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鄂西南利川二疊紀(jì)吳家坪組硅質(zhì)巖成因及沉積環(huán)境

2013-11-13 07:07趙小明牛志軍王令占謝國剛曾波夫
沉積學(xué)報 2013年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:利川泥塘沉積環(huán)境

田 洋 趙小明 牛志軍 王令占 涂 兵 謝國剛 吳 俊 曾波夫

(武漢地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)研究所 武漢 430205)

硅質(zhì)巖常是金屬礦物(如:金、銀、硒、釩、鉬等)的賦存層位,又常與富含有機(jī)質(zhì)的烴源巖共生,再加上本身的高穩(wěn)定性,因此其不僅可作為找礦的重要標(biāo)志,還能提供關(guān)于沉積盆地和構(gòu)造活動的重要信息。華南二疊紀(jì)層狀硅質(zhì)巖十分發(fā)育,其中恩施漁塘壩地區(qū)孤峰組硅質(zhì)巖中發(fā)育罕見的硒礦床。前人已從巖石學(xué)、古生物學(xué)及地球化學(xué)等方面對硅質(zhì)巖的成因及沉積環(huán)境進(jìn)行了探討,但仍存在較大分歧,概括起來成因分為:①生物或生物化學(xué)成因[1~3]、②火山—生物成因[4~8]、③熱水成因(多與火山活動有關(guān))[9~17]、④與上升流有關(guān)的(生物)成因[18~20]、⑤交代成因[21],沉積環(huán)境則有斷陷(深水)盆地[9,15,16,18,19,22]與大陸邊緣(淺水、缺氧)環(huán)境[2,3,5,6,10,12,20,23]之分。鑒于對華南層狀硅質(zhì)巖成因及形成環(huán)境的認(rèn)識仍存在較大分歧,本文對鄂西南利川黃泥塘上二疊統(tǒng)吳家坪組層狀硅質(zhì)巖成因及形成環(huán)境進(jìn)行探討,為全面研究華南二疊紀(jì)層狀硅質(zhì)巖成因及沉積環(huán)境提供新材料。

1 硅質(zhì)巖的巖石學(xué)特征及成因

黃泥塘吳家坪組剖面位于湖北省西南部利川市南約 20 km 的黃泥塘(圖1),剖面起點:N30°06'21″、E108°52'25″,構(gòu)造上位于湘鄂西南構(gòu)造帶利川復(fù)向斜中黃泥塘背斜的北西翼。

1.1 硅質(zhì)巖的產(chǎn)出特征

利川黃泥塘二疊紀(jì)吳家坪組(石油部門稱之為“樂平組”)底部為紅褐色鐵錳質(zhì)古風(fēng)化殼,向上為灰黑色薄層狀硅質(zhì)巖、硅質(zhì)泥巖、夾炭質(zhì)泥巖及灰白色薄層狀火山粘土巖(沉凝灰?guī)r),產(chǎn)石煤,硅質(zhì)巖水平層理發(fā)育,產(chǎn)豐富的菊石、腕足、魚鱗化石。與下伏茅口組厚層—塊狀生物屑灰?guī)r呈平行不整合接觸,與上覆產(chǎn)牙形石Neogondolella wangi的長興組深灰色中層狀生物屑灰?guī)r呈整合接觸(圖2)。本組底部硅質(zhì)巖緊鄰古風(fēng)化殼,是對本區(qū)硅質(zhì)巖為深水沉積的否定。下部硅質(zhì)巖與石煤共生,石煤是高變質(zhì)的腐泥煤,成煤母質(zhì)是以藻類為主的低等生物,一般形成于大陸邊緣還原環(huán)境[3]。上部硅質(zhì)巖夾多層沉凝灰?guī)r,如第6小層,見9層沉凝灰?guī)r。噴發(fā)于中—晚二疊世的峨眉山玄武巖廣泛出露于我國西南四川、貴州和云南三省,并于川東梁平、華鎣山等地鉆探中也有發(fā)現(xiàn)[24],其在時間上與吳家坪組硅質(zhì)巖沉積時期一致,空間上緊鄰研究區(qū),據(jù)此推斷研究區(qū)沉凝灰?guī)r的形成為峨眉山玄武巖噴發(fā)的結(jié)果。

圖1 利川地區(qū)地質(zhì)簡圖及剖面位置圖Fig.1 Geological sketch map of Lichuan area and location of Huangnitang section

圖2 利川黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖分布,采樣點及部分化石照片F(xiàn)ig.2 Distribution,sample location and fossil photomicrographs of the siliceous rocks along Huangnitang section

