金樹梅,王新允
(1天津市環(huán)湖醫(yī)院,天津300060;2天津醫(yī)科大學(xué))
膠質(zhì)瘤是人中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中最常見的腫瘤,是多因素、多階段、多步驟參與的復(fù)雜過程,是多種基因改變累積的結(jié)果。膠質(zhì)瘤生長(zhǎng)部位特殊、多數(shù)呈浸潤(rùn)性生長(zhǎng),手術(shù)不易全切除,目前采用的手術(shù)切除輔以放化療的綜合治療方法療效仍不理想,預(yù)后普遍較差。隨現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展及綜合治療技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,惡性膠質(zhì)瘤的診斷與治療有了很大提高,但其最佳的分子標(biāo)志物仍存在爭(zhēng)議,且臨床療效、預(yù)后并無(wú)明顯改善。因此,積極探索膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制并在腫瘤防治上尋找新的突破仍是當(dāng)前醫(yī)學(xué)研究熱點(diǎn)。2008年,Parsons等[1]首先發(fā)現(xiàn)異檸檬酸脫氫酶1(Isocitrate dehydmgenase 1,IDH1)基因突變?cè)谀z質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生中具有重要意義,但其作用機(jī)制目前尚不清楚?,F(xiàn)將異擰檬酸脫氫酶(Isocitrate dehydmgenase,IDHs)基因突變及與膠質(zhì)瘤關(guān)系的進(jìn)展綜述如下。
真核生物中的IDHs尼克酰腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)為電子受體的NAD-依賴型異檸檬酸脫氫酶(NAD-IDH)和以尼克酰腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADP)為電子受體的NADP-依賴型異檸檬酸脫氫酶(NADP-IDH)。IDHs主要參與三羧酸循環(huán),被認(rèn)為是三羧酸循環(huán)的限速酶,負(fù)責(zé)催化異檸檬酸氧化脫羧產(chǎn)生 α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate,α-KG),并將氧化型NAD/NADP還原成 NADH/NADPH。盡管真核生物NAD/NADP IDH是一個(gè)線粒體酶,但其基因卻存在于細(xì)胞核染色體上,故其為一個(gè)核編碼的線粒體酶[2]。人類基因組具有五種此類基因編碼三種不同的 IDH,其功能分別依賴于 NADP(NADP+-dependent IDH1and IDH2)和NAD(NAD+-dependent IDH3);IDH2及IDH3位于線粒體中,參與檸檬酸循環(huán)以產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞代謝的能量,而IDH1位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)和過氧化物酶體中[3]。
根據(jù)空間結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),NADP-依賴性IDH可分為同源二聚體IDH和單體IDH,兩者對(duì)生物體的能量代謝、生物合成及抗氧化脅迫起重要作用,其中二聚體是其酶的活性形式。真核IDH1具有抗氧化作用,如哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞可合成大量的NADPH來(lái)維持抗氧化系統(tǒng),以抵御因活性氧和活性氮積累造成的氧化脅迫[4]。R132殘基位于所有 NADP+-依賴型IDHs,其在膠質(zhì)瘤中主要為 R132(IDH1)和 R172(IDH2)位點(diǎn)的突變;大部分為IDH1基因突變,而IDH2的R172突變?cè)谀z質(zhì)瘤中僅有較低頻率發(fā)生;NAD+-依賴的IDHs突變?cè)谀z質(zhì)瘤和其他腫瘤中均未發(fā)現(xiàn)[5]。
Zhaos等[6]報(bào)道IDH1基因突變可通過形成無(wú)催化活性的異二聚體抑制野生型-IDH1活性,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)α-KG水平明顯下降,而α-KG下降則進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致脯氨酸羥基化酶(Prolythdroxylase)活力降低,增加缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子亞單位α(Oxia-indueiblefactor-l alpha,HIF-lα)的水平。HIF-lα 是一種轉(zhuǎn)錄蛋白,能在低氧環(huán)境中促使腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。缺氧是膠質(zhì)瘤等實(shí)體腫瘤的主要微環(huán)境特征,快速生長(zhǎng)的腫瘤細(xì)胞超過腫瘤血管生成速度即可出現(xiàn)瘤細(xì)胞死亡,而HIF-lα則可通過各種方式的調(diào)節(jié)促進(jìn)腫瘤對(duì)缺氧的耐受。細(xì)胞對(duì)氧和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消耗增加、實(shí)體腫瘤氧分壓均值水平低于其正常起源組織時(shí),HIF-lα能介導(dǎo)機(jī)體的整體和局部缺氧反應(yīng),促使腫瘤對(duì)低氧的耐受;缺氧時(shí)HIF-lα可通過增強(qiáng)其下游靶基因血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子 (Vascularendothelialgrowth factor,VEGF)的表達(dá),刺激血管形成,為腫瘤生長(zhǎng)、浸潤(rùn)及轉(zhuǎn)移提供物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ);腫瘤細(xì)胞過度增生、血管生長(zhǎng)不足引起的新生瘤細(xì)胞局部低氧可反刺激HIF-lα表達(dá),促使血管增生,為腫瘤進(jìn)一步發(fā)展創(chuàng)造條件[7,8]。
一系列生化研究證實(shí),突變的IDH1可使野生型IDH1的代謝產(chǎn)物α-KG轉(zhuǎn)變成2-羥戊二酸(2-hydroxyglutarate,2-HG),此揭開了上述新變酶體的神秘功能,同時(shí)提示呼吸代謝在發(fā)生IDH1突變體的腫瘤細(xì)胞中發(fā)生了改變[9,10]。IDH1突變的腫瘤細(xì)胞可產(chǎn)生過多的代謝產(chǎn)物2-HG,此不僅是功能的缺失,2-HG在腫瘤細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化的表型中亦發(fā)揮特殊功能。大量對(duì)人膠質(zhì)瘤全基因組DNA甲基化的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),不同的甲基化方式與基因表達(dá)亞型有關(guān)[11],且?guī)缀跛械?IDH1突變都與高特異性的DNA甲基化—膠質(zhì)瘤CpG島甲基化表型(G-CIMP)有關(guān),這種亞型相應(yīng)地表現(xiàn)為少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞樣的表達(dá)亞型。但上述現(xiàn)象的作用機(jī)制目前尚不很清楚,在人類急性白血病的研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似現(xiàn)象[12],有待進(jìn)一步研究。
