杜云霞,王曉虹,王蘇平
·綜 述·
中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)藥物促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞定向分化為神經(jīng)元的研究進(jìn)展
杜云霞,王曉虹,王蘇平
干細(xì)胞是一類具有自我更新和分化潛能的細(xì)胞。目前,通過干細(xì)胞移植并使其在體內(nèi)定向分化為神經(jīng)元來治療中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病已經(jīng)受到廣泛關(guān)注。干細(xì)胞分化機(jī)制和促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞定向分化藥物的研究成為干細(xì)胞移植研究的熱點,國內(nèi)外有關(guān)這方面的研究及藥物研發(fā)已經(jīng)取得了重大進(jìn)展。本文將對干細(xì)胞的來源、分類及生物學(xué)特性作出總結(jié),并概述干細(xì)胞定向分化為神經(jīng)元的誘導(dǎo)方法及中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)藥物對其定向分化的促進(jìn)作用。
干細(xì)胞;定向分化;神經(jīng)元;藥物
干細(xì)胞是一類具有自我復(fù)制能力的多潛能細(xì)胞,在一定條件下它們可以分化為各種功能細(xì)胞或組織器官[1]。目前,干細(xì)胞移植已經(jīng)成為全世界研究的熱點,隨著研究的不斷深入,干細(xì)胞移植有望成為治療中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷性疾病的重要手段,而如何將干細(xì)胞定向分化為神經(jīng)元替代受損細(xì)胞是干細(xì)胞移植研究的關(guān)鍵所在。因此,誘導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞定向分化為神經(jīng)元的機(jī)制以及促進(jìn)誘導(dǎo)分化的藥物研究已成為干細(xì)胞移植研究的重點。近年來,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)藥物聯(lián)合干細(xì)胞移植治療中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病已經(jīng)受到全世界各國學(xué)者的關(guān)注,也取得了重大研究進(jìn)展?,F(xiàn)主要就干細(xì)胞定向分化為神經(jīng)元和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)藥物對其干預(yù)的研究現(xiàn)況作一綜述。
干細(xì)胞是一種具有無限自我復(fù)制能力和向多種細(xì)胞分化潛能的細(xì)胞,按其來源分為胚胎干細(xì)胞和成體干細(xì)胞,按分化潛能干細(xì)胞可分為全能干細(xì)胞、多能干細(xì)胞和單能干細(xì)胞。全能干細(xì)胞具有形成完整個體的分化潛能,如胚胎干細(xì)胞;多能干細(xì)胞具有分化為多種細(xì)胞組織的潛能,如骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞、造血干細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞、脂肪干細(xì)胞等;單能干細(xì)胞只能向一二種類型的細(xì)胞分化,如上皮組織基底層的干細(xì)胞、肌肉中的成肌細(xì)胞等。目前被廣泛用于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病治療研究的有骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(bonemarrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)、神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)和胚胎干細(xì)胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)等。
BMSCs在特定誘導(dǎo)條件下可以分化為中胚層的組織細(xì)胞,甚至可以跨胚層向外胚層及內(nèi)胚層來源的組織細(xì)胞分化。由于BMSCs取材容易,體外培養(yǎng)擴(kuò)增速度快,具有低免疫原性和免疫抑制的特性,并具有自我更新能力和可塑性,被認(rèn)為是理想的組織工程種子細(xì)胞[2-3]。NSCs首次由Chaudhuri和Bhattacharya[4]從成年小鼠紋狀體中分離出,之后人們相繼從哺乳動物胚胎期海馬、嗅球、腦室部、間腦、中腦、小腦、脊髓中分離得到NSCs。NSCs能分化為神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,且具有免疫原性低、能夠定向遷移等優(yōu)點,移植到神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后仍可增殖,目前被廣泛應(yīng)用于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病治療的研究。ESCs能被誘導(dǎo)分化為機(jī)體幾乎所有的細(xì)胞類型,無論在體外還是體內(nèi)環(huán)境,都具有極強(qiáng)的增殖能力和分化為生物體全部3個胚層組織細(xì)胞的潛能[5],且具有遺傳可操作性、低免疫原性等特點,可以應(yīng)用于臨床細(xì)胞、組織和器官的修復(fù)和移植治療。
2.1 信號通路在干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化中的作用
研究表明,干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化過程中涉及多條信號通路,包括Notch、Wnt、音猬因子(Hedgehog Homolog,Sonic,SHH)、核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信號通路等。Kobayashi和Kageyama等[6]采用轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Hes1表達(dá)含量高的胚胎干細(xì)胞向中胚層細(xì)胞分化敏感,Hes1表達(dá)含量低的胚胎干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化敏感,而Hes1表達(dá)含量高低與Notch信號通路的激活與失活密切相關(guān),說明抑制Notch信號可促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化。Azim等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)在Wnt信號通路中,主要是Wnt/β-catenin信號促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞分化,尤其是促進(jìn)其向神經(jīng)元分化。Wnt/β-catenin信號通路可以調(diào)節(jié)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化為有功能的神經(jīng)元,可用于神經(jīng)退行性疾病的治療[8]。