鄭容亮 綜述 常建華 審校
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院化療科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032
肺支氣管神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的研究現(xiàn)狀
鄭容亮 綜述 常建華 審校
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院化療科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032
支氣管肺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤約占所有肺惡性腫瘤的20%,可分為典型類癌、不典型類癌、大細(xì)胞神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌和小細(xì)胞肺癌,其中小細(xì)胞肺癌為支氣管肺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤最常見的類型。支氣管肺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的診斷主要依靠細(xì)胞神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)及神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志物?,F(xiàn)就其臨床病理特點(diǎn)、分子特征和研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述。
肺腫瘤;神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌;研究現(xiàn)狀
目前在世界范圍內(nèi),肺癌仍是癌癥死亡的重要原因。支氣管肺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤(bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumor,BP-NET)是發(fā)生于肺和支氣管上皮的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤,約占所有肺惡性腫瘤的20%,具有其特殊的生物學(xué)行為。本文旨在對(duì)BP-NET的臨床、病理、預(yù)后、治療和分子特征作一綜述。
現(xiàn)階段BP-NET仍按照2004年WHO分類法分成以下4種主要類型[1]:典型類癌(typical carcinoid,TC)、不典型類癌(atypical carcinoid,AC)、大細(xì)胞神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma,LCNEC)和小細(xì)胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)。按照分化程度亦可分為低級(jí)別(TC)、中級(jí)別(AC)和高級(jí)別(LCNEC和SCLC)NET,其惡性程度依次遞增。在BP-NET的分期上,最新的第7版UICC/AJCC分期系統(tǒng)推薦TNM分期適用于TC、AC和LCNEC[2]。而對(duì)于SCLC,臨床上常將其分為局限期和廣泛期。BP-NET的共同特點(diǎn)為:①具有神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)(neuroendocrine morphology),包括:器官樣、玫瑰花結(jié)樣、外周柵欄樣和小梁樣排列[3];②神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志物(neuroendocrine marker)陽性,其中常用的敏感性和特異性相對(duì)較高的有嗜鉻粒蛋白、突觸素和CD56(N-CAM)[4]。而每種BP-NET又各有特點(diǎn),下面將分別敘述。
類癌的平均發(fā)病年齡約為45~55歲,且沒有性別差異[5]。臨床上除了一般的呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀外,類癌由于經(jīng)常分泌活性激素,因而副腫瘤綜合征也較為常見。
類癌鏡下細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)包括:多邊形或梭形的形態(tài)一致性、中度豐富的嗜酸性細(xì)胞質(zhì)、粗顆粒狀核染色質(zhì)和不明顯的核仁[4];細(xì)胞增殖排列的特點(diǎn)包括:器官樣、玫瑰花結(jié)樣、外周柵欄樣和小梁樣排列[6]。根據(jù)核分裂像數(shù)和是否存在壞死可以區(qū)分TC和AC,TC核分裂像<2個(gè)/10HPF且無壞死,AC核分裂像2~10個(gè)/10HPF,部分伴有壞死(圈點(diǎn)樣壞死)。病理標(biāo)本獲取方式對(duì)類癌的診斷影響甚大。在經(jīng)支氣管/支氣管內(nèi)活檢或細(xì)針穿刺活檢的小塊標(biāo)本中,需要注意兩個(gè)問題:一是所取標(biāo)本是否存在壞死或足夠的核分裂像來區(qū)分TC和AC;二是活檢部位容易出現(xiàn)機(jī)械性損傷,易被認(rèn)為是壞死,而使TC誤診為AC。在免疫組化診斷中,類癌最常用的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志為嗜鉻粒蛋白、突觸素和CD56(N-CAM),且通常呈彌漫強(qiáng)陽性。其他的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志亦有不少報(bào)道。甲狀腺轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-1(thyroid transcription factor-1,TTF-1)在類癌中的陽性率約為50%,更常見于周圍型類癌[7]。Lin等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)胃腸道NET只檢測(cè)到CDX2陽性,肺NET只檢測(cè)到TTF-1陽性,兩者無交叉,因此認(rèn)為可以用來鑒別原發(fā)灶不明的轉(zhuǎn)移性NET。大部分類癌細(xì)胞角蛋白為陽性,但約有20%為陰性。Ki-67增殖指數(shù)近年來被認(rèn)為是區(qū)分不同種類BP-NET比較有效的標(biāo)志,盡管其并未出現(xiàn)在2004年WHO肺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上。在TC中Ki-67增殖指數(shù)通常<5%,而AC通常為5%~20%(平均約10%)[9-11]。
