王 顏 樊利芳
Musashi-1作為Musashi家族的一員,除在哺乳動(dòng)物的胚胎和成體神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞中強(qiáng)表達(dá)外,于胃黏膜、腸、乳腺、表皮及毛囊中的上皮祖細(xì)胞亦有表達(dá),其功能與神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞和上皮祖細(xì)胞維持干細(xì)胞特性及不對稱分裂有關(guān),其機(jī)能降低可破壞生殖系干細(xì)胞自我更新與分化的平衡,導(dǎo)致生殖系干細(xì)胞分化不成熟[1-3]。Musashi-1通過調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄后的翻譯過程來保持干細(xì)胞處于未分化的狀態(tài),并參與到腫瘤形成發(fā)展[2]。
第1個(gè)Musashi家族成員即Musashi-1,由362個(gè)氨基酸組成,基因定位于染色體12q24.1~31,蛋白分子量為39 kD,首先在果蠅中得到鑒定,并且研究發(fā)現(xiàn)通過建立果蠅Musashi-1基因敲除模型,Musashi-1參與調(diào)節(jié)靶分子mRNA翻譯,在調(diào)節(jié)外胚層感覺器官前體細(xì)胞(sensory organ precursor cells,SOPs)的不對稱性分裂中起著重要作用。而果蠅的神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞/前體細(xì)胞的不對稱分裂是其是否分化成熟的標(biāo)志,Musashi突變的果蠅SOPs未能進(jìn)行不對稱性分裂,即發(fā)育成熟障礙[1,4-5]。
1.2.1 維持干細(xì)胞功能 Musashi-1在神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞中有維持干細(xì)胞功能的作用,并在口腔、胃腸道、皮膚、毛囊等組織器官的成體干細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá)。一般認(rèn)為這種作用與Notch信號通路的激活以及Cyclin依賴的激酶抑制劑P21WAF-1有關(guān),這兩者的功能與Musashi-1在細(xì)胞周期和調(diào)節(jié)分化中的作用一致[6]。Musashi-1下調(diào)可以導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞有絲分裂和凋亡的增加[7]。
1.2.2 參與信號通路 Musashi-1通過調(diào)節(jié)Notch、Wnt/β-catenin信號通路[8],與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。在果蠅中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育過程中,其體內(nèi)的細(xì)胞命運(yùn)決定子(Numb)與Notch受體的胞內(nèi)域(NICD)結(jié)合,誘導(dǎo)Notch蛋白從表面轉(zhuǎn)位到核內(nèi)體,然后降解,從而抑制Notch信號通路。Musashi-1通過抑制Numb的轉(zhuǎn)錄,以及誘導(dǎo)Notch通路下游靶基因HES(hairy and enhancer of spilt)-1啟動(dòng)子的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活,從而產(chǎn)生對Notch信號通路的正調(diào)節(jié)作用[4,9],有利于神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的自我更新,Musashi-1還可能通過這條信號通路維持除神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞之外的其他干細(xì)胞的特性。
在乳腺上皮細(xì)胞中,Musashi-1通過提高生長因子PLFl水平以及對Wnt通路抑制因子DKK3進(jìn)行抑制[8,10],從而調(diào)節(jié)Wnt及Notch信號通路,參與體內(nèi)腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。
近年關(guān)于腫瘤發(fā)生機(jī)制中腫瘤干細(xì)胞學(xué)說備受矚目。Musashi-1作為干細(xì)胞候選基因,在腫瘤干細(xì)胞研究中已成為不可或缺的研究對象。
檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),在人神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤中神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物Musashi-1高表達(dá),并與腫瘤惡性程度(WHO分級)和增殖活性呈正相關(guān)[11],但是Musashi-1并不與腫瘤增殖抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)或Ki-67共表達(dá),卻可與其他干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物如CD133、Nestin共表達(dá)[12]。神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤患者的手術(shù)切除組織,在經(jīng)無血清培養(yǎng)、體外擴(kuò)增形成的神經(jīng)球中,檢測到Musashi-1及其他神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物Nestin、Sox2等基因高表達(dá),神經(jīng)球中的細(xì)胞在裸鼠體內(nèi)還可生長為高級別浸潤型移植瘤,并且組織學(xué)特性與親代腫瘤極為相似[13]。
2.2.1 口腔鱗癌 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在口腔正常黏膜-不典型增生-癌變過程中Musashi-1表達(dá)水平逐漸升高,且與CD133共同表達(dá),其表達(dá)量隨著惡變進(jìn)展遞增,而且與腫瘤的組織類型和分期有顯著相關(guān)性,為利用CD133和Musashi-1作為分子靶點(diǎn)治療帶來了新啟示[14]。
2.2.2 食管癌 已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),正常食管黏膜中Musashi-1不表達(dá)或極低表達(dá),Barret's食管低表達(dá),而在腺癌中高表達(dá)。腺癌組Musashi-1 mRNA高于Barret's食管組或正常黏膜,而Barret's食管組高于正常食管黏膜[15-16]。另一項(xiàng)食管鱗癌的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Musashi-1陰性的患者化療有效,而Musashi-1強(qiáng)陽性患者化療后復(fù)發(fā),預(yù)后差。建議可將Musashi-1作為食管癌化療組織反應(yīng)和預(yù)后判斷的候選指標(biāo)[17]。
