主要由含砂、礫暗色泥巖組成,粒度上明顯細(xì)于主溝道,巖石成分成熟度、結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度極低,常見滑塌構(gòu)造及不規(guī)則狀砂礫質(zhì)團(tuán)塊(圖3(f))。
圖1 塔南凹陷南屯組近岸水下扇地震反射特征剖面Fig.1 Profile of seismic reflection characteristics of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tanan depression
中扇亞相緊鄰內(nèi)扇發(fā)育,在地震剖面上以中振幅斷續(xù)亞平行反射為特征(圖1),且可進(jìn)一步細(xì)分為辮狀溝道微相和溝道間微相。其中,辮狀溝道微相為中扇沉積的主體,電性特征為中幅指狀或齒化箱形、齒中線平行或上傾(圖2),主要由雜砂巖和含礫中、細(xì)砂巖組成,成分成熟度較低、結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度中等,局部含有泥質(zhì)撕裂塊及泥質(zhì)漂礫,泥質(zhì)撕裂塊多呈明顯的棱角狀,而泥質(zhì)漂礫則因受擠壓而通常顯得較為圓滑(圖3(g))。辮狀溝道主要發(fā)育塊狀層理、包卷層理、正粒序及遞變層理,底部多具沖刷面(圖3(h)),可見微同沉積斷層(圖3(i))、震裂縫、碎屑脈(圖3(j))、重荷模及火焰構(gòu)造。溝道間微相粒度偏細(xì),電性顯示為低幅齒狀、齒中線平行(圖2),以礫質(zhì)、泥質(zhì)粉細(xì)砂巖與暗色泥巖互層沉積為主,整體上成分成熟度和結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度低,發(fā)育鮑馬序列(圖3(k))及砂球構(gòu)造(圖3(l)),同樣可見液化成因的碎屑脈,但碎屑脈規(guī)模及粒度明顯小于辮狀溝道沉積。
外扇亞相位于近岸水下扇的最外緣,與深水沉積相鄰,地震剖面上表現(xiàn)為較連續(xù)的弱反射(圖1),電性特征為低幅齒化曲線(圖2),反映沉積環(huán)境的水動(dòng)力條件相對(duì)較弱。巖性方面表現(xiàn)為近岸水下扇與深水沉積的過渡,主要為粉砂巖與暗色粉砂質(zhì)泥巖互層沉積,偶夾不規(guī)則狀細(xì)砂巖或中、粗砂巖團(tuán)塊,砂巖層累積厚度不超過整體厚度的8%,且向深水沉積方向砂巖層厚度減薄、層數(shù)減少,整體上成分成熟度、結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度較低,可見多期鮑馬序列疊加、砂球構(gòu)造(圖3(m))及碟狀構(gòu)造(圖3(n))。
圖2 塔南凹陷南屯組近岸水下扇巖電特征Fig.2 Rock-electrical characteristics of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tanan depression
圖3 塔南凹陷近岸水下扇沉積特征模式Fig.3 Model of sedimentary characteristics of near-shore subaqueous fan in Tanan depression
近岸水下扇沉積與相鄰的半深湖、深湖泥巖沉積波阻抗差異明顯,因而地震屬性、砂巖厚度反演均對(duì)其幾何形態(tài)和展布特征具有較好的反映。因此,研究中主要參考地震屬性反演圖、砂巖厚度反演圖、泥巖顏色分區(qū)圖,以鉆井實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)及鉆井取心為約束,結(jié)合物源分析和構(gòu)造沉降分析結(jié)果,對(duì)南屯組沉積期近岸水下扇的展布和演化進(jìn)行恢復(fù)。
南屯組近岸水下扇集中發(fā)育于凹陷東部控盆斷裂的下降盤,沿控盆斷裂方向在盆地東南、東北部形成了兩套相對(duì)獨(dú)立的扇裙,在展布和演化方面具有“南北各自連片,扇裙先盛后衰”的特點(diǎn)(圖4、5)。但受控盆斷裂幕式活動(dòng)和東南、東北物源供給差異的影響,東南扇群的發(fā)展和消亡均要略早于東北扇群。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)精細(xì)刻畫的目的,研究中將南屯組沉積期細(xì)分為早、中、晚3個(gè)階段,并對(duì)不同階段東南、東北扇群的展布演化特征分別進(jìn)行論述。
南屯組沉積早期,塔南凹陷整體開始快速沉降且沉降中心位于盆地東南部,在構(gòu)造的頻繁活動(dòng)與東南物源的近源快速供給作用下,重力流搬運(yùn)作用頻頻發(fā)生,多期近岸水下扇的超覆疊置使東南扇裙迅速形成并在短時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)展到較大規(guī)模;同時(shí),凹陷東北部地區(qū)構(gòu)造活動(dòng)相對(duì)較弱、沉降幅度相對(duì)較小,受控于重力流觸發(fā)機(jī)制,東北扇裙的形成速度及發(fā)育規(guī)模要明顯小于東南扇裙,形成了“南強(qiáng)北弱”的近岸水下扇展布格局(圖4、5)。
圖4 塔南凹陷南屯組近岸水下扇演化Fig.4 Evolution of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tannan depression
圖5 塔南凹陷南屯組近岸水下扇沉積剖面Fig.5 Sedimentary profile of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tannan depression
