建筑設(shè)計(jì)：李曉東工作室

Architects: Li Xiaodong Atelier

玉湖完小，麗江，云南，中國

The Yuhu Elementary School,Lijiang,Yunnan,China,2004

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：李曉東工作室

Architects: Li Xiaodong Atelier

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: 李曉東/LI Xiaodong

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: Yeo Kangshua,Cheong Kenhua,Lim Guanxiong

建筑面積/Floor Area: 800m2

攝影/Photos: 李曉東/LI Xiaodong

1 草圖/Sketch

1 背景

玉湖村，一個(gè)位于世界文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)基地麗江的納西小村落，因玉湖而得名。玉湖是一個(gè)由玉龍雪山的冰川融化下來的水所形成的小湖泊。小村坐落在玉龍雪山腳下，寧靜而幽美，海拔2760m，氣候宜人，冬暖夏涼。美麗的雪山，晶瑩的雪峰，為村落提供了一個(gè)壯觀的背景。

玉湖小學(xué)，是一所位于中國云南西北的鄉(xiāng)村小學(xué)，始建于2001年。2002年，當(dāng)時(shí)任教于新加坡大學(xué)的李曉東與其學(xué)生來到玉湖村作研究時(shí)，小學(xué)就已經(jīng)不能適應(yīng)當(dāng)下的教學(xué)要求，急需擴(kuò)建，但當(dāng)?shù)氐慕逃?jīng)費(fèi)非常短缺。由于建筑師一直以來對(duì)于當(dāng)代建筑如何與地域文化結(jié)合的議題相當(dāng)關(guān)注，也致力于社會(huì)與公益事務(wù)，最后決定排除困難為其蓋一所希望小學(xué)。除不收取設(shè)計(jì)費(fèi)用外，還自掏8萬元，并多方募款。最后的項(xiàng)目基金主要來源于新加坡和中國的捐贈(zèng)者，以及當(dāng)?shù)卣膿芸?。擴(kuò)建基地也是由當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窬栀?zèng)，位于原有的玉湖小學(xué)北面，毗鄰著名的美籍奧地利植物學(xué)家和國家地理雜志記者約瑟夫·查里斯·洛克（1922-1962）的故居。

2 設(shè)計(jì)想法

2.1 關(guān)于挑戰(zhàn)與課題

基地位于世界文化遺產(chǎn)所在地，且毗鄰被保護(hù)的歷史建筑物?；氐奶厥庑约爱?dāng)?shù)仵r明的文化雖然給予了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目養(yǎng)份，但同時(shí)也成為最大的挑戰(zhàn)。設(shè)計(jì)上不但需要對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境、歷史與文化作出適當(dāng)?shù)捻憫?yīng)與連系，且需滿足學(xué)校在使用功能上的需求，同時(shí)還需要解決經(jīng)費(fèi)短缺、地方資源與技術(shù)不足的窘境。因此，如何整合所有有限的資源，達(dá)到對(duì)其最大及有效地使用，設(shè)計(jì)上需考慮所有的方面，不管是空間、關(guān)系、形式或材料，找到一個(gè)既具現(xiàn)代語言、又能與傳統(tǒng)文化銜接、且保有當(dāng)?shù)剜l(xiāng)土感受的答案，也就是一個(gè)符合當(dāng)?shù)貤l件的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的建筑，是玉湖完小這個(gè)項(xiàng)目最大的課題。

2.2 關(guān)于目的與理念

基于建筑師對(duì)基地特殊背景的使命感，本項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)目的是結(jié)合教學(xué)、科研、設(shè)計(jì)與建造實(shí)踐，從文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、自然資源及環(huán)境角度出發(fā)。為世界文化遺產(chǎn)所在地提供一個(gè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的范例。

設(shè)計(jì)理念的產(chǎn)生則是建立在對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)、建造技術(shù)、建筑材料以及資源的研究基礎(chǔ)之上。因此，該項(xiàng)目將研究和設(shè)計(jì)融為一體，試圖通過對(duì)環(huán)境、社會(huì)和建筑保護(hù)的深入理解，來達(dá)到對(duì)麗江鄉(xiāng)土建筑的新的詮釋。