SHH是神經(jīng)發(fā)育過程中調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元分化的重要信號分子[8],體外SHH誘導(dǎo)胚胎干細(xì)胞分化為神經(jīng)元已經(jīng)取得成功[9]。宋革等[10]在探討SHH誘導(dǎo)恒河猴骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞分化的分子機(jī)制中,發(fā)現(xiàn)絲裂原活化蛋白激酶系統(tǒng)參與SHH的誘導(dǎo)過程,p38被激活,而細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶被抑制。NF-κB信號在調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞增殖、分化過程中起重要作用[11]。在骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化的過程中,NF-κB核移位受抑制,證明抑制NF-κB信號傳導(dǎo),有利于骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化。
2.2 干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化的誘導(dǎo)方法
2.2.1 化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)法 目前,體外化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)實驗主要是在培養(yǎng)基中加入生長因子或抗氧化劑。2000年,Woodbury等[12]首次采用抗氧化劑β-巰基乙醇、二甲基亞砜在體外成功地誘導(dǎo)成年小鼠和人的BMSCs向神經(jīng)元分化,誘導(dǎo)后的細(xì)胞可表達(dá)神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(neurone specific enolase,NSE)、神經(jīng)巢蛋白(nestin)等神經(jīng)元特異性標(biāo)志物。研究表明不同種類、不同濃度的生長因子對干細(xì)胞分化的影響不同。佟雷等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子在質(zhì)量濃度為10μg/L時,可以促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化,而在質(zhì)量濃度為20μg/L,對神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的分裂增殖有明顯促進(jìn)作用。神經(jīng)生長因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)在質(zhì)量濃度為100μg/L時能有效促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化。神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞經(jīng)維甲酸處理后,能顯著提高向神經(jīng)元分化的比例,且在濃度為1.0μmol/L時其促進(jìn)定向分化的效果達(dá)到最高水平。Hatori等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)維甲酸和成纖維生長因子-2(fibroblast growth factor-2,F(xiàn)GF-2)能促進(jìn)獼猴胚胎干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化。Bauer等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),白血病抑制因子對神經(jīng)細(xì)胞具有保護(hù)作用,能誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化,促進(jìn)損傷后的軸突再生。
2.2.2 細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)法 研究表明,干細(xì)胞的分化與其所處的微環(huán)境密切相關(guān),目前細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)法誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元分化的研究已經(jīng)取得一定成果。體外將NSCs與BMSCs在Transwell小室共培養(yǎng)5 d后,通過免疫熒光染色檢測BMSCs中神經(jīng)元的特異性標(biāo)志物NSE為陽性,與對照組單純BMSCs培養(yǎng)結(jié)果相比差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),表明NSCs提供的微環(huán)境對BMSCs分化為神經(jīng)元具有誘導(dǎo)分化作用[16]。金玉玲等[17]將小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞與NSCs分別按10∶1、4∶1、1∶1、1∶4、1∶10比例共培養(yǎng)。發(fā)現(xiàn)在4∶1共培養(yǎng)組,膽堿乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶陽性細(xì)胞表達(dá)率達(dá)14.19%左右,與單純NSCs培養(yǎng)相比升高幅度顯著高于其他接種密度(P<0.05),證實了與一定比例小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)可明顯提高NSCs向膽堿能神經(jīng)元的分化。Shin等[18]在體外將人類胚胎干細(xì)胞與骨骼肌細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng),對人類ESCs進(jìn)行免疫熒光染色,在運動神經(jīng)元軸索末端可檢測到突觸小泡膜相關(guān)蛋白,表明源自人類ESCs的運動神經(jīng)元的軸索末端形成有功能的突觸前結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.2.3 導(dǎo)入外源基因 已經(jīng)有大量研究證實,導(dǎo)入外源基因可以調(diào)控干細(xì)胞分化,誘導(dǎo)其分化為特定的細(xì)胞類型。曲德偉等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)NT-3基因轉(zhuǎn)染可促進(jìn)BMSCs的增殖,并誘導(dǎo)其向神經(jīng)元方向分化。賀峰等[20]應(yīng)用脂質(zhì)體法將外源性TrkA基因?qū)肷窠?jīng)
