楊進(jìn)山

一篇文章，不管有多少段，其結(jié)構(gòu)不外乎由引言（introduction）、正文（body）和結(jié)尾（conclusion）三大部分組成。

一、引言的寫(xiě)法

1. 主題句法：開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，直接點(diǎn)出主題或亮出作者對(duì)問(wèn)題的看法。

As the pace of life continues to increase， we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life， being on the go from morning till night， it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.

2. 問(wèn)題法：用問(wèn)題來(lái)引出文章內(nèi)容。

Is there a “success personality”—some successful combination of traits that leads almost certainly to achievement？ If so， exactly what is that secret success formula， and can anyone cultivate it？

3. 數(shù)據(jù)法：引用已經(jīng)證實(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)提出問(wèn)題。

The fact that less than 5 percent of the British population graduate from university may seem surprising， especially when viewed beside the American percentage of over 30 percent. To understand this contract， one needs to consider social differences between the two countries， as well as differences in their theories of education.

4. 引語(yǔ)法：引用名言或常用的習(xí)語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)等作為文章的開(kāi)頭。

“The proper study of mankind is man.”said Alexander Pope. Most psychologists have carried this idea further than Pope would have imaged.

5. 對(duì)立法：先引出人們對(duì)某一問(wèn)題的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的看法。

When asked about what kind of career they will pursue after graduation， most of the college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them a lot of money and a comfortable life. But as for me， I prefer a career which will help realize my potential.

二、正文的寫(xiě)法

正文通常由一段或幾段組成，從不同側(cè)面對(duì)文章的主題展開(kāi)討論，各段闡述的主題必須與文章的主題一致。

三、結(jié)尾的寫(xiě)法

結(jié)尾段用于概括全文的內(nèi)容。常用結(jié)尾段的寫(xiě)法有：

1.結(jié)論性結(jié)尾：照應(yīng)引言段，進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點(diǎn)。

2. 建議性結(jié)尾：就文章討論的問(wèn)題提出解決問(wèn)題的方法或建議，指明努力的方向。

3. 引語(yǔ)性結(jié)尾：引用名人名言、諺語(yǔ)來(lái)總結(jié)全文。

4. 反問(wèn)式結(jié)尾：以問(wèn)句的形式表明肯定的意義，具有明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，以引起讀者思考。

5. 轉(zhuǎn)折性結(jié)尾：指出所討論問(wèn)題的消極一面或有可能產(chǎn)生的不良后果。

四、列提綱

提綱是寫(xiě)作的計(jì)劃，也是一篇文章的基本框架。列提綱有下列好處：有助于理清和擴(kuò)大思路；可以按次序排好素材；將文章分段；明確寫(xiě)作的中心，不至于走題。高考時(shí)間有限，學(xué)生更應(yīng)注意列提綱理清思路，保證文章的條理性。如：

Thesis： New Tuition Fee Policy

引言：New tuition fee policy—all pay for tuition

正文：Some poor students facing difficulties

a. pay or tuition， books， accommodation and other necessities of life

b. try their best but cannot bear the expenses， some get into debt， some on the edge of discontinuing schooling

結(jié)尾： the measures to lighten their family burden

a. set up scholarship

b. establish low-interest loans

c. provide more part-time jobs

在此基礎(chǔ)上，將上述提綱中的各占寫(xiě)成句子并加上必要的過(guò)渡詞連貫成文，便可寫(xiě)成一篇短文。

當(dāng)然，提綱并非是固定不變的。在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，還會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的靈感，可以根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)的需要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)男薷?。但文章的形式和主要?nèi)容基本上都是寫(xiě)作前決定的，因而寫(xiě)作前的醞釀和計(jì)劃是最為關(guān)鍵的階段。