在預(yù)后方面,TC患者5年OS>87%[12-13],但仍有10%~15%的患者出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,3%~5%可出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[14]。因此,盡管TC患者預(yù)后相對(duì)較好,但仍不能認(rèn)為其是良性腫瘤,而是低度惡性腫瘤。AC患者則常出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(約50%)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(約20%)[14],5年OS約60%[15]。TC和AC對(duì)放化療相對(duì)不敏感,首選的治療手段仍為手術(shù)切除,大部分情況下采取肺葉切除術(shù),手術(shù)過程中條件允許應(yīng)盡可能進(jìn)行淋巴結(jié)采樣以明確分期。由于類癌患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)遲發(fā)性轉(zhuǎn)移, Ferolla等[16]推薦類癌患者應(yīng)進(jìn)行最短期限為10年的隨訪。對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)移性或不可手術(shù)切除的類癌患者,目前仍無標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療手段。
LCNEC患者多為男性,且有吸煙史,平均發(fā)病年齡約為60歲[17]。臨床癥狀取決于腫瘤所在位置,影像學(xué)上發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤多呈周圍型[18]。與類癌相比,其異位激素分泌和副癌綜合征較為少見。
LCNEC于1991年由Travis等[3]首次引入到WHO分類中,它具有以下病理特征[1]:①神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)如器官樣、玫瑰花結(jié)樣、外周柵欄樣和小梁樣排列;②核分裂像>10個(gè)/10HPF;③非小細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)特征,如大細(xì)胞體積、低核細(xì)胞質(zhì)比、核仁明顯、囊泡狀染色質(zhì);④至少有1個(gè)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志陽性,如嗜鉻粒蛋白、突觸素或CD56(N-CAM);⑤大片區(qū)域壞死。與類癌相似,TTF-1也表達(dá)于LCNEC,平均約為50%[19-20],但有報(bào)道肺外器官如膀胱[21]、前列腺[22]的LCNEC亦有表達(dá)TTF-1,因此不能用來鑒別原因不明的轉(zhuǎn)移性LCNEC。另外,LCNEC的Ki-67增殖指數(shù)明顯偏高,為50%~100%[23]。LCNEC患者如符合上述病理特征則容易確診,事實(shí)上這些精細(xì)而微妙的病理特點(diǎn)很難全部在同一病理標(biāo)本上發(fā)現(xiàn),尤其是活檢或細(xì)胞穿刺標(biāo)本。這也與病理觀察方法有關(guān),例如切片的厚薄以及染色程度等。另外,LCNEC與其他的BP-NET甚至NSCLC有一定程度重疊的病理特征,或者說是臨界的病理特征,從而為診斷帶來了困難。例如個(gè)別LCNEC的核分裂像數(shù)不夠高,非小細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)不明顯等,而且低分化的NSCLC還可表現(xiàn)為廣泛壞死和高核分裂像數(shù),甚至呈巢樣或外周柵欄樣增殖排列[24],這種情況下可以考慮用神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志進(jìn)一步區(qū)分。根據(jù)NSCLC是否具有神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志陽性,Rekhtman[24]把NSCLC分為4種(表1),其中非小細(xì)胞肺癌伴神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌分化(NSCLC with NE differentiation,NSCLC-NED)指光鏡下不具有神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)特征,但免疫組化和電鏡證明有神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌分化的NSCLC,非小細(xì)胞肺癌伴神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)(NSCLC with NE morphology,NSCLC-NEM)指光鏡下具有NE形態(tài)特征,但免疫組化神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌指標(biāo)陰性的NSCLC。
表 1 NSCLC根據(jù)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌指標(biāo)的分類Tab. 1 The classification of NSCLC by neuroendocrine morphology and neuroendocrine marker
大多數(shù)LCNEC患者均采取手術(shù)治療,但術(shù)后5年OS較低,為13%~57%[3]。即使是I期的LCNEC患者,術(shù)后5年OS也只有32.5%[25]。多項(xiàng)研究的多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),LCNEC組織學(xué)類型本身就是較差的預(yù)后因子[25-26]。顯然單純手術(shù)的效果是不滿意的,那么術(shù)后化療是否能獲益。Veronesi等[27]和Saji等[28]通過回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),I期LCNEC患者進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)化療或術(shù)后化療均比單純手術(shù)效果好。對(duì)于化療方案的選擇,Rossi等[29]比較了SCLC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療方案(順鉑+依托泊苷)和NSCLC一線化療方案(吉西他濱+紫杉類)的臨床療效,結(jié)果顯示前者明顯改善了生存期(中位生存期分別為42和11個(gè)月,P<0.000 1)。