摘 要： 比較和對(duì)照法是大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文的基本寫(xiě)作方法之一。本文用實(shí)例闡述了比較和對(duì)照法的主要區(qū)別，以及在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文中的基本用法。
　　關(guān)鍵詞： 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文 比較與對(duì)照 寫(xiě)作方法
　　
　　1.比較與對(duì)照的基本定義
　　比較（comparison）主要是指出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類的共同點(diǎn)或相似點(diǎn)（similarities），如人物、事物、地點(diǎn)、思想、觀點(diǎn)等。對(duì)照（contrast）主要是指它們的不同點(diǎn)（difference）。
　　在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)中，比較和對(duì)照法往往同時(shí)使用。寫(xiě)作時(shí)，首先應(yīng)考慮要比較和對(duì)照的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的事物，然后列一個(gè)表，發(fā)現(xiàn)這些事物的最主要特征，相同的或類似的特征可以比較，不同的特征可以組成對(duì)照。例如：
　　例1.Punctuality is the main constituent of good character.A person，who is always in time for his appointment，shows real consideration for others.On the other hand，a person who is always late shows his selfishness and thoughtlessness and he is not worthy to be friend with.（本段對(duì)守時(shí)（in time）與不能守時(shí)（late）的兩種不同的人進(jìn)行了對(duì)照，用表示對(duì)照的連接詞“On the other hand”進(jìn)行了很好的連接。）。
　　例2.Paintings and photographs have something in common.But there are also some differences between them.（這段很好地展示出本文將用比較與對(duì)照的方法進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作。）
　　Paintings and photographs are visual art forms.They both can capture a specific moment for all time.A painting reflects the skill and talent of a painter，likewise the quality of a photograph can represent the skill and talent of a photographer.（本段對(duì)paintings and photographs兩個(gè)不同的種類進(jìn)行了分析，用連接詞（both）進(jìn)行了很好的連接，用連接詞（likewise）用同樣的方式對(duì)它們的相同點(diǎn)（the skill and talent）進(jìn)行了比較）。
　　Photographs are created by using film，a camera，and special paper.In contrast，paintings are created with paint，brushes，and canvas.Photographs，like paintings，are often framed and displayed on walls in homes and galleries.Both can vary in size.However，photographs are usually small enough to keep in albums where they document family events.（本段比較和對(duì)照法同時(shí)使用）。
　　In conclusion，although paintings and photographs are similar in some ways，there are also some differences between them.（本段對(duì)本文的比較與對(duì)照進(jìn)行了小結(jié)）。
　　2.比較與對(duì)照的兩種基本寫(xiě)作方法
　　2.1整體對(duì)比法（one-side-at-a-time method）
　　整體對(duì)比法：既先描述甲，再描述乙（A1，A2，A3，...B1，B2，B3，...）
　　例如大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文“Where to live——In the City or in the Countryside”第一段可描述幾點(diǎn)城市生活（A1，A2，A3，...），第二段可描述幾點(diǎn)農(nóng)村生活（B1，B2，B3，...），用整體對(duì)比法寫(xiě)作。
　　例3.Many people appreciate the conveniences of the city.（A）.The city has better transportation service and health care.City dwellers can easily enjoy themselves in restaurants，department stores and concert halls.They are well-informed about what is going on at home and abroad，and have the access to better education，better jobs and more opportunities for business.（A1，A2，A3，...）
　　But country life is also attractive.（B）.Country people are in close contact with nature.They breathe fresh air and listen to the song of the birds.They make friends with crops and trees，cows and sheep.And they enjoy the peace and calm of the pastoral environment.（B1，B2，B3，...）
　　However，both the city and the country have their own disadvantages.The city，despite all its good points，may be a place too crowded for people to live in.And urban citizens are often under pressure，worrying over such problems as pollution，crime and unemployment.（A1，A2，...）.As for rural inhabitants，they are free from becoming layoffs all right，yet they may find life far from the city less convenient，and sometimes not as colorful or full of vigor.（B1，B2，...）
　　2.2逐項(xiàng)對(duì)比法（point-by-point method）
　　
　　逐項(xiàng)對(duì)比法：既雙方同時(shí)描述，逐點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較（A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3...）
　　例4.Riding a bicycle has a lot of advantages over driving a car.First，it is a physical exercise to ride a bicycle.（A1）.In contrast，sitting in the car，one tends to gain weight.（B1）.Besides，it is much more economical to ride a bike than drive a car.On the other hand，the only fee a bike-rider has to pay is the annual tax.However，the annual fees for a car are costly.（A2，B2）.On the other hand，a bike needn’t be equipped with a parking lot，but a car must.（A3，B3）.Most important of all，it is beneficial to the environment to ride a bicycle because the bike doesn’t consume petrol；it is a pollution-free transport.In contrast，the exhaust released by the car is harmful to the environment.（A4，B4）.
　　3.常用于比較與對(duì)照寫(xiě)作方法的過(guò)渡連接語(yǔ)
　　要寫(xiě)好大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文，使作文連貫、流暢，有條理，邏輯性強(qiáng)，靈活運(yùn)用過(guò)渡連接詞至關(guān)重要。如無(wú)連接詞，作文實(shí)質(zhì)上是一堆簡(jiǎn)單句的拼湊，讀起來(lái)也枯燥無(wú)味。另外，過(guò)渡詞也是信息詞，能較好地表明作者想比較或?qū)φ盏囊鈭D。常用的表示比較與對(duì)照的連接詞列舉如下：
　　參考文獻(xiàn)：
　?。?］張愛(ài)卿.王若平.萬(wàn)能作文［M］.北京：航空工業(yè)出版社，2000.5.
　　［2］戚元方.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)寫(xiě)作套路與突破［M］.南京：南京大學(xué)出版社，1999.10.
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