南屯組沉積中期,受沉降中心北移影響,東南扇裙發(fā)育速度明顯降低,扇裙邊緣逐漸向控盆斷裂方向退縮,導(dǎo)致該時(shí)期末東南扇裙規(guī)模要略小于南屯組沉積早期;同期,東北扇裙則進(jìn)入了快速發(fā)育階段,扇裙規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大并向盆地深水區(qū)迅速推進(jìn),在凹陷東北部形成了厚度巨大的近岸水下扇沉積,使早期“南強(qiáng)北弱”的近岸水下扇展布格局逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤氨睆?qiáng)南弱”(圖4、5)。
南屯組沉積晚期,塔南凹陷構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸減弱,盆地沉降中心逐漸由北向西遷移,此時(shí)東南部構(gòu)造活動(dòng)的趨于靜止使得東南扇群向盆地邊緣迅速萎縮,并最終完全消失;不同于東南扇群的是,東北扇群在該階段前期存在著一個(gè)短暫的擴(kuò)張過程(圖5),東北扇群規(guī)模迅速增大之后才開始逐漸萎縮,且萎縮速度要明顯低于東南扇群,致使在該階段末東北扇群仍在小范圍內(nèi)有所發(fā)育(圖4、5)。
近岸水下扇主要呈楔形體發(fā)育于半深湖、深湖環(huán)境,其上下通常伴生發(fā)育厚層暗色泥巖,成藏條件十分有利[8]。但是,近岸水下扇不同相帶儲(chǔ)集物性存在差異[19-20],并非所有相帶均可形成有效儲(chǔ)層,為此筆者對(duì)南屯組近岸水下扇不同相帶的物性及含油氣性進(jìn)行初步分析和對(duì)比。
物性分析采用了272塊樣品的孔滲測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù),樣品范圍覆蓋了南屯組近岸水下扇的各主要相帶,參考1995年《中華人民共和國(guó)石油天然氣行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對(duì)近岸水下扇不同相帶的儲(chǔ)層物性進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果顯示,近岸水下扇各相帶儲(chǔ)層物性差異明顯,且同一相帶內(nèi)非均質(zhì)性較強(qiáng)(圖6)。主溝道數(shù)據(jù)投點(diǎn)集中在孔滲坐標(biāo)系的A區(qū),以特低孔特低滲
圖6 近岸水下扇各相帶物性變化Fig.6 Physical property changes in various kind of facies belts of near-shore subaqueous fan
儲(chǔ)層最為發(fā)育,僅在局部可見中、低孔滲儲(chǔ)層,物性一般且整體連通性較差;辮狀溝道物性數(shù)據(jù)主要分布于B區(qū),以發(fā)育中、低孔儲(chǔ)層為主,但不同位置及埋深儲(chǔ)層滲透率差異較大,雖是近岸水下扇最為有利的儲(chǔ)集相帶,卻很難形成大面積連片的優(yōu)質(zhì)儲(chǔ)層;辮狀溝道間及外扇數(shù)據(jù)集中于C區(qū),兩者物性特征較為相似,孔隙度與滲透率普遍較低,不利于形成有效儲(chǔ)層。
此外,利用已有試油數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)不同相帶的含油氣性進(jìn)行對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)目前已鉆遇油流主要分布于辮狀溝道微相之中,少數(shù)見于主溝道微相。受控于近岸水下扇各相帶儲(chǔ)層較強(qiáng)的非均質(zhì)性,油藏單個(gè)規(guī)模相對(duì)較小,但整體上數(shù)量較多,相鄰油藏之間的油氣產(chǎn)量往往差別較大,油藏類型則以透鏡狀巖性油氣藏與上傾尖滅巖性油氣藏為主,局部緊鄰斷層處可見構(gòu)造-巖性復(fù)合油氣藏(圖7)。
圖7 塔南凹陷南屯近岸水下扇油藏剖面Fig.7 Oil reservoir profile of near-shore subaqueous fan in Nantun formation of Tannan depression
(1)塔南凹陷近岸水下扇沉積可進(jìn)一步識(shí)別出內(nèi)扇、中扇、外扇3種沉積亞相及4種微相,不同相帶間沉積特征差異顯著。
(2)南屯組沉積期,近岸水下扇集中發(fā)育于凹陷東部控盆斷裂的下降盤,在多期扇體的疊置連片下形成了東南、東北兩大套扇裙。整體上,其展布和演化具有“南北各自連片,扇裙先盛后衰”的特點(diǎn),但受控盆斷裂幕式活動(dòng)和東南、東北物源供給差異的影響,東南扇群的發(fā)展和消亡均要略早于東北扇群。
(3)近岸水下扇中扇辮狀溝道的儲(chǔ)層物性最好,主要發(fā)育中低孔儲(chǔ)層,但不同位置及埋深儲(chǔ)層滲透率差異較大,雖是近岸水下扇最為有利的儲(chǔ)集相帶卻很難形成大面積連片的優(yōu)質(zhì)儲(chǔ)層。因此,本區(qū)近岸水下扇沉積主要發(fā)育個(gè)體相對(duì)較小卻數(shù)量眾多的巖性油氣藏和構(gòu)造-巖性復(fù)合油氣藏。
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(編輯 徐會(huì)永)
Sedimentary characteristics and favorable oil-bearing facies belts analysis of near-shore subaqueous fan of Nantun formation in Tanan depression