圖3 含放射蟲硅質(zhì)巖鏡下照片F(xiàn)ig.3 Photomicrograph of siliceous rocks

1.2 硅質(zhì)巖的巖石學(xué)與化石組合特征

鏡下觀察表明研究區(qū)硅質(zhì)巖可分為(含)生物屑硅質(zhì)巖(圖3)與硅質(zhì)泥巖兩類。生物屑硅質(zhì)巖由生物屑和基質(zhì)組成。生物屑為海綿骨針與放射蟲;基質(zhì)為隱晶石英、絹云母及褐鐵礦。海綿骨針:可識別四射骨針、三軸五射骨針與三軸六射骨針,由微粒石英組成,圓形或錐形桿狀,中孔較臟,直徑0.01~0.03 mm,長0.05~0.2 mm,含量約5%。放射蟲:由微粒石英組成,呈三枝杈狀、圓形、橢圓形,直徑0.03~0.1 mm,含量可達(dá)15%,屬種包括(由馮慶來鑒定):Paracopicyntra simplex Feng,Paracopicyntra sp.,Tetraspongodiscus stauracanthus Feng,Tetraspongodiscus sp.,Paroertlispongus sp.,Ishigaum sp.與 Entactinia itsukichiensis Sashida& Tonishi(圖2,3)。放射蟲組合以泡沫蟲類為主,內(nèi)射球蟲類次之,隱管蟲類很少,代表外陸棚環(huán)境的放射蟲組合,地質(zhì)時代為晚二疊世[25]。硅質(zhì)泥巖:由絹云母及黏土礦物、微粒石英(30%左右)、褐鐵礦、海綿骨針及介殼組成。

綜上所述,硅質(zhì)巖的產(chǎn)出特征、巖石學(xué)及化石組合特征表明其是與火山和生物化學(xué)作用有關(guān)的一類硅質(zhì)巖,形成于陸棚缺氧環(huán)境。

2 硅質(zhì)巖地球化學(xué)特征及成因

對所采硅質(zhì)巖樣品,除去風(fēng)化表面,用蒸餾水去污后粉碎至200目,干燥后備用。樣品測試在國土資源部中南礦產(chǎn)資源監(jiān)督檢測中心完成,主量元素在X射線熒光光譜儀(AXIOS)上測試,微量元素與稀土元素在電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜儀(ICP—MS—X SeriesⅡ)與原子熒光分光光度儀(AFS230E:As,Sb,Bi)上進(jìn)行分析,測試精度優(yōu)于5%。

2.1 常量元素特征及來源

2.1.1 元素特征

黃泥塘吳家坪組硅質(zhì)巖化學(xué)成分以SiO2為主,含量 76.93~86.15%,平均值 82.45%;其次為Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O,平均含量分別為 5.53%、1.18%、1.61%;其它氧化物含量均未達(dá)到1%(表1),與典型熱水成因[26]、生物化學(xué)成因[27,28]及火山成因[29]的硅質(zhì)巖相比,最接近火山成因硅質(zhì)巖的地球化學(xué)特征:低 SiO2、MnO、Fe2O3,高 Al2O3、K2O、TiO2,其次接近火山—生物化學(xué)作用形成的硅質(zhì)巖特征。另外樣品具有較高的燒失量,可能與樣品富含有機(jī)質(zhì)有關(guān)。

Yamamoto[26]指出熱水活動能導(dǎo)致 Fe,Mn 元素富集,Adachi[30]分析了采自深海鉆探計劃Leg32航次北太平洋的42個白堊紀(jì)巖石樣品后指出,TFe2O3富集是熱水沉積硅質(zhì)巖的重要特征,最大值可達(dá)6.68%。而黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖TFe2O3含量不高,最大僅2.28%,Mn含量極低,平均值僅為0.02%,不具備典型的熱水成因特點。

Bostr?m 和 Peterson[31]提出用海相沉積物中 Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)來判別熱液對沉積物的貢獻(xiàn),位于東太平洋洋隆熱液沉積物 Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值多在0.01~0.2之間。采自Leg32航次的熱液硅質(zhì)巖比值平均為0.12[30],而日本中部三疊紀(jì)Kamiaso生物成因的半遠(yuǎn)洋硅質(zhì)巖的比值為0.60[30]。研究區(qū)硅質(zhì)巖Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值在0.64~0.83之間,平均值0.73(表1),與純生物成因硅質(zhì)巖的值較接近。在Al—Fe—Mn三角圖上(圖4),4個樣品落入非熱水成因區(qū),5個樣品位于非熱水成因區(qū)上方靠近Al端元一側(cè),而遠(yuǎn)離熱水成因硅質(zhì)巖區(qū),指示本區(qū)硅質(zhì)巖應(yīng)為非熱水成因硅質(zhì)巖。

