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人工髖膝置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛原因分析

2014-01-22 07:43徐遠(yuǎn)坤柯巖林劍浩
關(guān)鍵詞:假體置換術(shù)髖關(guān)節(jié)

徐遠(yuǎn)坤 柯巖 林劍浩

人工髖膝置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛原因分析

徐遠(yuǎn)坤 柯巖 林劍浩

人工髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換 (TKA,THA ) 是治療晚期髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)病變的有效方法,臨床 10 年隨訪的結(jié)果顯示,其有效率達(dá) 92%~98%[1]。然而,疼痛,既是髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)的主要適應(yīng)證,也是人工髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥。疼痛也是骨關(guān)節(jié)科的一個(gè)普遍的、容易被忽視的問(wèn)題[2]。人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后出現(xiàn)經(jīng)久不愈的疼痛,預(yù)示手術(shù)可能失敗。人工髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后發(fā)生慢性持續(xù)疼痛的原因雖各有不同,但在大方向分類(lèi)上,髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛有許多一致性,同時(shí)在一些具體原因上也有一定相關(guān)性,故將兩者合并回顧。

一、定義

對(duì)于人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛的定義,目前還沒(méi)有公認(rèn)或一致的定義。學(xué)界普遍認(rèn)可人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的疼痛是指關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的持續(xù)性的關(guān)節(jié)及關(guān)節(jié)附近的疼痛。通常情況下,關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的創(chuàng)傷性疼痛應(yīng)于術(shù)后2~3 天緩解,一般不超過(guò)1 周[3-4]。術(shù)后1 周仍然存在的較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的持續(xù)性疼痛,即可認(rèn)為是慢性疼痛。

二、評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及臨床流行病學(xué)資料

術(shù)前疼痛是患者選擇人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的主要原因,術(shù)后疼痛的緩解程度也是評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)成功與否的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。目前,對(duì)于人工髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后癥狀改善的專(zhuān)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)已有許多被認(rèn)可的評(píng)分體系。如:美國(guó)膝關(guān)節(jié)外科學(xué)會(huì)的膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛評(píng)分系統(tǒng) (KSS )[5],髖關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)價(jià)最常用的Harris[6]評(píng)分表等。也有單獨(dú)用于評(píng)價(jià)疼痛的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如簡(jiǎn)明的疼痛評(píng)價(jià)量表 (brief pain inventory,BPI )[7-8]等。無(wú)論選用哪一個(gè)評(píng)分體系或標(biāo)準(zhǔn),目前對(duì)于關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后癥狀改善都有了比較科學(xué)的評(píng)價(jià)體系。目前對(duì)于人工髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后疼痛發(fā)生率的臨床報(bào)道各有不同。人工膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后疼痛的發(fā)生率介于 6%~30%[9],人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后也有小部分 (a small proportion ) 患者發(fā)生慢性疼痛[10],髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛的發(fā)生是肯定的,但疼痛發(fā)生率尚沒(méi)有權(quán)威的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。學(xué)界普遍認(rèn)為:就慢性疼痛的發(fā)生率而言,人工全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的發(fā)生率高于人工全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)。

三、髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后慢性疼痛發(fā)生的原因

TKA / THA 術(shù)后疼痛病因復(fù)雜,有許多潛在因素,臨床大體分為關(guān)節(jié)外和關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)兩大因素[11]、其它因素和不明原因因素。

1. 關(guān)節(jié)外因素:關(guān)節(jié)外因素是髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后疼痛的常見(jiàn)原因,髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)前需排除關(guān)節(jié)外因素,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)疼痛也應(yīng)首先考慮該因素,目前文獻(xiàn)關(guān)于此類(lèi)因素的論述很多,所以只簡(jiǎn)要論述。

(1) 髖關(guān)節(jié):包括:① 神經(jīng)源性病變:坐骨神經(jīng)痛;② 周?chē)P(guān)節(jié)病變?nèi)纾瑚诀年P(guān)節(jié)痛,同側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)退形性變;③ 精神因素等[12]。

(2) 膝關(guān)節(jié):包括:① 神經(jīng)源性病變:下腰痛 (腰椎管狹窄、腰神經(jīng)根病變等 )[13]、腦血管病變[14]、神經(jīng)瘤、I 型復(fù)雜區(qū)域疼痛綜合征 (complex regional pain syndrome type 1,CRPS-1 );② 血管性跛行;③ 髖關(guān)節(jié)病變;④ 鵝足腱滑囊炎;⑤ 股四頭肌肌腱炎、髕韌帶肌腱炎;⑥ 脛骨、髕骨疲勞骨折;⑦ 假體周?chē)钦邸?/p>