2.3 關(guān)于布局

根據(jù)外圍情況，玉湖完小在整體建筑布局上由3部分組成：一個(gè)向整個(gè)村落開放的帶展覽空間的小區(qū)中心，加上兩翼的兩層高教室。建筑吸收并打破傳統(tǒng)的納西四合院建筑的布局，創(chuàng)造性地以一端的一棵古老的楓樹為中心，采用“z”形布局，并將院落一分為二。其一為學(xué)校內(nèi)院，被兩個(gè)教室單體和農(nóng)田所界定；另一個(gè)公共院落則由其中的一個(gè)教室單體、小區(qū)中心和洛克故居的外墻共同圍合而成。在此借助協(xié)調(diào)的語匯與之間關(guān)系的建立，洛克故居被巧妙地納入到空間里面，它的外墻成為院落背景的一部分。另外，“水面”被運(yùn)用在入口的小區(qū)中心周邊，除能調(diào)節(jié)空間濕度外，也能產(chǎn)生倒影融入周邊環(huán)境之中，并呼應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)處的玉龍雪山。

通過空間的布局，其實(shí)也傳達(dá)了一個(gè)想法：村里沒有公共建筑，學(xué)校就是一個(gè)公共空間，所以，除了常規(guī)的上課功能之外，也應(yīng)該能提供村里人休閑使用的空間，所以才會(huì)將一個(gè)入口院落作為小區(qū)中心。因?yàn)閷?duì)話不會(huì)是只有在形式上的，有了之間的交流與活動(dòng)，才更能融入村里的生活。

2.4 關(guān)于建筑

設(shè)計(jì)的意圖是將新增建筑與原有環(huán)境相融合，試圖以一種現(xiàn)代語匯來詮釋當(dāng)?shù)剜l(xiāng)土建筑，而不是簡(jiǎn)單的模仿。因此，所有的傳統(tǒng)審美處理手法還有裝飾都被簡(jiǎn)約化：彎曲的屋頂曲線被拉直，山墻的裝飾也被簡(jiǎn)化成木制格柵，其靈感來源于傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)家晾谷架。鄉(xiāng)土建筑的精華被提煉，并以形式和空間的方式表達(dá)出來。這里，建筑師保留了坡屋頂?shù)幕驹兀?，灰色瓦磚的運(yùn)用，以及將內(nèi)部空間以傳統(tǒng)的正開間劃分等等。

基于以山為骨、以水為魄的納西文化，設(shè)計(jì)上有意識(shí)地將當(dāng)?shù)夭牧虾驮刈畲蟪潭鹊剡\(yùn)用到了設(shè)計(jì)中。并且在材料上出于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的考慮，在設(shè)計(jì)中大量采用了當(dāng)?shù)刭Y源豐富的白色石灰沉積巖和卵石，主要使用在石墻和鋪地上。由于周圍的建筑大多是由粘土磚建成，白色石灰石的運(yùn)用使得該建筑既卓爾不群，又顯得很和諧。另外，當(dāng)?shù)氐哪绢^也被大量運(yùn)用在空間里，不管是地板、立面或格柵上，加上光線適當(dāng)?shù)乇灰耄w呈現(xiàn)出一種自然的質(zhì)感與氛圍。

結(jié)構(gòu)用材是另一個(gè)難題。因?yàn)轭A(yù)算拮據(jù)，要考慮用簡(jiǎn)單且便宜的材料，但又要具有非常好的抗震能力。例如，樓梯結(jié)構(gòu)所使用的鋼材雖然是一種很好的材料，但鋼的價(jià)格很貴，所以后來放棄采購，直接去廢品站找并收購鋼板。而為了避免浪費(fèi)，也先用了木范本按1：1比例搭好，再按木范本一塊塊去裁切鋼板，最后完成樓梯。

本著經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的原則，整個(gè)工程的建造由新加坡顧問團(tuán)隊(duì)帶領(lǐng)當(dāng)?shù)厥┕り?duì)及建筑工人共同完成。通過這樣的合作組合，傳統(tǒng)的建筑材料和技術(shù)得以與現(xiàn)代技術(shù)相結(jié)合，當(dāng)然，這之中少不了很多輪來自兩種技術(shù)文化的爭(zhēng)論、試驗(yàn)和相互的妥協(xié)調(diào)整。

