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多糖激活巨噬細(xì)胞的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路

2011-10-22 10:28:25馬志新趙魯杭綜述
關(guān)鍵詞:信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域活化

馬志新,趙魯杭 綜述

多糖激活巨噬細(xì)胞的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路

馬志新,趙魯杭 綜述

(浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院生物化學(xué)與遺傳學(xué)系,浙江杭州310058)

多糖是一類來(lái)源廣泛,通過(guò)多途徑多機(jī)制激活巨噬細(xì)胞而發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能的天然活性物質(zhì)。闡明來(lái)源不同(植物、真菌、藻類)的多糖激活巨噬細(xì)胞的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,不僅有助于從分子水平了解其調(diào)節(jié)免疫功能的作用機(jī)制,也可為新型靶向免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物的開(kāi)發(fā)提供新的方向。

多糖類/藥理學(xué);巨噬細(xì)胞/免疫學(xué);信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)

[JZhejiang Univ(Medical Sci),2011,40(5):567-572.]

多糖是由單糖聚合成的線性或分支的聚合物,具有顯著的免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗腫瘤、抗炎癥、抗病毒、抗輻射等多種生物學(xué)功能,已被應(yīng)用于消化道黏膜損傷和潰瘍、血液系統(tǒng)疾病、組織挫傷及燒傷等多種疾病的治療中[1]。由于多糖具有顯著的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能臨床應(yīng)用廣泛,而且相對(duì)低毒,已經(jīng)成為新型免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑和基因輔助細(xì)胞治療藥物開(kāi)發(fā)的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域[2]。巨噬細(xì)胞在真核生物種系間高度保守,發(fā)揮抗原遞呈及協(xié)同T淋巴細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)適應(yīng)性免疫反應(yīng)[3];它通過(guò)免疫監(jiān)視、趨化作用、吞噬作用及對(duì)靶細(xì)胞的直接殺傷參與免疫調(diào)節(jié),而且其與胚胎發(fā)生過(guò)程中的組織塑形、損傷修復(fù)和衰老細(xì)胞的清除有關(guān)[4]。研究證實(shí),不同多糖由于其糖鏈結(jié)構(gòu)(α1,6、α1,4、β1,4)和組成(單糖種類和比例)的差異對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞的激活效應(yīng)也不同。多糖以半乳糖、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖為主要成分,其分子量大于100 kD的多糖相對(duì)于低分子量多糖具有較高的生物活性,能顯著促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)一氧化氮(NO)和多種細(xì)胞因子的生成,以增強(qiáng)宿主的免疫力[5-6]。

多糖激活巨噬細(xì)胞的方式主要通過(guò)2條途徑。第一,受體介導(dǎo)的激活作用:多糖經(jīng)受體的介導(dǎo),并經(jīng)通路下游分子將活化信號(hào)傳入巨噬細(xì)胞,啟動(dòng)免疫應(yīng)答。巨噬細(xì)胞表面與多糖的識(shí)別相關(guān)受體主要有 Toll樣受體(TLRs)、CD14、補(bǔ)體3受體(CR3)、清道夫受體(SR)、甘露糖受體(MR)、Dectin-1和G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體。第二,內(nèi)吞作用介導(dǎo)的巨噬細(xì)胞激活。前者在巨噬細(xì)胞的激活中居主導(dǎo)地位,后者通常發(fā)揮協(xié)同作用。

1 多糖激活巨噬細(xì)胞的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路

多糖通過(guò)模式受體(CR3、TLRs、Dectin-1、MR、SR)、CD14及不同受體間通過(guò)形成信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)復(fù)合物(TLR4-CD14、CR3-CD14)相互協(xié)作激活巨噬細(xì)胞的數(shù)條信號(hào)通路(圖1)。

圖1 受體介導(dǎo)的多糖激活巨噬細(xì)胞的信號(hào)通路Fig.1 Signaling pathway of polysaccharide on macrophage mediated by receptors