CRPS-1 即反射性交感神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,是導(dǎo)致 TKA 術(shù)后疼痛的罕見(jiàn)原因。目前關(guān)于 CRPS-1 的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未明確,既往認(rèn)為是肢體過(guò)度生理反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致不合比例的疼痛、血流調(diào)節(jié)和發(fā)汗異常、組織失營(yíng)養(yǎng)、關(guān)節(jié)僵硬等。目前僅見(jiàn) 72 例報(bào)道,且各報(bào)道的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有差異,通常認(rèn)為其發(fā)生率為 0.8%~1.2%[15]。有研究表明,初次 TKA 術(shù)后符合診斷的 CRPS-1 發(fā)生率高達(dá) 21.0%,術(shù)后 3、6 個(gè)月分別為 13.0%、12.7%[16]。當(dāng)患者膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛與臨床體格檢查不相符時(shí)應(yīng)高度懷疑該癥[17],其主要臨床表現(xiàn)為關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、腫脹、僵硬和皮膚改變,以疼痛為主,范圍廣泛,燒灼感或深部痛為主要特征,運(yùn)動(dòng)或受涼均可使之惡化;關(guān)節(jié)僵硬也是常見(jiàn)癥狀,TKA 術(shù)后甚至可出現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能?chē)?yán)重喪失;腫脹通常發(fā)生在關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)皇顷P(guān)節(jié)內(nèi);皮膚改變包括膝關(guān)節(jié)、小腿和足部發(fā)黑或發(fā)紺,寒冷可誘發(fā)皮膚顏色改變并加重,其它改變包括皮溫低和皮膚萎縮等,X 線檢查可見(jiàn)骨質(zhì)疏松改變[18]。

2. 關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)及關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)蛩兀?1) 髖關(guān)節(jié):關(guān)節(jié)本身因素:無(wú)菌性松動(dòng);感染性松動(dòng);假體脫位;假體安裝或假體選擇不當(dāng),如臼杯過(guò)大可導(dǎo)致髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的慢性疼痛[19];假體材料組織相容性差;骨溶解。關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)囊蛩兀貉[、關(guān)節(jié)周?chē)腔?、假體周?chē)钦?、軟組織攣縮、肢體不等長(zhǎng)、骼脛束炎。(2) 膝關(guān)節(jié):關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)因素包括感染、失穩(wěn)、力線不良、無(wú)菌性松動(dòng)、假體周?chē)钦邸⒐侨芙?、關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)纖維化、血友病性關(guān)節(jié)炎出血復(fù)發(fā)、軟組織撞擊 (髕骨彈響、肌腱撞擊、假體懸掛 )、伸膝裝置異常 (髕骨軌跡不良、髕骨骨折、伸膝裝置斷裂 )、髕骨痛 (髕骨未置換、髕骨假體過(guò)小而外側(cè)骨緣撞擊假體、髕骨低位、髕股關(guān)節(jié)填充 ) 等[20]。TKA 術(shù)后疼痛應(yīng)注意排除感染,在其它致痛機(jī)制尚不明確時(shí)首先考慮感染[21]。TKA術(shù)后3 周內(nèi)的急性感染易診斷,但臨床少見(jiàn)。慢性感染臨床表現(xiàn)包括長(zhǎng)期原因不明的疼痛、關(guān)節(jié)積液、皮膚暗紅等,對(duì)于傷口持續(xù)滲出或未 I 期愈合患者應(yīng)高度懷疑深部感染。此外,髕股關(guān)節(jié)并發(fā)癥也是 TKA 術(shù)后疼痛的重要原因之一。近年,TKA 術(shù)后屈曲失穩(wěn)得到廣泛關(guān)注,臨床需要仔細(xì)檢查予以排除。

