摘要:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是高考的一大熱點(diǎn)。其中must 一詞的用法比較復(fù)雜,本文將從must 的三個(gè)不同的否定mustnt, neednt, cant來談?wù)刴ust在具體語境中的靈活運(yùn)用。
關(guān)鍵字:mustnt, neednt, cant;
從近十年的高考試題來看,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是高考的一大熱點(diǎn)。其中must 一詞的用法比較復(fù)雜,學(xué)生往往會(huì)混淆must 本身所表示的情態(tài)意義的用法及他與其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)的用法。本文將從must 的三個(gè)不同的否定mustnt, neednt, cant來談?wù)刴ust在具體語境中的靈活運(yùn)用,希望能助困惑中的您一臂之力!
考點(diǎn)一:mustnt must 本身的情態(tài)意義是“必須”,按照常理情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定都是直接在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not, 所以學(xué)生往往會(huì)脫口而出mustnt為“不必”之意,但mustnt并非“不必”之意,而是語氣比較強(qiáng)硬的“禁止”。例如:Children mustnt play with fire. You mustnt play on the street.You mustnt tell a lie. 對(duì)于含有mustnt 句子的反意疑問句,則用 must或 may來反問。
考點(diǎn)二:neednt must 表示“必須”之意時(shí)常常表達(dá)主觀的看法而且常用于肯定句及一般疑問句中;在否定句,表示“不必”時(shí),我們就用neednt或dont have to。;例如:-Must we finish all the exercises in class?——Yes, you must./No , you neednt./ dont have to. In crowded places like airports and railway stations , you must take care of your luggage.(北京卷)
其實(shí),在最近的高考題中,還出現(xiàn)了must 表客觀的情況:習(xí)慣用語if you must 表示無可奈何地同意某人干某事,常用于條件狀語從句中。例如:(山東卷)——May I smoke here?—— If you must, choose a seat in the smoking section.
考點(diǎn)三:cant 不管是考點(diǎn)一mustnt還是考點(diǎn)二neednt都是針對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的本身意義進(jìn)行考查的,對(duì)于cant這一詞的考點(diǎn)是針對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的“推測(cè)”意思來考查的。Must 作為“推測(cè)”的意思,可以表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),對(duì)過去的事實(shí)表推測(cè)。表示“一定”。這種推測(cè)是有一定根據(jù)的,幾乎接近事實(shí)。其考法較廣。
第一:對(duì)推測(cè)的肯定考法:must +be +n/pron/prep/adj/…;
Must be +doing; Must +have done 在其特定的語境中常常表示“一定是”、“一定正在”、“一定干過”。不管在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中還是在歷屆的高考題中都反復(fù)出現(xiàn)了此考點(diǎn)。例如:——I have won first prize in our citys composition competition.—— Great! You must have read widely and put a lot of work into it. Listen! There must be some children in the room. There are lights on. They must be at home.He must be sleeping now, since it is ten oclock.
第二:對(duì)推測(cè)的否定考法:在語境中常含有“一定未、一定沒”,此時(shí)要用cant +be +n/pron/prep/adj/…; cant+ be +doing; cant +have done. 例如:全國(guó)卷中:There is no lights on. They cant be at home. 四川卷:——Is Jack on duty today?—— It cant be him. It is his turn tomorrow.
從以上的兩道高考題中分析,我們不難看出其must 的否定考點(diǎn)往往把三個(gè)否定一塊兒出現(xiàn),只有充分把握各個(gè)否定的具體用法,才能勝券在握。
第三:對(duì)must 表示推測(cè)的反意疑問句考法:其反意疑問句與mustnt, neednt, cant 都沒有任何關(guān)系,應(yīng)根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的實(shí)際時(shí)態(tài)變化。對(duì)現(xiàn)在的推測(cè),要用be 的具體形式或do的具體形式來反問;對(duì)過去的推測(cè),有具體的時(shí)間標(biāo)志用過去時(shí)的具體形式反問,沒有具體的時(shí)間標(biāo)志則用完成時(shí)的具體形式進(jìn)行反問。He must be joking, isnt he?It must have rained last night, didnt it?You must have heard about it , havent you?
除以上三個(gè)考點(diǎn)外,must 還會(huì)靠到“偏偏”之意,表示一種無可奈何的口氣。例如:1.The car must break down just when we were about to start out. 2.When everyone was in bed. He must turn on his radio.
以上是對(duì)must 用法的總結(jié),在平時(shí)的練習(xí)當(dāng)中希望學(xué)生能夠識(shí)別語境并能依據(jù)語境做到靈活運(yùn)用。
(作者簡(jiǎn)介:朱詩(shī)愛(1978.11-),女,中教一級(jí),西北大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)。)