1.1 TLR4介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路 TLRs是一類新型跨膜蛋白樣模式識(shí)別受體,廣泛表達(dá)于樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞,中性粒細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞的表面,是目前研究免疫功能調(diào)節(jié)的熱點(diǎn)[7]。TLR4作為TLRs家族的重要成員,是多糖、生物堿、植物黑色素等多種天然活性成分的識(shí)別位點(diǎn)[8],TLR4與配體結(jié)合后,在髓樣分化蛋白(MyD88)的介導(dǎo)下啟動(dòng)MyD88依賴的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,促進(jìn)白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1)受體相關(guān)激酶(IRAK)發(fā)生自身磷酸化,激活腫瘤壞死因子受體相關(guān)分子-6(TRAF-6),使有絲分裂原激活酶家族(MAPKs包括 ErK1/2、JNK、P38)活化,從而激活核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-kappaB(NF-κB)誘導(dǎo)激酶(NIK),NIK 再激活 NF-κB 抑制蛋白(IκB)激酶(IKK),使 IκB 降解并釋放出 NF-κB,啟動(dòng)或增強(qiáng)靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,提高巨噬細(xì)胞免疫功能[9]。

紅花多糖、刺五加多糖、豬苓多糖、桔梗多糖和云芝多糖都是經(jīng)該受體激活巨噬細(xì)胞。上述多糖作用于TLR4野生型和TLR4缺陷型巨噬細(xì)胞的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),后者對(duì)多糖的刺激呈低反應(yīng)性,免疫活性分子的生成明顯受阻,這可能與TLR4表達(dá)的缺失密切相關(guān)[10-14]。

1.2 CD14和CR3介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路CD14對(duì)脂多糖(LPS)有高度親和力;CR3是由CD11b和CD18兩個(gè)亞基組成的黏附分子,能識(shí)別β-葡聚糖。在巨噬細(xì)胞活化的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路中CD14和CR3通常與其他多種受體(例如Dectin-1、TLRs)形成信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)復(fù)合體,跨膜傳遞活化信號(hào)[15]。CD14和 CR3與多糖識(shí)別結(jié)合后激活磷脂酶C(PLC),產(chǎn)生蛋白激酶C(PKC)和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K),使MAPKs發(fā)生磷酸化,進(jìn)而活化信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(STAT)和NF-κB,上調(diào)多種細(xì)胞因子的基因表達(dá)和釋放[16]。

茯苓多糖與巨噬細(xì)胞表面CD14及CR3相結(jié)合后,通過(guò)上調(diào)誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)巨噬細(xì)胞的免疫活性;而CD14及CR3特異性抗體可以使該激活效應(yīng)降低39%。這說(shuō)明除CD14和CR3外,茯苓多糖還通過(guò)其它途徑活化巨噬細(xì)胞[17]。非水溶性的大分子酵母β-葡聚糖(WGP)能使巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)酪氨酸激酶(Syk)磷酸化水平顯著升高,促進(jìn)多種免疫活性分子的釋放。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),WGP可以增加CR3基因缺陷型巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)細(xì)胞因子的釋放,而MyD88基因缺陷型巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)其卻呈現(xiàn)低反應(yīng)性。所以CR3不是WGP的重要模式識(shí)別受體,而有可能是通過(guò)MyD88依賴性通路或者Syk途徑來(lái)激活巨噬細(xì)胞。這雖然與傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)為的CR3是β-葡聚糖受體相悖,但是這為研究非水溶性大分子多糖激活巨噬細(xì)胞的機(jī)制提供了新的方向[18]。

1.3 SR介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路 SR由2個(gè)跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、2個(gè)膜內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域和1個(gè)膜外結(jié)構(gòu)域構(gòu)成;其與巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬清除功能及分泌細(xì)胞因子相關(guān),是褐藻多糖硫酸酯、墨角藻聚糖發(fā)揮抗炎作用的有效靶點(diǎn)。目前研究顯示,SR可能與CR3通過(guò)相同的通路激活巨噬細(xì)胞[19-20]。

Nakamura首次發(fā)現(xiàn),墨角藻聚糖能刺激野生型(SR+/+)巨噬細(xì)胞釋放NO,而對(duì)SR基因缺陷型(SR-/-)巨噬細(xì)胞則無(wú)誘導(dǎo)作用。經(jīng)SR活化的巨噬細(xì)胞通過(guò)P38和NF-κB,這2條相互獨(dú)立的信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞iNOS活性增強(qiáng),促進(jìn)NO釋放。通過(guò)阻斷SR膜內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域可以完全抑制墨角藻聚糖誘導(dǎo)的巨噬細(xì)胞P38磷酸化,阻斷NF-κB與DNA的結(jié)合,使細(xì)胞因子相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)受限,這說(shuō)明墨角藻聚糖只通過(guò)SR一種受體與巨噬細(xì)胞結(jié)合[21]。隨后,Jin等證實(shí)墨角藻聚糖通過(guò)SR可以選擇性地抑制蛋白活化因子-1的激活,下調(diào)LPS誘導(dǎo)的iNOS基因表達(dá),起到阻斷NO釋放和抗炎作用。這說(shuō)明SR在啟動(dòng)免疫應(yīng)答的過(guò)程中也參與了免疫負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié),避免免疫反應(yīng)過(guò)強(qiáng)造成的細(xì)胞毒性反應(yīng)[22]。