3. 不明原因髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后疼痛 (unexplained pain ):臨床發(fā)現(xiàn) TKA 術(shù)后少部分病例會(huì)出現(xiàn)原因不明的TKA 術(shù)后疼痛。Brander 等[22]對(duì) 116 例全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)后患者隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后1 年內(nèi) 13.1% 患者出現(xiàn)不明原因疼痛。Mont 等[23]則認(rèn)為對(duì)此類(lèi)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后早期出現(xiàn)不明原因疼痛患者進(jìn)行翻修手術(shù)效果較差。Elson 等[24]認(rèn)為對(duì)于原因不明的 TKA 術(shù)后疼痛,恰當(dāng)?shù)谋J刂委熆蓪⑻弁礈p少一半以上。此類(lèi)患者給予水療、口服消炎止痛藥物、循序漸進(jìn)的膝關(guān)節(jié)功能康復(fù)等處理后絕大部分可以獲得緩解,不主張盲目的手術(shù)治療。也有研究者對(duì)“原因不明”的髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后持續(xù)性疼痛嘗試非手術(shù)的多學(xué)科綜合治療,并在短期和中期內(nèi)取得明顯療效,而長(zhǎng)期療效雖然較短期和中期療效有所下降,但癥狀改善評(píng)分仍然高于基線[25]。不過(guò)就目前來(lái)說(shuō),有關(guān)“原因不明”髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛處理方案的臨床報(bào)道不多,取得滿(mǎn)意效果的就更少。臨床關(guān)于髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的真正不明原因疼痛的報(bào)道似乎較膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后不明原因疼痛少許多,并且關(guān)于關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的“不明原因疼痛 (unexplained pain )”這一提法似乎并未得到臨床醫(yī)師們的認(rèn)同,目前也還沒(méi)有關(guān)于髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后“不明原因疼痛”的權(quán)威認(rèn)可性報(bào)道。

四、其它原因相關(guān)的髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后疼痛

然而,上述因素似乎并不能完全解釋髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛。目前有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多上述原因以外的原因與髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的疼痛相關(guān)。而這些相關(guān)因素在髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后慢性疼痛的發(fā)病中大都共存。

1. 術(shù)前因素:患者術(shù)前的關(guān)節(jié)疼痛強(qiáng)度被認(rèn)為對(duì)于術(shù)后疼痛的發(fā)生及其程度具有重要預(yù)測(cè)意義[26-29]。最近已有研究者通過(guò)術(shù)前對(duì)患者關(guān)節(jié)部位的疼痛刺激 (如:熱刺激 ) 來(lái)衡量患者術(shù)前疼痛的強(qiáng)度,并以此預(yù)測(cè)患者術(shù)后可能出現(xiàn)的急性疼痛的強(qiáng)度??傮w來(lái)說(shuō),目前多有關(guān)于應(yīng)用疼痛刺激法或誘發(fā)法估計(jì)髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后可能出現(xiàn)的慢性疼痛的定性研究[30],而沒(méi)有關(guān)于應(yīng)用術(shù)前疼痛刺激法定量估計(jì)髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后可能出現(xiàn)的慢性疼痛的研究[31]。最新的報(bào)道再次肯定了術(shù)前疼痛對(duì)術(shù)后疼痛的影響。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),在膝關(guān)節(jié)置換類(lèi)手術(shù)中,當(dāng)進(jìn)行第二次(或更多次 ) 手術(shù)時(shí),患者比進(jìn)行初次置換手術(shù)時(shí)對(duì)疼痛更敏感[32-33]。

2. 心理因素:類(lèi)似于術(shù)前疼痛強(qiáng)度對(duì)于術(shù)后疼痛的影響,術(shù)前疼痛強(qiáng)度的突變程度,尤其是向惡性方向惡化的程度越劇烈,患者關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后發(fā)生慢性疼痛的比率及強(qiáng)度就越高。這種情況的出現(xiàn)目前認(rèn)為是由于人類(lèi)的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的一系列疼痛處理神經(jīng)元會(huì)將突然轉(zhuǎn)變的,惡化的疼痛在體內(nèi)“刻錄”[34-37],并且這種疼痛在患者體內(nèi)的“刻錄”與患者術(shù)前疼痛的強(qiáng)度及由于疼痛而導(dǎo)致的心理抑郁情況愈嚴(yán)重,其術(shù)后發(fā)生慢性疼痛的可能性越大,強(qiáng)度也越高[38]。Masselin-Dubois 等[39]的最新報(bào)道提示由心理因素所導(dǎo)致的術(shù)后慢性疼痛與手術(shù)部位不相關(guān)。

3. 年齡因素:早期的研究認(rèn)為年齡與患者髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后慢性疼痛的發(fā)生并沒(méi)有直接的相關(guān)性。甚至美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究所 (NIH ) 的術(shù)后隨訪調(diào)查結(jié)果也“支持”這一結(jié)論[40]。但是,也有研究認(rèn)為“也許年齡因素在髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛的發(fā)生中起著重要的作用”[41-43]。當(dāng)然,以上兩方面的研究都未包含專(zhuān)業(yè)的疼痛和功能評(píng)估,以及疼痛科醫(yī)師參與的長(zhǎng)期隨訪研究。