干細(xì)胞中,選用質(zhì)量濃度為100 ng/mL的特異性配體NGF孵育細(xì)胞。結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)染組有約26%的神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞被誘導(dǎo)分化為膽堿能神經(jīng)元,而非轉(zhuǎn)染組僅有9%,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說明TrkA基因修飾可促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向膽堿能神經(jīng)元分化。Wnt信號在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育過程中起重要的作用,控制著細(xì)胞的增殖與分化。將重組Wnt3a腺病毒轉(zhuǎn)入神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞中,可定向誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向多巴胺能神經(jīng)元分化,用Wnt7a腺病毒表達(dá)載體轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs,發(fā)現(xiàn)其對BMSCs增殖及向神經(jīng)元方向分化均有促進(jìn)作用。Setoguchi等[21]應(yīng)用Noggin基因轉(zhuǎn)染神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞移植治療脊髓損傷,結(jié)果表明Noggin基因轉(zhuǎn)染能夠促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元方向分化,對脊髓損傷的治療提供了新的方向。
2.2.4 誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞 2006年,Takahashi和Yamanaka[22]利用病毒載體將4個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Oct4、Sox2、KLF4和c-Myc)的組合轉(zhuǎn)入分化的體細(xì)胞中,將其重編程、逆轉(zhuǎn)其發(fā)育潛能而得到的類似于ESCs的一種多能性干細(xì)胞,稱之為誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)。iPSCs通過懸浮培養(yǎng)形成擬胚體,然后進(jìn)一步分化為玫瑰花環(huán)樣結(jié)構(gòu),機(jī)械性分離并擴(kuò)增形成NSCs的聚集體,在加入特定的培養(yǎng)基后即可分化為神經(jīng)元。Falk等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人iPSCs源性神經(jīng)上皮干細(xì)胞可以穩(wěn)定地向功能性神經(jīng)元分化,且在加入FGF-2和表皮生長因子后能持續(xù)擴(kuò)增。Jensen等[24]通過在培養(yǎng)基中添加胰島素樣生長因子-1、腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子、環(huán)腺苷酸等因子后成功地將人iPSCs轉(zhuǎn)化為早期階段的NSCs,并移植入腦缺血大鼠模型中,發(fā)現(xiàn)其可以在大鼠缺血損傷的腦組織中存活,且能分化為神經(jīng)元。
3.1 法舒地爾 鹽酸法舒地爾是一種新型的Rho激酶抑制劑,1995年6月在日本上市進(jìn)入臨床,靜脈注射主要用于防治慢性缺血性腦血管痙攣。它具有舒張平滑肌、擴(kuò)張血管、增加缺血區(qū)的腦灌注量、抑制粒細(xì)胞及單核細(xì)胞在內(nèi)皮上的集聚及減少炎癥反應(yīng)引起的腦組織損傷、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡等作用。近年來,有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)法舒地爾對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)再生有促進(jìn)作用。趙二義等[25]通過小干擾RNA轉(zhuǎn)染技術(shù)檢測舒地爾對BMSCs定向分化為神經(jīng)元的影響及其機(jī)制,通過熒光顯微鏡檢測轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs的熒光表達(dá),逆轉(zhuǎn)錄-聚合酶鏈檢測Notch1 mRNA、Hes1 mRNA和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶-1 mRNA在 BMSCs中的表達(dá),免疫組化檢測Notch1蛋白、神經(jīng)巢蛋白、神經(jīng)絲蛋白的表達(dá)。實驗結(jié)果顯示,法舒地爾可以誘導(dǎo)BMSCs定向分化為神經(jīng)元,且在轉(zhuǎn)染組有更高效率,與非轉(zhuǎn)染組相比轉(zhuǎn)染組的BMSCs中Notch1mRNA和Hes1mRNA表達(dá)明顯減少,故推測法舒地爾可以通過抑制Notch信號誘導(dǎo)BMSCs定向分化為神經(jīng)元。Ding等[26]將法舒地爾應(yīng)用于小鼠缺血再灌注損傷模型,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)法舒地爾可以促進(jìn)小鼠內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向缺血再灌注區(qū)調(diào)動,并且能促進(jìn)內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化。趙二義等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),法舒地爾可以誘導(dǎo)BMSCs向神經(jīng)元分化,且推測可能與其抑制NF-κB信號通路有關(guān)。
3.2 神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂 神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂是從神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞中分離出的鞘糖脂,由Klenk等[27]首先發(fā)現(xiàn)在患Tay-Sachs病的小兒腦中有蓄積,在腦灰白質(zhì)中含量很多,所以對這類糖脂命名為神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂。有研究表明,神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂對神經(jīng)細(xì)胞修復(fù)有重大促進(jìn)作用。Lim等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂具有促進(jìn)神經(jīng)損傷后再生,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)分化、軸突生成,增強(qiáng)內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子活性等重要生理功能。李紅星等[29]采用神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞移植聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂治療腦損傷大鼠,造模4周后處死大鼠行免疫組化、蘇木素和伊紅染色組織學(xué)觀察。