7.8 外景，社區(qū)院落/Exterior view,community courtyard

3 結(jié)語

李曉東是中國第一個(gè)蓋希望小學(xué)的建筑師，而玉湖完小是他第一次嘗試將可持續(xù)發(fā)展的地域狀態(tài)反映在建筑中。在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目里，他不放棄思考如何在最少的資源情況下去解決所有問題，運(yùn)用當(dāng)代的語言去解讀地域性，并與當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境對(duì)話，最后終于建成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的完成總共投入了大約160名學(xué)生和將近1300個(gè)村民的共同努力。雖幾經(jīng)波折，但最后的成果不但獲得了村里的認(rèn)同，也得到了許多國際獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的肯定。如同村民描述的，它帶給了當(dāng)?shù)卮迕褚环N既熟悉又陌生的感覺，“他們蓋不出這樣的房子，但它又和村子原有房子產(chǎn)生呼應(yīng)”。而UNESCO評(píng)審團(tuán)的評(píng)語，也說明了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目對(duì)于當(dāng)代鄉(xiāng)土建筑的指標(biāo)性與貢獻(xiàn)：“其精美的設(shè)計(jì)運(yùn)用當(dāng)代建筑實(shí)踐巧妙地詮釋了傳統(tǒng)建筑環(huán)境，其對(duì)地方材料的大膽運(yùn)用及極富創(chuàng)意的演繹鄉(xiāng)土建造技術(shù)不僅創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)具有震撼力的形式，也把可持續(xù)建造設(shè)計(jì)推進(jìn)了一步”。

2 外景，學(xué)校院落/Exterior view,school courtyard

3 外景，社區(qū)院落/Exterior view,community courtyard

4 外景，社區(qū)院落/Exterior view,community courtyard

1 Background

Yuhu is a small Naxi village in Lijiang-an area under the protection of World Cultural Heritage Program The name Yuhu takes its name from the Jade Lake-a lake formed by melted water from Jade Dragon Snow Mountain The small village sits at the foot of the Mountain at an altitude of 2,760 meters and enjoys a pleasant climate of "warm in winter and cool in summer." The picturesque Snow Mountain and crystal glacier peaks make a spectacular backdrop for the village.

The rural Yuhu Elementary School was established in 2001 In 2002,when LI Xiaodong and his students visited on a research trip from Singapore,the school could no longer meet its teaching requirements-it was in urgent need of expansion but there was a severe shortage of educational funds at the local level The integration of contemporary architecture and regional culture has always been a very interesting topic for architects and the group of architects were concerned with social and public welfare A decision was made to overcome all difficulties and build a Hope primary school there No design fee would be charged on the project and the team not only donated 80,000 yuan,but collected funds through multiple channels (mostly Singaporean and Chinese donors) including grants from the local government The land for the expansion was even donated by local residents - a site located north of the original Yuhu Elementary School and adjacent to the former residence of Joseph Rock (1922-1962),a wellknown Austrian-American botanist and journalist for National Geographic.

5 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

6 二層平面/Floor 1 plan

2 Thinking of Design

2.1 About Task and Challenges

The project site lies within the World Cultural Heritage area,adjacent to historic buildings under protection The particular culture of the place fed the project but also presented its biggest challenges The design needed to not only address and respect the local environment,history and culture and meet the functional demands of a school.It also had to cope with the financial difficulties,resource shortage,and technical constraints of the place The principal issue of the project became how to integrate limited resources and maximize efficiency in utilizing these resources The design needed to take into consideration spatial,relational,formal and material design aspects; find a solution that would allow the integration of modern building language,traditional culture,and vernacular feelings; and construct buildings suitable for local conditions and sustainable development.

2.2 About Objective and Principle

Sympathetic to all the particularities of the site,the architects defined their design objective as combining education,research,design,and construction practices-culturally,economically,resourcefully and environmentally-in a way that would set an example for the sustainable development of world heritage sites.