2.2.3 胃癌 Wang等[18]報(bào)道,胃癌前病變(腸上皮化生和不典型增生)及腺癌Musashi-1表達(dá)均升高。在腸上皮化生胃組織和腸型胃癌中表達(dá)率分別為85%和81%,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)Musashi-1表達(dá)與TNM分期有關(guān),晚期胃癌Musashi-1表達(dá)水平較高。但是Musashi-1表達(dá)強(qiáng)度與腫瘤的分化程度、浸潤深度以及胃癌患者對化療反應(yīng)及其預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,與食管鱗癌報(bào)道[15-17]結(jié)果相反。Akasaka等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)Musashi-1在不完全型與完全型腸上皮化生表達(dá)率分別為48.4%和22.6%。此外,從胃癌細(xì)胞株AGS和MKN45分選的 SP(side population)細(xì)胞中也發(fā)現(xiàn)Musashi-1和CD133表達(dá)水平高于非SP細(xì)胞[20]。以上研究結(jié)果提示,Musashi-1表達(dá)是胃癌發(fā)生過程中的早期事件,可作為胃癌腫瘤干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物。
2.2.4 膽囊癌 Liu等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)膽囊腺癌組織中Musashi-1陽性率明顯高于癌旁組織,與干細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因ALDH1表達(dá)水平具有明顯一致性,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)Musashi-1高度表達(dá)的膽囊癌惡性程度及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率更高。這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果提示,Musashi-1可能在膽囊癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起著重要作用,可成為誘導(dǎo)膽囊癌分化成熟的理想靶點(diǎn)。
2.2.5 小腸及結(jié)直腸癌 本課題組前期對38例小腸腺癌的組織標(biāo)本進(jìn)行了免疫組織化學(xué)檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)Musashi-1的陽性率為71%(27/38),并且表達(dá)率明顯高于正常組,這項(xiàng)研究仍在進(jìn)行中,目前結(jié)果可以推測Musashi-1可能參與了小腸腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。另外,已有研究證明Musashi-1過表達(dá)通過Wnt及Notch通路與結(jié)直腸癌密切相關(guān),并可能干預(yù)腫瘤的浸潤深度和預(yù)后[22]。本課題組前期研究使用免疫組織化學(xué)方法檢測Musashi-1在結(jié)直腸腺瘤和腺癌組織芯片中表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示其表達(dá)率分別為50%(4/8)和67%(46/69)[23]。而Musashi-1 mRNA在結(jié)腸癌組織中表達(dá)率僅為 27%(21/77)[24]。在結(jié)直腸癌組織中Musashi-1可能通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖、抑制細(xì)胞分裂參與腫瘤的發(fā)生。采用siRNA方法敲除HCT116結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞Musashi-1基因,導(dǎo)致裸鼠移植瘤生長停滯,HCT116細(xì)胞增殖減緩,放射誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡增加,Notch-1下調(diào)及P21WAF-1上調(diào)[7]。
Wang等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)Musashi-1基因在乳腺癌組織中高表達(dá),能促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖,并且與乳腺癌的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及5年生存率相關(guān)。另有研究表明Musashi-1表達(dá)可通過基因啟動(dòng)子CpG位點(diǎn)甲基化調(diào)節(jié),將乳腺癌細(xì)胞株去甲基化后,Musashi-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平升高。乳腺癌組織標(biāo)本中免疫組織化學(xué)方法亦證實(shí)低甲基化Musashi-1強(qiáng)表達(dá),而高甲基化Musashi-1陰性或弱表達(dá)。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Musashi-1基因誘導(dǎo)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移以及導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥,影響腫瘤預(yù)后[25]。以上研究結(jié)果提示Musashi-1是乳腺癌癌變過程中的重要基因,并且可能因?yàn)榧谆Щ疃l(fā)生表達(dá)異常增高。
綜上所述,RNA結(jié)合蛋白Musashi-1作為一個(gè)干細(xì)胞候選基因,在干細(xì)胞相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生機(jī)制中起重要作用。干細(xì)胞候選基因在一些腫瘤細(xì)胞共表達(dá),使用這些標(biāo)志物分選的腫瘤細(xì)胞亦具有干細(xì)胞特性,由此推測,Musashi-1可能還是一個(gè)腫瘤干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物。鑒于Musashi-1在干細(xì)胞和腫瘤干細(xì)胞中的重要作用,相信在不久的將來,Musashi-1會被用于干細(xì)胞相關(guān)疾病尤其是腫瘤的診斷、靶向治療或預(yù)后判斷。
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