免疫組化結(jié)果顯示,神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂組大鼠損傷灶腦組織中的BrdU陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)高于損傷組和神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞移植組,神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂組蘇木素和伊紅染色出現(xiàn)典型的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞樣形態(tài)學(xué)改變且軟化灶消失。張婷勇[30]將Wistar大鼠應(yīng)用線栓法建立大腦中動脈阻塞模型后隨機(jī)分為梗死組、骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞移植組、細(xì)胞移植聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂組。2周后,細(xì)胞移植聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂組BrdU免疫組化、蘇木素和伊紅染色切片中的神經(jīng)元數(shù)量多于細(xì)胞移植組,細(xì)胞移植組多于梗死組(P<0.05),提示神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂可以促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化。
3.3 依達(dá)拉奉 依達(dá)拉奉為新型的氧自由基清除劑,不僅可以清除自由基抑制氧化反應(yīng),還可避免血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損害,改善神經(jīng)功能,臨床上多用于缺血性腦梗死和脊髓損傷的治療。Zeng等[31]通過實驗研究依達(dá)拉奉體外定向誘導(dǎo)大鼠骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,并探討依達(dá)拉奉誘導(dǎo)大鼠BMSCs分化為神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的電生理特性。該實驗從膜通道蛋白水平和細(xì)胞電生理功能上證實了依達(dá)拉奉誘導(dǎo)大鼠BMSCs分化的細(xì)胞具有神經(jīng)細(xì)胞電生理特性。Kim等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞移植聯(lián)合依達(dá)拉奉治療大鼠腦梗死,可使移植的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在損傷部位更好地存活、增殖分化與遷移,并可有效減輕腦水腫,提高細(xì)胞移植治療的有效率。Itoh等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)依達(dá)拉奉可以促進(jìn)內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向大鼠腦缺血損傷處遷移,并分化為神經(jīng)元。
3.4 氟西汀 抗抑郁藥物氟西汀是一種選擇性5-羥色胺再吸收抑制劑,其抗抑郁作用的起效與其逆轉(zhuǎn)神經(jīng)再生有關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),氟西汀能上調(diào)磷酸化的細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶1/2表達(dá)水平,激活的細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶1/2可以協(xié)調(diào)神經(jīng)元的重塑、分化及生存[34]。Chang等[35]通過實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)氟西汀對神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的分化和增殖有促進(jìn)作用,使Tuj1和神經(jīng)元特異性核蛋白陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)目增多,而不增加膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)目,說明氟西汀能促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化而不向神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化。Malberg等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn),氟西汀可以促進(jìn)成年雄鼠海馬顆粒下層神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞增殖并向神經(jīng)元分化。Zusso等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),氟西汀能誘導(dǎo)離體小腦的神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化。
3.5 中藥 近年來,已經(jīng)有大量研究表明,在一定的誘導(dǎo)條件下,運用單味中藥或中藥有效成分可以促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)移植或體外培養(yǎng)后分化為神經(jīng)元。張建平等[38]用人參皂苷Rg1誘導(dǎo)新生大鼠海馬神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化,并通過圖像掃描分析,結(jié)果顯示15 mg/kg人參皂苷Rg1干預(yù)組海馬神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元分化比例最高。魏會平等[39]通過實驗探討大鼠BMSCs經(jīng)川芎嗪誘導(dǎo)為神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞后對大鼠腦損傷模型修復(fù)的影響,結(jié)果顯示經(jīng)川芎嗪誘導(dǎo)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞24 h后可見較多神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞,部分細(xì)胞間可見網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀連接,且Nestin和NSE表達(dá)陽性。李珊等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)銀杏葉提取物可以促進(jìn)人脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞增殖,并向神經(jīng)細(xì)胞分化。除此之外,還有許多其他關(guān)于中藥誘導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞分化的研究,如黃芪誘導(dǎo)大鼠骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞分化[41]、丹參誘導(dǎo)大鼠骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞分化[42]、清腦靈誘導(dǎo)大鼠骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化成神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞等[43]。