2.1.2 雙變量圖解

利川黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖SiO2/(K2O+Na2O)、SiO2/Al2O3、(K2O+Na2O)/Al2O3比值與火山成因的硅質(zhì)巖最接近(表1)。前人經(jīng)過分析統(tǒng)計,總結(jié)了一些對硅質(zhì)巖成因具有很好指示作用的雙度量圖解。前蘇聯(lián)麥維姆河上游的生物沉積硅質(zhì)巖與蘇聯(lián)別洛耶湖凝灰質(zhì)硅質(zhì)巖在 SiO2—(K2O+Na2O)、SiO2—Al2O3的雙變量圖解上(圖5-a,b)可明顯的分為兩個區(qū)[29]。同樣,生物成因與火山成因的硅質(zhì)巖在(K2O+Na2O)—Al2O3的雙變量圖解上(圖5-c)可明顯分為兩個區(qū)[28]。在SiO2—(K2O+Na2O)圖解中3個樣品落入火山成因區(qū),6個樣品位于生物成因與火山成因之間靠近火山成因一側(cè),指示了本區(qū)硅質(zhì)巖以火山成因為主,并伴有生物作用。SiO2—Al2O3與(K2O+Na2O)—Al2O3圖解顯示了高度一致性,除3個樣品緊靠火山成因區(qū)外,其它數(shù)據(jù)都落入火山成因區(qū)。這些雙變量圖解綜合表明本區(qū)硅質(zhì)巖成因以火山成因為主,并伴有一定的生物作用。

表1 利川黃泥塘剖面吳家坪組硅質(zhì)巖主量元素及與熱水、生物、火山成因硅質(zhì)巖的對比(wB/%)Table 1 Major element contents of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section,in Lichuan area(wB/%)

2.2 微量元素特征及成因

黃泥塘吳家坪組硅質(zhì)巖微量元素含量如表2所示,Pb、Cr、Co、Mo、Sb、V 含量高于沉積巖豐度[32],尤其是 Cr、Mo、Sb,V 相當(dāng)富集,分別是沉積巖豐度的3.68、7.18、20.65與 6.65倍。Mo、V 是生物活動性元素,它的高度富集,表明了硅質(zhì)巖的形成與生物活動有關(guān)。而 Cu、Zn、Rb、As、Bi、Sr、Ba、Sc 低于沉積巖豐度,尤其是Bi、Sr、Ba嚴(yán)重虧損,分別只有沉積巖豐度的12%、14%與27%。Marchig[33]在研究了現(xiàn)代大洋熱水沉積物的微量元素特征后指出As富集是熱水沉積物區(qū)別與正常沉積物的重要標(biāo)志,周永章等(1990[34],1994[35])分別對廣西丹池盆地與古水熱水沉積硅質(zhì)巖地球化學(xué)特征進(jìn)行分析,并于2004[36]總結(jié)了華南熱水沉積硅質(zhì)巖地化特征,指出Ba、As、Sb、Sc元素富集是典型熱水成因標(biāo)志。樣品Ba、As、Sc含量相對于沉積巖豐度虧損,而Sb富集,因此不具備典型熱水沉積特征。Cr是一種親地幔元素,黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖Cr元素富集,前文已指出硅質(zhì)巖沉積時期正值峨眉山玄武巖噴發(fā),火山的噴發(fā)可從地幔帶來豐富的Cr元素,這可能是導(dǎo)致Cr元素富集的重要原因。

圖4 利川黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖Al—Fe—Mn圖解[30]Fig.4 Al—Fe—Mn diagram of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area

圖5 -a 利川黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖SiO2—(K2O+Na2O)圖解[29]Fig.5-a SiO2vs.(K2O+Na2O)diagram of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area圖5-b 利川黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖SiO2—Al2O3圖解[29]Fig.5-b SiO2vs.Al2O3diagram of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area圖5-c 利川黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖(K2O+Na2O)—Al2O3圖解[28]Fig.5-c (K2O+Na2O)vs.Al2O3diagram of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area

表2 利川黃泥塘剖面吳家坪組硅質(zhì)巖全巖微量元素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(wB/μg/g)Table 2 Trace element contents of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section,in Lichuan area(wB/μg/g)