The philosophy was to ground the design in the architects' research of local tradition,building technology and resources The project integrated research and design and tried to reinterpret the vernacular architecture of Lijiang with environmental understanding,social sensitivity and an interest in building preservation.

2.3 About Layout

The architects considered the whole site and developed a three-part site strategy consisting of a community center and exhibition space open to the village and two two-story classroom wings The architecture borrowed from but also broke with the typology of traditional Naxi quadrangle houses Using an old maple tree at one end as the center of the scheme,the design adopted a z-shaped layout and divided the courtyard into two smaller courts.The school courtyard was defined by two individual classrooms and flanked by farmland; the other,public,courtyard is defined by one classroom,the community center and the wall Joseph Rock's former residence Rock's former residence became a "borrowed" part of the project-part of the backdrop of the quadrangle house-by coordinating the architectural vocabulary of the new buildings with it.A water area was designed near the entry area of the community center.The intention was to not only help adjust the humidity of the space but also produce reflections harmonious with the surrounding environment,including the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain far away.

9 剖面/Section

The spatial layout actually changed the dynamic of the village As there was no other public building in the village,the school became a public space Besides its educational function,the school also provided a space for villagers' leisure activities The courtyard at the entry became the center of the village.

2.4 About Architecture

The design intended to integrate new buildings with the local environment and to re-interpret vernacular architecture using a modern vocabulary instead of imitation All traditional decorative techniques and ornamentation were simplified: traditional curved roof ridges were straightened,old-style gable-end ornaments,inspired by farmers' grain-drying racks,were simplified as timber lattice frames The essence of vernacular architecture was extracted and then re-expressed in form and space In this way,the architects preserved the rudiments of sloping rooftops,their gray tiles and tilt,the standard division of interior space in an old-style house,etc.

Naxi culture views the "mountain as the skeleton and water as the soul," and the design deliberately maximizes the use of local materials and these elements For reasons of sustainability,the architects used a large amount of white calcareous sedimentary rocks and pebbles-rich local resources-in the project's stonewalls and pavements Since the buildings surrounding the school were mainly constructed of clay brick,white limestone made the building stand out while looking harmonious A large volume of local wood was used in the space-for the floors,in the facades and grilles Under the right lighting,the scene has a natural aura and ambiance.

Materials for the structure were another challenge Because of the limited budget,only simple and inexpensive materials should be considered but these materials needed to possess excellent antiseismic capability Although steel is an excellent material for stair structures,it was too expensive To save the cost,steel plates were from salvage yards and matched to wood templates in a ratio of 1:1.The steel plates were then cut to the same size as the templates And the staircases were finished.

For reasons of economic sustainability,the project was built by a local construction team and construction workers led by a Singaporean team of consultants This cooperation allowed traditional architectural materials and technologies to be integrated in modern ways.It was a productive process both despite and because of the debates that took place between the two technologies and cultures,as well as numerous trials,compromises,and adaptations.

3 Conclusion

LI Xiaodong is the first architect in China to build Hope primary schools,and the Yuhu Elementary School was his first attempt to incorporate issues of local sustainability into his architecture This project reflects his consistent endeavors to solve problems using minimal resources,how to interpret what is local in a modern way,and how to enter into conversations with the environment.

The completed project involved the joint effort of around 160 students and 1,300 villagers Despite twists and turns along the way,the villagers and several international prizes have recognized the final outcome Villagers have described the school as having a simultaneous feeling of familiarity and," It is not the kind of house we can build; but it echoes the old houses." The UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards jury comments describe the project's directive role and contribution to contemporary vernacular architecture: "Its delicate design skillfully interprets the traditional architectural environment through modern technology; its bold utilization of local materials and creative illustration of vernacular architecture not only creates a powerful form,but also pushes sustainable architectural design one step forward (Translated by ZHANG Qingfei)