IDH1在膠質(zhì)瘤中的突變于2008年由Parsons等[1]首先報(bào)道,其通過對(duì)22例樣本20 661個(gè)蛋白編碼基因進(jìn)行全測(cè)序以鑒定與腫瘤發(fā)生相關(guān)的基因突變,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)5例多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(GBM)患者在IDH1的活性位點(diǎn)即132位精氨酸(R132)處發(fā)生頻繁突變,膠質(zhì)瘤中IDH1突變?nèi)繛?號(hào)外顯子R132h雜合性、錯(cuò)義、點(diǎn)突變;進(jìn)一步對(duì)149例GBM進(jìn)行的檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),12%(18/149)存在IDH1的R132h突變,且IDH1突變多發(fā)生于年輕患者和繼發(fā)性GBM中。
Hartmann等[13]對(duì)1 010例腦腫瘤患者的手術(shù)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行測(cè)序,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)IDH1(R132)突變率在彌漫性星形細(xì)胞瘤約為68%、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤約為75%、少突星形細(xì)胞瘤約為71%、繼發(fā)性GBM約為88%。隨后,美國(guó)、法國(guó)、德國(guó)、意大利、日本等國(guó)家陸續(xù)對(duì)GBM基因的突變進(jìn)行了檢測(cè),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在WHOⅡ和Ⅲ級(jí)膠質(zhì)瘤中突變率高達(dá)70%以上,在繼發(fā)性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤高達(dá)85%以上,在原發(fā)性GBM發(fā)生頻率僅為 5%[5,13~15]。Bleeker 等[16]對(duì) 672 例腫瘤標(biāo)本(包括高級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤,胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤,黑色素瘤,膀胱癌,乳腺癌,結(jié)腸癌,肺癌,卵巢癌,胰腺癌,前列腺癌,甲狀腺癌)]進(jìn)行了測(cè)序,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)IDH1突變僅發(fā)生在膠質(zhì)瘤中,此發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤的研究具有變革性意義。目前認(rèn)為,IDH1 R132突變是膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生的早期事件,較低級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤表現(xiàn)為更高頻率的突變[1,15,16]。IDH1 R132 位點(diǎn)與膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生關(guān)系的具體意義尚不很清楚,目前已經(jīng)研制出突變型IDH1蛋白抗體(IDH1R132H),其可對(duì)腫瘤組織切片進(jìn)行免疫組織化學(xué)檢測(cè),且與非腫瘤組織和反應(yīng)性增生的組織無(wú)交叉免疫反應(yīng),可用于WHOⅡ級(jí)星形細(xì)胞瘤的特異性診斷[17,18]。
以往研究顯示,HIF-lα途徑激活與包括膠質(zhì)瘤在內(nèi)的多種腫瘤的惡性進(jìn)展和不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[19,20]。Parsons等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn),伴IDH1突變的膠質(zhì)瘤較野生型IDH1腫瘤具有較好的預(yù)后。隨后研究證實(shí),伴IDH1(R132)突變的繼發(fā)性GBM中位生存期(31個(gè)月)明顯高于野生型IDH1的中位生存期(15個(gè)月),而伴IDH1(R132)突變間變性星形細(xì)胞瘤中位生存期(65個(gè)月)明顯高于野生型IDH1的中位生存期(20個(gè)月)[5];在少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤和少突星形細(xì)胞瘤中,IDH1突變與1p和19q染色體缺失有關(guān)[21],而此染色體缺失與膠質(zhì)瘤對(duì)化療敏感和較好預(yù)后有關(guān)[22],推測(cè)IDH1突變可能影響膠質(zhì)瘤的化療效果,其具體機(jī)制尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
最近,Hartmann等[23]分析了147例間變性星形細(xì)胞瘤和237例GBM,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)具有野生型IDH1的間變性星形細(xì)胞瘤總生存和疾病無(wú)惡化生存時(shí)間低于IDH1突變者,推測(cè)IDH1突變可能是判斷患者生存期等預(yù)后指標(biāo)最有意義和最重要的指標(biāo),但具體機(jī)制尚不很清楚。亦有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管在不同組織學(xué)類型膠質(zhì)瘤中IDH1突變與DNA甲基化及代謝形式改變有關(guān),且有IDH1突變患者生存期明顯提高。目前大多數(shù)對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤治療方法的改進(jìn)可針對(duì)靶DNA甲基化來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),主要是通過MGMT甲基化預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)治療的敏感性,因此基于IDH1突變與MGMT甲基化關(guān)系的研究將有助于提高臨床預(yù)測(cè)、指導(dǎo)治療及對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤治療途徑的改進(jìn)[24]。
對(duì)IDH1突變與膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生及其意義的研究,將有助于膠質(zhì)瘤進(jìn)一步分類及其發(fā)生機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí),有利于對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤形成和演進(jìn)過程中分子病理學(xué)機(jī)制的不斷闡明,進(jìn)而為膠質(zhì)瘤的診斷、治療、預(yù)后判定及靶向性治療提供可靠的證據(jù)。
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