圖6 黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖REE北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化配分模式(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值 Haskin et al.,1968[37])Fig.6 NASC-normalized REE patterns for siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area

2.3 稀土元素特征及成因

黃泥塘吳家坪組硅質(zhì)巖稀土元素值如表3所示,∑REE 較低,平均為 105.58 μg/g,∑LREE/∑HREE平均值為3.02,具輕度的Ce負(fù)異常(0.75~0.83,平均值0.79)和輕度的Eu負(fù)異常(0.61~0.95,平均值0.84)。經(jīng)北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后稀土元素配分曲線表現(xiàn)為近水平(圖6)。Fleet[38]在系統(tǒng)研究了世界屬熱水成因和非熱水成因的水成金屬沉積之后,認(rèn)為前者∑REE低,Ce為負(fù)異常,∑HREE有富集趨勢;后者∑REE高,Ce為正異常,∑HREE不富集,而且這一特點在兩類沉積之間有連續(xù)性變化,隨著熱水沉積比例的減少,δCe負(fù)異常逐漸減少,在北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土配分型式圖上,稀土配分曲線由左傾逐漸變化為水平。黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖輕度的Ce負(fù)異常(表3),不富集的∑HREE,近水平的稀土配分模式(圖6),表明其為非熱水沉積產(chǎn)物。

3 硅質(zhì)巖地化特征及沉積環(huán)境

3.1 主量元素特征及沉積環(huán)境

通常把Al2O3與TiO2作為陸源物質(zhì)指標(biāo),黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖Al2O3與TiO2具有很好的相關(guān)性(相關(guān)系數(shù)R=0.85),含量明顯高于生物成因與熱水成因硅質(zhì)巖,指示了較高的陸源供給。Sugisaki[39]等指出,硅質(zhì)巖中Mn常被認(rèn)為是來自大洋深部的標(biāo)志元素,MnO/TiO2比值可作為判斷硅質(zhì)沉積物離大洋盆地遠(yuǎn)近的標(biāo)志,離大陸較近的大陸坡和邊緣海沉積的硅質(zhì)巖該比值應(yīng)小于0.5,開闊大洋底硅質(zhì)沉積物可達(dá)0.5~3.5。黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖 MnO/TiO2值為0.02~0.25,平均值0.08(表1),表明研究區(qū)硅質(zhì)巖形成于離大陸較近的大陸坡和邊緣海沉積環(huán)境。

表3 黃泥塘剖面吳家坪組硅質(zhì)巖全巖稀土元素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(wB/μg/g)Table 3 REE contents of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area(wB/μg/g)

3.2 微量元素特征及沉積環(huán)境

U和Th在沉積物中的含量取決于沉積環(huán)境的氧化還原電位。Th不受水體氧化還原條件的影響,常以不溶的Th4+形式存在,而U在強(qiáng)還原條件下以不溶的U4+形式存在,導(dǎo)致沉積物中U富集。Jones[40]等對西北歐晚侏羅世沉積古氧相地球化學(xué)特征后認(rèn)為:U/Th>1.25反映厭氧環(huán)境,U/Th<0.75指示富氧環(huán)境,而比值介于之間為貧氧環(huán)境。Wignall[41]則認(rèn)為V/(V+Ni)比值大于0.83即為缺氧環(huán)境。黃泥塘吳家坪組硅質(zhì)巖樣品U/Th平均值為3.31,除樣品8—1H的U/Th為1.07,其他樣品U/Th均大于1.25,分布于1.67~8.95之間,指示了厭氧的沉積環(huán)境。除樣品3-1H與9-1H的V/(V+Ni)值略小于0.83外,其余樣品V/(V+Ni)值均大于0.83,平均值0.88,整體表現(xiàn)為缺氧環(huán)境。

3.3 稀土元素特征及沉積環(huán)境

3.3.1 元素比值特征

研究認(rèn)為大陸邊緣LaN/YbN平均值為1.1~1.4,洋脊附近LaN/YbN平均值只有0.3左右,深海平原硅質(zhì)巖的LaN/YbN介于兩者之間[5]。研究區(qū)黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖樣品的LaN/YbN平均值為0.92,有6件樣品值在1左右(表3),很好的指示該區(qū)硅質(zhì)巖沉積于大陸邊緣。