但以上均是回顧性的小樣本分析,確切的結(jié)論仍需進(jìn)一步探討。至于其他的治療手段,一項(xiàng)小型的成組病例分析表明,單用奧曲肽或奧曲肽聯(lián)合放療作為術(shù)后輔助治療是有效的[30]。而單純放療是否對(duì)LCNEC有效,目前可供參考的臨床資料較少。最近Igawa等[31]提出高級(jí)別非小細(xì)胞神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(high grade non-small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma,HNSCNEC)的概念及診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。與LCNEC要求采用手術(shù)標(biāo)本不同,HNSCNEC用小塊活檢標(biāo)本即可,并且該研究中還比較了HNSCNEC和廣泛期SCLC的化療療效,結(jié)果顯示兩者療效相當(dāng),RR、1年生存率和中位生存時(shí)間分別為50%vs53%、34%vs48%、10vs12.3個(gè)月??傊?,目前LCNEC最佳治療模式尚未明確,仍有待于更多的大型前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)。
SCLC約占所有肺癌的12%~20%,是BPNET最常見的類型,與吸煙密切相關(guān)。其臨床特點(diǎn)是惡性程度高,早期容易出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。臨床上常分為局限期和廣泛期,約2/3患者確診時(shí)已處于廣泛期[32]。
2004年,WHO把SCLC分成單純型和復(fù)合型兩類[1],兩者以混合的大細(xì)胞成分(如腺癌、鱗癌、大細(xì)胞癌等)是否超過全部腫瘤10%體積為界。SCLC鏡下通常具有以下病理學(xué)特征[1]:①神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)如器官樣、玫瑰花結(jié)樣、外周柵欄樣和小梁樣排列;②小細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)特征如小細(xì)胞體積(細(xì)胞直徑<3個(gè)淋巴細(xì)胞大小)、細(xì)胞質(zhì)不豐富、細(xì)顆粒狀核染色質(zhì)、核仁不明顯或缺如;③大片區(qū)域壞死;④高核分裂像數(shù),平均60~80個(gè)/10HPF;⑤常見的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志陽性,如嗜鉻粒蛋白、突觸素或CD56(N-CAM)。SCLC的其他免疫組化指標(biāo)還包括角蛋白、TTF-1和Ki-67增殖指數(shù),其中角蛋白幾乎在所有SCLC中均有表達(dá),TTF-1的陽性率為70%~80%[19-20],Ki-67增殖指數(shù)為80%~100%[23]。由于TTF-1也在肺外器官表達(dá)陽性,因此不能用來鑒別原發(fā)灶不明的SCLC[33]。
值得注意的是,SCLC的病理標(biāo)本常常來源于小塊活檢或細(xì)胞穿刺,因此不可避免造成機(jī)械損傷和擠壓現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn),在NE標(biāo)志陽性的情況下,其他類型的BP-NET容易過度診斷為SCLC。
SCLC是BP-NET中惡性程度最高的腫瘤,其生存期以月為計(jì)算單位,長(zhǎng)期生存極少見(5年OS<5%)[34]。較差的預(yù)后因子包括低PS評(píng)分、庫欣綜合征、持續(xù)吸煙和出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,而女性性別為較好的預(yù)后因子[35]。SCLC對(duì)放化療均敏感,因而同期放化療是目前主要的治療手段,一線的化療方案為鉑類+依托泊苷[35]。而對(duì)于放化療后再進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療,有研究表明并無更多的生存獲益[36-37]。由于約50%~80%的SCLC患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移,Samson等[37]建議SCLC患者最好進(jìn)行預(yù)防性腦放射治療。
Onuki等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn)高級(jí)別BP-NET的3p、RB、5q21、9p和p53發(fā)生雜合性丟失的頻率比低級(jí)別BP-NET高,而在高級(jí)別BP-NET中,SCLC發(fā)生5q21雜合性丟失的頻率比LCNEC高。另外,p53基因異常的患者隨著腫瘤的惡性程度增加,從TC到SCLC發(fā)生比例亦增多,其中TC無p53突變,AC為25%,LCNEC為59%,SCLC為71%,這與先前的報(bào)道數(shù)據(jù)是相近的[39]。P16INK4/cyclin D1/Rb旁路是神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤中影響細(xì)胞周期停滯在G1期的關(guān)鍵因素,在LCNEC和SCLC中,Rb缺失是Rb旁路調(diào)節(jié)異常最常見的機(jī)制[40-41]。在細(xì)胞凋亡方面,Brambilla等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn)與TC和AC以表達(dá)促凋亡基因Bax為主相比,LCNEC和SCLC高表達(dá)抗凋亡基因Bcl-2,這導(dǎo)致了其較短的腫瘤倍增時(shí)間和較高的腫瘤侵襲性[38]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),c-kit蛋白在LCNEC和SCLC的表達(dá)水平較類癌要高,約為60%,而c-kit是否為預(yù)后因子則結(jié)論不一[43-45]。Kanteti等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)BP-NET中均有表達(dá)成對(duì)框基因PAX5,尤其是在LCNEC和SCLC,更重要的是PAX5作為c-met的上游調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,阻斷PAX5對(duì)c-met抑制劑有協(xié)同作用。而Song等[47]進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),在LCNEC和SCLC中更常見PAX5和c-met共同表達(dá)(前者r=0.5,P=0.001,后者r=0.81,P=0.001),這或許預(yù)示雙重阻斷PAX5和c-met的策略是有效的。EGFRTKI在NSCLC靶向治療中日趨成熟,近幾年來報(bào)道了11例SCLC患者EGFR突變陽性,6例為19號(hào)外顯子突變,4例為21號(hào)外顯子突變,1例為18號(hào)外顯子突變,其中4例進(jìn)行了吉非替尼治療并有2例獲得PR[48-54]。De Pas等[55]2011年報(bào)道了1例LCNEC患者EGFR 19號(hào)外顯子突變陽性,該患者對(duì)吉非替尼反應(yīng)良好。