MIAO Chang-sheng1,LIU Zhao-jun1,2,F(xiàn)ANG Shi1,2,ZHANG Ge3,ZHANG Jun-long3,HU Fei1,SUN Xiao-juan1
(1.College of Earth Science,Jilin University,Changchun 130061,China;2.Oil Shale Laboratory Center,Changchun 130061,China;3.Exploration and Development Research Institute,Daqing Oilfield Company Limited,Daqing 163712,China)
The sedimentary characteristics,distribution,evolution and favorable oil-bearing facies belts of near-shore subaqueous fan of Nantun formation in Tanan depression were studied through the integrated utilization of data of seismology,
well-logging and core.The results show that three kinds of sub-facies and four kinds of microfacies can be identified in nearshore subaqueous fan,and the different facies belts show obvious distinctions in sedimentary characteristics.The development of near-shore subaqueous fan concentrated at the downthrown side of the basin controlling fault in the east part of the depression.The overlaying of multistage near-shore subaqueous fan sediments formed two fan aprons which are characterized by"southeast and northeast each contiguous,flourish at first while decline at last"at the southeast and northeast part of the area.Owning to episodic activities of the basin controlling fault and the distinctions between the sources from southeast and northeast respectively,the southeast fan aprons are a little earlier than the northeast ones in the time of the formation and the decline of the fan aprons.The physical property of braided channels of middle fan sub-facies of near-shore subaqueous fan is the best,and the reservoirs with low-middle permeability developed.The reservoir porosity of different places and burial depths shows a great discrepancy,therefore it is hard that the reservoirs formed a large joint area and high-quality ones.The study area mainly developed lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs and structural-lithologic composite hydrocarbon reservoirs whoseindividual scale is small but quantities are numerous.
Tanna depression;Nantun formation;near-shore subaqueous fan;sedimentary characteristics;characteristics of distribution and evolution;favorable oil-bearing facies belts
TE 121.3;TE 122.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2011.01.006
2010-06-20
國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng)課題(2008ZX05018-001-004);吉林大學(xué)創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(201004001)
苗長(zhǎng)盛(1982-),男(漢族),吉林長(zhǎng)春人,博士研究生,主要從事沉積學(xué)、石油地質(zhì)學(xué)方面的研究。
1673-5005(2011)01-0034-06