Wright[42]把稀土元素中的Ce與鄰近的La和Nd元素相關(guān)的變化稱為鈰異常:Ceanom。其公式為:Ceanom=log[3(Ce)N/(2(La)N+(Nd)N)。Ceanom值已被作為判斷古海水氧化—還原條件的標(biāo)志,其值>-0.1時,反映水體呈缺氧環(huán)境,而<-0.1時反映水體呈氧化環(huán)境。除2件樣品的值稍小于-0.1外,黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖樣品的Ceanom值大于-0.1,平均值為-0.08(表3),指示了還原沉積環(huán)境。

3.3.2 雙變量圖

圖7 -a 黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖100×TFe2O3/SiO2—100×Al2O3/SiO2圖解[43]Fig.7-a 100 × Fe2O3/SiO2vs.100 × Al2O3/SiO2diagram of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area圖7-b 黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖TFe2O3/(100-SiO2)—Al2O3/(100-SiO2)圖解[43]Fig.7-b Fe2O3/(100 -SiO2)vs.Al2O3/(100-SiO2)diagram of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area圖7-c 黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖TFe2O3/TiO2—Al2O3/(Al2O3+TFe2O3)圖解[43]Fig.7-c Fe2O3/TiO2vs.Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)diagram of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area圖7-d 黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖LaN/CeN—Al2O3/(Al2O3+TFe2O3)圖解[43]Fig.7-d LaN/CeNvs.Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)diagram of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section in Lichuan area圖7-e 黃泥塘剖面硅質(zhì)巖∑LREE/∑HREE—100×Eu/∑REE圖解[44]Fig.7-e ∑LREE/∑HREE vs.100 ×Eu/∑REE diagram of siliceous rocks at Huangnitang section,in Lichuan area

前人利用已知沉積環(huán)境的硅質(zhì)巖化學(xué)成分比值作圖,圈定了大陸邊緣、遠(yuǎn)洋和洋中脊硅質(zhì)巖投影區(qū)及陸殼—淺海沉積體系與洋殼—深海沉積體系[43,44]。在 100 × TFe2O3/SiO2—100 × Al2O3/SiO2圖解中5個樣品落入大陸邊緣區(qū),4個樣品遠(yuǎn)離洋脊而緊鄰大陸邊緣分布(圖7-a);所有樣品均位于TFe2O3/(100-SiO2)—Al2O3/(100-SiO2)圖解的大陸邊緣區(qū)(圖7-b);7個樣品投影到TFe2O3/TiO2—Al2O3/(Al2O3+TFe2O3)判別圖解的大陸邊緣區(qū),2個樣品則位于大陸邊緣與遠(yuǎn)洋的重疊區(qū)(圖7-c);所有樣品均緊鄰LaN/CeN—Al2O3/(Al2O3+TFe2O3)圖解的大陸邊緣區(qū)分布(圖6-d),除1個樣品外,其余樣品均落入∑LREE/∑HREE—100×Eu/∑REE圖解的陸殼—淺海沉積體系區(qū)(圖7-e)。在這些判別圖解中,黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖地球化學(xué)特征顯示出高度的相似性,樣品要么落入大陸邊緣區(qū),要么緊鄰大陸邊緣分布,指示硅質(zhì)巖形成于大陸邊緣環(huán)境。綜上所述,利川黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖地球化學(xué)特征一致表明其形成于大陸邊緣缺氧環(huán)境。

4 結(jié)論

通過對利川黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖的巖石學(xué)特征與地球化學(xué)特征系統(tǒng)研究表明:

(1)利川黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖含有較多硅質(zhì)生物且與海相石煤及多層沉凝灰?guī)r共生,放射蟲組合指示了外陸棚環(huán)境,表明硅質(zhì)巖沉積于陸棚缺氧環(huán)境,其形成與火山及生物作用有關(guān)。

(2)利川黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖主量元素具有火山成因硅質(zhì)巖低 SiO2,MnO,F(xiàn)e2O3,高 Al2O3、K2O、TiO2的特征,雙變量圖解均表明其為伴有一定生物作用的火山成因硅質(zhì)巖。微量元素與稀土元素特征表明其形成不受熱水影響。

(3)利川黃泥塘硅質(zhì)巖主量、微量及稀土元素特征一致表明其形成于大陸邊緣缺氧環(huán)境。

致謝:所有參與湖北1∶5萬利川區(qū)調(diào)項目的同志付出了辛勤的勞動,中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)(武漢)地球科學(xué)學(xué)院顏佳新教授、馮慶來教授給予悉心的幫助,兩位匿名評審老師提出寶貴意見,在此一并表示感謝!

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