馬久力 周語平
基金項(xiàng)目:甘肅省科學(xué)事業(yè)費(fèi)資助科研項(xiàng)目(QS022-C33-007)
作者單位:730000 甘肅中醫(yī)學(xué)院
通訊作者:馬久力
【摘要】 轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β1)和血小板衍生生長因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)是對肝纖維化的形成過程有重大影響作用的細(xì)胞因子,它們與肝纖維化的發(fā)生發(fā)展以及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellularmatrix, ECM)的代謝關(guān)系最為密切。學(xué)者們通過對肝纖維化疾病大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)TGF-β1和PDGF在肝纖維化形成、發(fā)生及發(fā)展中扮演了重要角色。近年來提出了針對干預(yù)TGF-β1和PDGF的抗肝纖維化治療新途徑,在基因治療及免疫治療的研究方面取得了可喜的進(jìn)展。本文簡要總結(jié)了國內(nèi)外學(xué)者關(guān)于肝纖維化中TGF-β1和PDGF的作用及以它們?yōu)榘悬c(diǎn)的藥物開發(fā)新進(jìn)展。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子; 血小板衍生生長因子; 肝纖維化; 肝星狀細(xì)胞; 基因
Investigations of TGF-beta and PDGF in the process of hepatic fibrosis MA Jiu-li,ZHOU Yu-ping. Gansu college of TCM, Gansu 730000, China
【Abstract】 Some findings have been reported that transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) play an important role on the formation and development of liver fibrosis, also they are most close to extracellular matrix(ECM). Many therapeutic approaches targeting TGF-β1 and PDGF, especially gene therapy and immunotherapy in treatment for hepatic fibrosis have gotten progress. The recent advances in study of the role of TGF-β1 and PDGF in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis are summarized.
【Key words】 Transforming growth factor-β1; Platelet-derived growth factor; Liver fibrosis; Hepatic stellate cell; Gene
肝纖維化(HF)是肝臟持續(xù)損傷,組織發(fā)生修復(fù)反應(yīng)時(shí)因ECM合成、降解與沉積不平衡而引起的病理過程,是慢性肝病的病理特征,也是進(jìn)一步向肝硬化發(fā)展的主要環(huán)節(jié)。而Firedman [1]證明了肝星狀細(xì)胞(HSC)的活化則因其作為肝細(xì)胞外膠原物質(zhì)的主要來源途徑而在肝纖維化的進(jìn)程中扮演了重要的角色。之前,Lotersztajn [2]也提出,HSC活化主要源于在肝纖維化形成過程中機(jī)體自分泌或旁分泌的多種細(xì)胞因子的干預(yù),其中主要為TGF-β和PDGF。故針對這兩種因子在肝纖維化動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中的研究統(tǒng)計(jì)對于臨床治療肝纖維化的靶向的確定有重大的指導(dǎo)意義,為肝纖維化的臨床預(yù)防、治療提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子在抗肝纖維化治療中的新進(jìn)展
近年來,越來越多的研究已經(jīng)提出以TGF-β1為靶目標(biāo)抗肝纖維化。通過消除纖維化發(fā)展過程中病變組織產(chǎn)生的過多TGF-β1來預(yù)防或阻斷纖維化的發(fā)展,這已成為纖維化防治研究的最新熱點(diǎn)。liu [3]和Yata [4]的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,在肝病動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P椭?,通過對照發(fā)現(xiàn)阻斷TGF-β1的合成或阻斷其信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)可有效阻止肝臟纖維的增生。Dooley [5]和Gressner [6]的研究表明,TGF信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑在治療上即將成為一個(gè)阻止和治療肝纖維化生成的靶點(diǎn)。例如,Jin等人[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),替米沙坦通過減少Ⅰ型前膠原mRNA的表達(dá)可有效降低TGF-β1的表達(dá)水平。Peng等人[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人參皂苷可有效降低CCl4誘導(dǎo)肝纖維化大鼠模型血清中TGF-β1的含量。