1.4 Dectin-1介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路 Dectin-1由4亞基組成,是酵母多糖、真菌多糖及β-葡聚糖的模式識(shí)別受體。其通常與TLRs協(xié)同激活巨噬細(xì)胞,經(jīng)多條通路啟動(dòng)巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬作用、活性氧族(ROS)的產(chǎn)生及細(xì)胞因子的合成釋放[23-25]。Dectin-1與配體結(jié)合后其胞漿側(cè)免疫受體酪氨酸激活基序(ITAM)激活Syk,Syk促進(jìn)天冬氨酸特異性的半胱氨酸蛋白水解酶-9(CARD9)結(jié)構(gòu)域發(fā)生變化,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)與CARD9結(jié)合的IKK磷酸酶激活復(fù)合體,通過(guò)IKK 降解 IκB,釋放 NF-κB,啟動(dòng)對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞的活化作用[26]。靈芝孢子多糖(GSG)對(duì)Dectin-1通路缺陷型巨噬細(xì)胞激活能力遠(yuǎn)低于其對(duì)野生型的作用,GSG還通過(guò) TLRs使 MAPKs磷酸化,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞因子的釋放[27]。蟲(chóng)草多糖(SCG)誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞因子分泌在Dectin-1敲除巨噬細(xì)胞中被完全阻斷,但卻不受MyD88缺陷的影響。這表明與GSG同時(shí)啟動(dòng)Dectin-1和TLRs不同,SCG對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞激活是單一依賴Dectin-1的,這可能是由于SCG與GSG組成成分差異所致[28]。

1.5 MR介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路 MR是由5亞基組成的C型凝集素,胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域能夠識(shí)別甘露糖、L-巖藻糖及N-乙酰葡萄糖氨,在TLR2的協(xié)同下參與巨噬細(xì)胞的抗原遞呈,啟動(dòng)免疫應(yīng)答,目前關(guān)于MR通路下游的分子機(jī)制還不明確[29]。

蘆薈多糖含有91.5%的甘露糖,經(jīng)MR激活巨噬細(xì)胞,引起巨噬細(xì)胞表面主要組織相容性抗原Ⅱ類分子(MHC-Ⅱ)和 IgGFc段受體(FcγR)的表達(dá)上調(diào),MHC-Ⅱ可以提高巨噬細(xì)胞的抗原呈遞能力,F(xiàn)cγR則增強(qiáng)巨噬細(xì)胞清除抗原抗體復(fù)合物或者抗體腫瘤細(xì)胞復(fù)合物[30]。

1.6 G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路多糖與G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域識(shí)別結(jié)合后,受體胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域通過(guò)與G蛋白偶聯(lián)調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)酶活性,在胞內(nèi)產(chǎn)生第二信使,從而將胞外信號(hào)跨膜轉(zhuǎn)入胞內(nèi)。G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體所介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)包括cAMP信號(hào)通路和磷脂酰肌醇信號(hào)通路。

靈芝多糖(GLB7)能引起小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞中cAMP濃度快速升高,蛋白激酶A(PKA)活性也明顯上升[31]。這表明GLB7與G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體結(jié)合后,激活胞內(nèi)腺苷酸環(huán)化酶(AC)催化ATP脫去一個(gè)焦磷酸生成cAMP,而cAMP作為第二信使激活PKA,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞DNA的合成,巨噬細(xì)胞的分裂增殖。此外,靈芝多糖還能引起小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)三磷酸肌醇(IP3)和二酰甘油(DG)濃度的升高,證明IP3/Ca2+和DG/PKC兩條通路均參與了靈芝多糖對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞免疫功能的調(diào)節(jié)[32]。

1.7 多糖激活巨噬細(xì)胞的其它通路 除了受體介導(dǎo)的激活通路外,多糖還可以通過(guò)巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬作用直接入胞,被吞噬的多糖分子不易完全酶解進(jìn)而保留其免疫原性,可以協(xié)同受體介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)通路共同激活巨噬細(xì)胞。此外,有報(bào)道證實(shí),部分多糖還可以通過(guò)TLR6、TLR2及糖皮質(zhì)激素誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤壞死因子受體(GITR)激活巨噬細(xì)胞[33-34]。