3.6 其他 除上訴藥物之外,還有其他中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)藥物對誘導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞分化為神經(jīng)元具有促進(jìn)作用。如Ling等[44]發(fā)現(xiàn)尤瑞克林可以抑制神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡,促進(jìn)腦缺血后神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞增殖、遷移,并分化為成熟神經(jīng)元,從而起到神經(jīng)修復(fù)作用??乖昕袼幝然囋诘蜐舛龋?、3 mmol/L)時能促進(jìn)NSCs分化為神經(jīng)元,其促進(jìn)分化作用主要通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶-cAMP反應(yīng)單元結(jié)合蛋白途徑及Wnt信號通路來實現(xiàn)[45-46]。丙戊酸作為添加劑誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞向γ-氨基丁酸能神經(jīng)元分化。褪黑素具有神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)作用,在臨床上主要用于改善失眠。Kong等[47]發(fā)現(xiàn)褪黑素能增加NSCs培養(yǎng)基中腦源性神經(jīng)生長因子、膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞源性神經(jīng)生長因子等神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子的含量,促進(jìn)NSCs分化為神經(jīng)元。還原性谷胱甘肽對帕金森病有輔助性治療作用,且能誘導(dǎo)BMSCs分化形成神經(jīng)元,如對其能否誘導(dǎo)人BMSCs分化為多巴胺能神經(jīng)元進(jìn)行深入研究,將為帕金森病的治療開辟一條新的道路。
近年來,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)藥物聯(lián)合干細(xì)胞移植治療各種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病受到了越來越多的關(guān)注,雖然在誘導(dǎo)分化方法方面已經(jīng)取得了很大進(jìn)展,但也存在著多方面的問題:①體外干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元誘導(dǎo)分化的分子模式和相關(guān)基因的調(diào)控機(jī)制還不清楚,移植產(chǎn)生療效的確切機(jī)制也不清楚。②干細(xì)胞移植的安全性、移植治療的時機(jī)和劑量以及移植后干細(xì)胞能否在體內(nèi)長期生存并無限增殖、分化,還需進(jìn)一步研究。③定向誘導(dǎo)分化的神經(jīng)元在體內(nèi)是否能夠存活并發(fā)揮正常神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的生理功能,尚有待進(jìn)一步證實。盡管如此,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)藥物聯(lián)合干細(xì)胞移植治療中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷性疾病是一種極有前景的治療策略。隨著對干細(xì)胞分化、移植及藥物干預(yù)等的深入研究,干細(xì)胞移植一定會為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的治療帶來更為廣闊的前景。
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Research progress of central nervous system drugs on facilitating directional differentiation of stem cells into neurons
DU Yunxia,WANG Xiaohong,WANG Suping
(The First Department of Neurology,Dalian Central Hospital,Dalian Liaoning 116033,China)
Stem cells are a kind of cellswhich have the potential of self-renewal and differentiation.At present,it has received extensive attention that through stem cell transplantation and making it directionally differentiated into neurons to offer therapy for central nervous system disease. The research on the differentiation mechanism and the drugs promoting stem cell directional differentiation has become a hot topic of stem cells transplantation research,the research and development of this has received significant progress at home and abroad.The present paper concluded the source,classification and biological characteristics of stem cells,and summarized the approach to inducing directional differentiation of stem cells and the effect of central nervous system drugs on the directional differentiation of stem cells into neurons.
Stem cells;Directional differentiation;Neuron;Drugs
R971;Q254
A
2095-3097(2014)03-0174-06
10.3969/j.issn.2095-3097.2014.03.013
2014-03-14 本文編輯:徐海琴)
116033遼寧大連,大連市中心醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)一科(杜云霞,王曉虹,王蘇平)