4. 術(shù)中因素:術(shù)中的細(xì)節(jié)處理環(huán)節(jié)與髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的急性疼痛之間有密切的關(guān)系。手術(shù)的完美程度不僅與手術(shù)成功與否息息相關(guān),同時(shí)也與術(shù)后急性疼痛向慢性疼痛的轉(zhuǎn)變有著明確的關(guān)系。手術(shù)損傷所致的神經(jīng)病變性 (如神經(jīng)瘤 ) 術(shù)后持續(xù)性疼痛與手術(shù)方式有一定相關(guān)性,但是髖和膝置換術(shù)后此類(lèi)持續(xù)性疼痛的發(fā)生率要低于其它部位的手術(shù)[44]。目前已有髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的急性疼痛向慢性疼痛發(fā)展的報(bào)道 (注:非上述神經(jīng)病變性疼痛 )[45]。這種術(shù)后急性疼痛向慢性疼痛的轉(zhuǎn)變也在心胸外科、乳腺外科、腹股溝外科等外科中有出現(xiàn)[46-50]。至于膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后是否也存在著由術(shù)后的急性疼痛向慢性疼痛的轉(zhuǎn)變尚無(wú)權(quán)威報(bào)道,盡管有研究表明這種轉(zhuǎn)變的存在。目前關(guān)于這種轉(zhuǎn)變的具體復(fù)雜的轉(zhuǎn)變機(jī)制及詳細(xì)發(fā)生機(jī)制還知之甚少[51]。無(wú)論如何,術(shù)中盡量減少對(duì)組織的損傷和盡量完美的恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)細(xì)節(jié)是必須的。令人遺憾的是,據(jù)估計(jì)至少有 4.6% 的全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者存在旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺(tái)安放上的失誤[52]。

5. 術(shù)后因素:盡管人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)手術(shù)從首次使用至今已獲得了巨大的成功,盡管我們已經(jīng)培養(yǎng)出了一大批手術(shù)技術(shù)熟練的關(guān)節(jié)外科醫(yī)師隊(duì)伍,但不可否認(rèn)的是,仍然有 12.7% 的膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)至少持續(xù) 6 個(gè)月的慢性疼痛[53]。關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的這種慢性疼痛具有神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的一些典型特征,如:異常性疼痛,痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏,水腫,皮膚肢體的顏色變化等。這種神經(jīng)病理性疼痛通常出現(xiàn)在外科手術(shù)以后,由術(shù)中的組織創(chuàng)傷所導(dǎo)致。而關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后發(fā)生的這種神經(jīng)病理性疼痛也被稱(chēng)作復(fù)雜區(qū)域疼痛綜合征 (complex regional painsyndrome,CRPS )[54]。關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的這類(lèi)急、慢性疼痛在神經(jīng)研究領(lǐng)域分為兩部分,即:CRPS-I,CRPS-II,慢性的疼痛屬于 CRPSII,即中樞“敏化”[55-56]?!懊艋苯⒑?,脊髓中樞的后角傷害性刺激傳入細(xì)胞的將會(huì)對(duì)原先低閾值的刺激敏感以及而對(duì)原先低強(qiáng)度的機(jī)械刺激感受纖維 (A-β ) 作出敏感反應(yīng)。這種疼痛敏感化機(jī)制的感受靈敏度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出周邊損傷部位,稱(chēng)為“繼發(fā)性痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏”[57-58]。如果疼痛性刺激繼續(xù)不斷的傳入中樞,中央敏化及繼發(fā)性痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏持續(xù)一段時(shí)間因此建立一種慢性疼痛狀態(tài),完成“刻錄”。當(dāng)然,這只是一種假說(shuō)[59]。其他相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究早已證明通過(guò) fMRI 技術(shù)可以確切探知到大腦慢性疼痛功能區(qū)域的存在,并且這個(gè)區(qū)域的動(dòng)態(tài)變化是可測(cè)知的[60]。在借助相關(guān)領(lǐng)域成果的幫助下,也許慢性疼痛 (包括髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的慢性疼痛 ) 的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制就不再僅僅停留在假說(shuō)層面了。普瑞巴林是一種能影響大腦內(nèi)疼痛化學(xué)信息傳導(dǎo)的藥物,已被證明對(duì)預(yù)防外科術(shù)后慢性疼痛有幫助[53]。研究證明,膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)前給予普瑞巴林,術(shù)后患者的阿片類(lèi)口服止痛藥物的使用量將會(huì)下降,并且能獲得更大范圍的膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)[61]。如果術(shù)前同時(shí)給予普瑞巴林和硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛,那術(shù)后嗎啡類(lèi)止痛藥物的使用將會(huì)更少就很正常了。在其它鎮(zhèn)痛措施達(dá)到使用時(shí)限以后應(yīng)及時(shí)的給予口服止痛措施,不在止痛措施之間留有止痛間隙。研究證明,在功能康復(fù)和降低術(shù)后慢性疼痛發(fā)生率方面,局部浸潤(rùn)阻滯性鎮(zhèn)痛的效果要優(yōu)于硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛。以上述理論為基礎(chǔ),術(shù)后及時(shí)的、足夠的、恰當(dāng)?shù)逆?zhèn)痛就成為解決可能出現(xiàn)的慢性疼痛的關(guān)鍵。