10 水池/Reflecting pool

評(píng)論

王輝：玉湖完小是李曉東一系列獲得國際關(guān)注的設(shè)計(jì)的起點(diǎn)。在中國城市化的風(fēng)口浪尖上，李曉東的實(shí)踐卻避開大都市的聚光燈，有選擇性地工作，去踐行他的導(dǎo)師亞歷山大·佐尼斯最早提出的“批判性的地域主義”。千禧年之初，由于中國社會(huì)機(jī)遇的放大，使得激進(jìn)的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)更有可能。絕大多數(shù)新生的設(shè)計(jì)師選擇了前衛(wèi)的路線。而此時(shí)，李曉東以玉湖完小這個(gè)相對(duì)中庸的設(shè)計(jì)登上新世紀(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)舞臺(tái)，有其獨(dú)到的遠(yuǎn)見。從十余年后的今天反觀，這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)不但是李曉東整個(gè)作品座標(biāo)系的原點(diǎn)，還定義了其今后發(fā)展的3個(gè)路標(biāo)：

第一，選擇性的資本。從玉湖完小開始，可以注意到李曉東在選擇業(yè)主和項(xiàng)目上的審慎。這個(gè)由建筑師籌資來建設(shè)的項(xiàng)目，本質(zhì)上排斥了資本在設(shè)計(jì)決策中的話語權(quán)，從而保障了建筑師在設(shè)計(jì)過程中的獨(dú)立人格。

第二，選擇性的場(chǎng)所。從玉湖完小開始，可以注意到李曉東在選擇項(xiàng)目特殊的地理位置上的偏好，和賦予項(xiàng)目特殊的社會(huì)意義上的睿智。

第三，選擇性的方法。從玉湖完小開始，可以注意到李曉東在選擇設(shè)計(jì)語言上的立場(chǎng)和方法。他在美學(xué)上更傾心于傳統(tǒng)工藝和現(xiàn)代主義的結(jié)合，自然材料和細(xì)致細(xì)部的結(jié)合，建筑空間和自然景觀結(jié)合，以及把當(dāng)下生活和文人畫般的場(chǎng)景結(jié)合。

這些特點(diǎn)幾乎貫徹了建筑師以后的一系列作品，并保證了其成功。因此，玉湖完小折射了李曉東對(duì)其未來的遠(yuǎn)見。

出于學(xué)者型的建筑師之手，玉湖完小有種書香的氣質(zhì)，它根植在一個(gè)建筑形態(tài)保持得比較完整的納西村落，也與這個(gè)村莊若即若離。只有置身于這個(gè)村子，才能切身地感覺到它為這方質(zhì)樸的水土所添加的詩意。

11 展覽區(qū)域/Exhibition area

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WANG Hui : The design of Yuhu Elementary School sparked LI Xiaodong's international reputation At the dawn of the new millennium,tremendous social opportunities in China were enabling radical design experimentation and the majority of emerging designers embarked on an avant-garde route But LI Xiaodong shifted his focus away from the metropolis,and began to selectively practice his supervisor Alexander Tzonis's idea of "critical regionalism." As LI Xiaodong incorporated the doctrine of the golden mean into his design of the Yuhu Elementary School,he was also stepping confidently onto a new stage Looking back now,after more than ten years,one can recognize the way this school design defined the tenets of LI Xiaodong's professional career:

The first of these is to be selective about a project's source of funding The Yuhu Elementary School clearly reveals LI Xiaodong's prudence in selecting how he will work Because the architects were the fundraisers for the project,they were able to avoid the "power of the purse" final say a typical client has in design decisions.The were,in effect,their own clients and in this way were able to ensure their control of the design process.

The second precedent set by the Yuhu School project was to be very selective in choosing the site for a project.The elementary school design clearly shows LI Xiaodong's interest in working with peculiar geographical locations,as well as his wit in nurturing the social aspects of a project.

The final tenet of his one can recognize is that of being selective about approach The Yuhu School clearly demonstrates LI Xiaodong's approach to developing the design language of a project.In his schemes special attention is paid to the integration of traditional craft with modernism,raw materials with delicate details,architectural space with natural landscape and,finally,real life with poetic scenarios.

The three tenets-control of funding,place and language-are obvious aspects of this later work,embody his vision of what architecture should be and have guaranteed his success as an architect.

Built academic architects,the Yuhu Elementary School acquired a scholarly disposition It is rooted in Naxi ethnic villages and has a strong connection to their forms but it also seems detached from its village It is only entering the village that you can sense the poetic conversation between the rustic situation and the refined aspirations of the scheme.