在Liu等人[9]的實(shí)驗(yàn)中也證明黃芪苷Ⅳ可以明顯降低豬血清誘導(dǎo)大鼠肝纖維化模型血清和肝組織蛋白中TGF-β1的含量。而在Cui等人[10]的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,發(fā)現(xiàn)一種由腺病毒誘導(dǎo)的受體溶解素能有效干擾TGF-β信號(hào)通道,指示這種由腺病毒誘導(dǎo)的TGF-β受體溶解劑可作為活化HSC中TGF-β自分泌環(huán)的阻斷劑。Hui等人[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)在外源環(huán)氧化酶衍生的前列腺素E2的干預(yù)下,人肝星狀細(xì)胞LX-1中的TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的I型膠原的產(chǎn)生明顯受到抑制,指出前列腺素E2通過影響TGF-β1的信號(hào)通道而在肝纖維化的形成中起到重要的阻斷作用。
2 血小板生長因子在抗肝纖維化治療中的新進(jìn)展
PDGF信號(hào)通路逐漸地被認(rèn)為是能夠抑制肝纖維化發(fā)展的有效途徑。在針對性治療實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Choi等人[12]證明了在胎牛血清誘導(dǎo)的肝星狀細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基中新鮮紫甘薯中的花色醣苔顆??梢种芇DGF-BB的增殖和降低α-SMA在PDGF-BB存在情況下的HSC-T6細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)。而Borkham等人[13]將細(xì)胞外域與人類免疫球蛋白重鏈的一部分(IgG-Fc)嵌合起來合成出一種PDGFβ溶解素,它對PDGF-β受體的溶解作用間接抑制了PDGF的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)。同時(shí)Patsenker等人[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)整聯(lián)蛋白αvβ3拮抗劑與PDGF的作用能夠阻止肝星狀細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)基中PDGF引起的星狀細(xì)胞核移形現(xiàn)象。Si等人[15]則在利用來氧米特干預(yù)肝星狀細(xì)胞的增殖過程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)其產(chǎn)物A771726可與細(xì)胞分裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)聚合,此聚合物使PDGF-β受體部分磷酸化,從而抑制其表達(dá)。Abe等人[16]的研究表明,骨活素在肝臟的轉(zhuǎn)基因表達(dá)過程中可有效降低大鼠體內(nèi)的胞外信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)中的調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)活性,而引起PDGF兩種受體(PDGFR-α和PDGF-β)的低表達(dá),從而阻止了PDGF的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)。Tsai等人[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)丹參縮酚酸A(salA)和B(salB)在適宜濃度下(10 μM Sal A,200 μM Sal B )可完全抑制腹腔注射硫代乙酰胺肝纖維化大鼠模型中由PDGF導(dǎo)致的活性氧族的形成。
3 展望
作為肝纖維化病理過程中的主要環(huán)節(jié),HSC的激活受到多種細(xì)胞因子的干預(yù)。雖然近年來針對HSC的活化因子的研究已取得了一定的成果,但多數(shù)研究在對已發(fā)現(xiàn)的TGF或PDGF信號(hào)通道進(jìn)行干預(yù)的同時(shí),忽略了機(jī)體的整體性調(diào)制機(jī)能中其他參與此環(huán)節(jié)的因素,例如表皮細(xì)胞生長因子(EGF)、成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(FGF)、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)及其抑制物(TIMP)等因子在HSC的活化過程中共成一調(diào)節(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò),其復(fù)雜的整體調(diào)制機(jī)理有待進(jìn)一步闡明。另外,針對TGF或PDGF之類細(xì)胞因子的抗肝纖維化新藥已問世,但因目前對HSC的生物學(xué)研究大多數(shù)是在大鼠HSC上進(jìn)行的,雖然人和大鼠HSC有一定相似的生物學(xué)特點(diǎn),但從大鼠HSC所獲得的研究結(jié)果卻不能完全應(yīng)用到人HSC上,因而有必要對人與大鼠HSC進(jìn)行比較系統(tǒng)的比較研究。同時(shí),在細(xì)胞因子參與HSC活化調(diào)控機(jī)制的研究中,有關(guān)信號(hào)通道的基因研究為HF的治療指出了一個(gè)可行的方向,隨著更深入的學(xué)術(shù)研究,相信更多的HF形成及治療問題將會(huì)予以闡明。
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(收稿日期:2011-06-07)
(本文編輯:陳丹云)