6. 基因和遺傳因素:最新的研究結(jié)果顯示骨關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病的基因機(jī)制,同時(shí)也確切指出了骨關(guān)節(jié)炎疼痛的相關(guān)基因[62]。根據(jù)相關(guān)研究,目前已確認(rèn)與骨關(guān)節(jié)炎疼痛相關(guān)的基因有:LIF,IL8,CXCL2,CCL2,MMP13,PDE4B,IGF1,TNC,POSTN,RGS1,AQP1,F(xiàn)KBP5 等。而眾所周知,骨關(guān)節(jié)炎是髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換的主要適應(yīng)證之一。那么,髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后此類(lèi)疼痛相關(guān)基因表達(dá)變化情況也許與髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的慢性疼痛相關(guān)。似乎也為后續(xù)的研究提供了一個(gè)小的分支方向。

五、總結(jié)與展望

綜上所述,髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛是一個(gè)公認(rèn)的,普遍存在的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。開(kāi)展髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)的科室及醫(yī)師,對(duì)此必須具有足夠的清晰認(rèn)識(shí)。術(shù)前應(yīng)將此項(xiàng)并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)的可能性及應(yīng)對(duì)方案向患者及家屬進(jìn)行充分的醫(yī)學(xué)教育,以獲得患者及家屬的理解和認(rèn)可。導(dǎo)致慢性疼痛并發(fā)癥的原因較多而且復(fù)雜,涉及多種機(jī)制及多個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)分支學(xué)科,臨床醫(yī)師在處理髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛時(shí)也應(yīng)該有多學(xué)科的思維,這些學(xué)科內(nèi)容可以包括骨科、神經(jīng)內(nèi)科、疼痛科等。在罕見(jiàn)情況下,甚至精神科醫(yī)師的介入也是必要的。也許處理髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換的最難之處而在于從眾多可能的因素中確認(rèn)病因,畢竟病因治療才是最佳治療。目前還沒(méi)有關(guān)于髖膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛處理的權(quán)威指南,所以對(duì)于該問(wèn)題的處理就主要依賴(lài)于關(guān)節(jié)外科醫(yī)生對(duì)于問(wèn)題的清晰認(rèn)識(shí)和準(zhǔn)確判斷。

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2012 年國(guó)內(nèi)開(kāi)展的人工關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)約在100 000~110 000 例,其中絕大部分為髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)。以此推算,每年應(yīng)有 5000~10 000 例患者發(fā)生術(shù)后的慢性疼痛,如果加上既往年份累積的患者,這個(gè)數(shù)字應(yīng)該更多。所以,在骨關(guān)節(jié)外科的研究領(lǐng)域中,髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛的原因、機(jī)制的探討,髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后慢性疼痛應(yīng)對(duì)方案的制訂等方向應(yīng)有許多工作值得去做。這些工作的扎實(shí)開(kāi)展也是我們每一個(gè)骨關(guān)節(jié)科醫(yī)師義不容辭的責(zé)任。

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(本文編輯:李貴存 )

Etiology of the chronic pain after artifcial hip and knee replacement

XU Yuan-kun, KE Yan, LIN Jian-hao. Bone and Joint Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044, PRC

Chronic pain after hip and knee replacement is common but easily overlooked. The etiology and mechanism of chronic pain are more complex than that of other complications after hip and knee replacement. In this article, the defnition, epidemiology, reason analysis, conclusion and prospect of chronic pain after hip and knee replacement are reviewed and investigated. Based on the summary and analysis of the present data, a comprehensive and clear understanding of chronic pain after hip and knee replacement is expected, and the development of treatment plans is assisted.

Arthroplasty, replacement, knee; Arthroplasty, replacement, hip; Chronic pain; Pain, postoperative; Pain

10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.06.010

R687.4

100044 北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院骨關(guān)節(jié)中心

2014-02-20 )

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