SR和CR3通過(guò)活化通路下游信號(hào)分子PLC、PKC 及 PI3K 激活 MAPKs、STAT、NF-κB,最終觸發(fā)相關(guān)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的起始。Dectin-1、MR信號(hào)通路的激活可以促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬作用、ROS的產(chǎn)生和NF-κB的釋放。TLRs在MyD88的介導(dǎo)下激活 IRAK,進(jìn)而活化 TRAF-6和MAPKs,最終激活 NF-κB。JNK主要存在于胞質(zhì)內(nèi),在細(xì)胞受到刺激后,JNK迅速聚積于核內(nèi),并導(dǎo)致相應(yīng)基因表達(dá)改變,F(xiàn)OS是一類參與轉(zhuǎn)錄的調(diào)節(jié)蛋白。多糖經(jīng)上述通路激活炎性細(xì)胞因子前體和iNOS基因的表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞的免疫功能。

2 多糖對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞功能的影響

激活的巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬能力和對(duì)外源性物質(zhì)的清除殺傷能力均顯著增強(qiáng),對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性作用明顯提高,細(xì)胞因子的分泌和細(xì)胞表面相關(guān)模式受體的表達(dá)上調(diào),總體上提高其免疫應(yīng)答能力。例如,人參多糖不僅能促進(jìn)腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生 ROS、NO、TNF-α 和 IL-6,還能明顯增強(qiáng)其對(duì)中性粒細(xì)胞的吞噬及細(xì)胞表面CD68的表達(dá),提高對(duì)K562、HL-60及KC1α腫瘤細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性作用[35]。酵母多糖激活肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞,產(chǎn)生 TNF-α和 IL-10,并且上調(diào)TLR4、TLR2 及 Dectin-1 的表達(dá)[36]。近年來(lái)多糖衍生物對(duì)免疫功能調(diào)節(jié)的研究也受到眾多學(xué)者的關(guān)注,多糖經(jīng)化學(xué)修飾后對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞的激活作用顯著增強(qiáng),但是,衍生所得多糖的生物安全性還需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證[37]。

綜上所述,多糖對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞免疫功能調(diào)節(jié)的高效性和低毒性使其在免疫藥物開(kāi)發(fā)領(lǐng)域備受關(guān)注。多糖活化巨噬細(xì)胞的通路十分復(fù)雜,而且不同受體介導(dǎo)的通路之間往往相互調(diào)控。從細(xì)胞整體水平上來(lái)看,一種多糖可能同時(shí)與多種受體結(jié)合,激活數(shù)條信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,同時(shí)又由于多糖與受體的親和力的差異,導(dǎo)致不同傳導(dǎo)通路對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞激活效應(yīng)的不同。目前對(duì)于多糖的研究還處于起始階段,由于其分子自身結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性和多樣性,對(duì)多糖結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)定,表征鑒定都提出了巨大挑戰(zhàn),多糖分子不同結(jié)構(gòu)域及糖鏈中不同手性的碳原子與受體結(jié)合的特異性還鮮為了解。進(jìn)一步深入了解多糖分子的組成和結(jié)構(gòu),并闡明其激活巨噬細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路,對(duì)于多糖類靶向免疫調(diào)劑的開(kāi)發(fā)有指導(dǎo)意義。

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Polysaccharides activate signaling pathways of macrophage

MA Zhi-xin,ZHAO Lu-hang
(Department of Biochemistry and Genetics,Zhejiang University School of Mecicine,Hangzhou 310058,China)

Polysaccharides extracted from various sources are natural active substances,which may lead to the activation of macrophage via multiple pathways and mechanisms.This article intends to illustrate the signaling pathways of polysaccharides from plants,fungi,algae and other sources,to indentify the mechanisms on the molecular level,and to explore the novel target immunomodulatory agents.

Polysaccharides;Macrophages/immunol;Signal Transduction

Q 53

A

1008-9292(2011)05-0567-06

http:∥www.journals.zju.edu.cn/med

10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2011.05.018

2011-01-18

2011-07-21

馬志新(1982-),男,碩士生,生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué).

趙魯杭(1962-),男,博士生,副教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事糖生物學(xué)及免疫學(xué)研究;E-mail:zhaoluhang@263.net

[責(zé)任編輯 黃曉花]

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