BP-NET分類已經(jīng)歷數(shù)次變動(dòng),一方面是由于檢測(cè)手段的改進(jìn),另一方面是分類必須兼顧臨床上的實(shí)用性和病理上的精確性所帶來的結(jié)果。但無論何種分類均以神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志物為核心來判斷。Moran等[56]于2009年提出對(duì)于手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本的BP-NET分級(jí)如下:類癌型微小瘤(病灶直徑<0.5 cm);G1:高分化神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌或低級(jí)別神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌,核分裂像數(shù)<3個(gè)/10HPF;G2:中分化神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌或中級(jí)別神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌,核分裂像數(shù)3~10個(gè)/10HPF;G3:低分化神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌或高級(jí)別神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌;SCLC(常見的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志陽性,核分裂像數(shù)>10個(gè)/10HPF);LCNEC(滿足神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)特征,至少有1個(gè)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志陽性)。
Moran提出的分類實(shí)際是WHO 2004分類的延伸,它兼顧了SCLC和LCNEC沒有表達(dá)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志的情況,故在臨床應(yīng)用上有一定可取之處。在WHO 2010胃腸胰神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤的最新分級(jí)中,已采用核分裂像數(shù)和Ki-67增殖指數(shù)進(jìn)行分級(jí)。近期有文獻(xiàn)資料顯示,Ki-67增殖指數(shù)可以較好地區(qū)分TC、AC、LCNEC和SCLC[5-6,23]。因此,Ki-67增殖指數(shù)有望成為進(jìn)一步完善BP-NET分級(jí)的新指標(biāo)。
不同種類的BP-NET惡性程度差異甚大,其預(yù)后、治療手段和臨床療效也不同(表2)[57]。BP-NET之間的鑒別診斷目前臨床主要依靠神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌形態(tài)、核分裂像、壞死特征和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌標(biāo)志。對(duì)于小塊活檢或細(xì)胞穿刺標(biāo)本,Ki-67增殖指數(shù)是比較有效的鑒別指標(biāo)。現(xiàn)階段BPNET的治療手段還比較有限,且只有SCLC的治療模式較為成熟。NSCLC的治療已經(jīng)進(jìn)入到分子水平的個(gè)體化治療時(shí)代,而BP-NET的分子特征目前尚未明朗,需要更多的臨床觀察和研究。更加準(zhǔn)確的輔助診斷手段和包括靶向治療在內(nèi)的更為有效而成熟的治療模式仍是攻克BPNET的關(guān)鍵。
表 2 BP-NET的特點(diǎn)比較Tab. 2 The comparison of character between BP-NET
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The research status of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumor
ZHENG Rong-liang, CHANG Jian-hua(Department of Chemotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Hospital, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032,China)
CHANG Jian-hua E-mail:changjianhua@163.com
Bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumor takes up about 20% of all the lung malignancy and can be classified as typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung cancer. It is mainly diagnosed by cell neuroendocrine morphology and neuroendocrine marker. This review was tended to prof i le the clinical pathology character, molecular feature and the research status of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumor.
Lung neoplasms; Neuroendocrine; Research status
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2012.05.014
R734.2
A
1007-3639(2012)04-0389-07
常建華 E-mail:changjianhua@163.com
2011-12-28
2012-03-27)