布倫特蘭

Brundtland

30年前的1983年，聯(lián)合國(guó)要求挪威前首相格羅·哈萊姆·布倫特蘭領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一個(gè)新的聯(lián)合國(guó)委員會(huì)。她的團(tuán)隊(duì)的任務(wù)是定義“人們對(duì)長(zhǎng)期環(huán)境問題的共同認(rèn)知”，并制定“國(guó)際社會(huì)的期望目標(biāo)”。世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展委員會(huì)在尊重“未來(lái)人類需求”的基礎(chǔ)上制定了“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”的概念。該委員會(huì)通過(guò)信守廣義的原則，并避免設(shè)定具體的指導(dǎo)方針，成功地構(gòu)建了一個(gè)可以被不同意識(shí)形態(tài)的所有人所接受的概念。取得這個(gè)共識(shí)也是有代價(jià)的：其牽涉到的具體問題留待公開的爭(zhēng)論。

Thirty years ago, in 1983, the United Nations asked former Prime Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland, to head a new UN commission. she and her team were tasked with defining "shared perceptions of long-term environmental issues" and formulating "aspirational goals for the world community". The World Commission on Environment and Development crafted the notion of "sustainable development", on the basis of a respect for the "needs of future generations". By sticking to general principles and to avoid setting concrete guidelines, the commission succeeded in constructing a notion that could be embraced by everyone despite their ideological divides. That consensus came with a price： its concrete implications were left open to debate.

評(píng)論

黃偉文：作為關(guān)于綠色理論實(shí)踐文獻(xiàn)展的奧斯陸建筑三年主展內(nèi)容，這張前挪威首相、聯(lián)合國(guó)世界環(huán)境和發(fā)展委員會(huì)主席布倫特蘭夫人1987年做“我們共同的未來(lái)”報(bào)告的照片自然不能漏掉。正是她在這次報(bào)告中第一次使用了“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”這個(gè)概念，開啟了一扇“綠色大門”。這屆奧斯陸建筑三年展主展要繞到“綠色大門背后”，討論當(dāng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展已成為各個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)超越意識(shí)形態(tài)的原則和共識(shí)的背景下，如何尋找標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)則（比如，LEED就是綠色嗎?）和實(shí)施路徑(依賴原有規(guī)劃管治路徑建設(shè)低碳生態(tài)新城可能嗎？)。“可持續(xù)”這一名詞在中國(guó)也流行多年，或者以“科學(xué)發(fā)展觀”和“生態(tài)文明”的面目出現(xiàn)，但“不危及子孫后代發(fā)展能力”的發(fā)展概念和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)“喂人民服霧”的當(dāng)下中國(guó)大城市，以及帶著各種生態(tài)綠色招牌的“鬼城”來(lái)說(shuō)，還是非常陌生和值得重新認(rèn)識(shí)的。

張利：挪威對(duì)當(dāng)代文明的重要貢獻(xiàn)，一個(gè)民族對(duì)自然的熱愛和一個(gè)政治家對(duì)環(huán)境的關(guān)注，在30年前定義了至今仍然影響著全球思維的詞語(yǔ)。期待另一個(gè)同樣有著悠久的人與自然平衡傳統(tǒng)的民族——我們中華民族——也能在這方面為后世的人類文明留下更多的遺產(chǎn)。

Comments

HUANG Weiwen:At the main exhibition of the Oslo Architecture Triennial (OAT), which explores the theories and practices of sustainability, one cannot miss a certain photograph. This image shows Mrs. Gro Harlem Brundtland, the former Prime Minister of Norway and the then president of the World Commission on Environment and Development, at her 1987 presentation entitled "Our Common Future." It was this presentation that opened the "green door" that launched the term sustainability into the public eye. The main exhibition of the OAT this year passes "Beyond the Green Door", discussing how to seek detailed standards-Does LEED set the proper standard for sustainability?-and implementation approaches-Is it feasible to build sustainable new towns that rely on existing planning and management institutions? The term sustainability has been the prevailing concept in China for many years, but it has been interpreted as "scientific development" and "ecological civilization." Other interpretations of the term remain unexplored, such as Brundtland's definition, "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The latter definition, and its concepts and standards, are worth introducing to the major Chinese cities shrouded in smog and to those "ghost cities" currently developing under the title of "sustainability."

ZHANG Li:A Norwegian contribution to the contemporary world, out of a nation's love for nature and a politician's awareness for the environment. A term coined three decades ago that still leads our thoughts today. We do hope that another great nation with a long history of balance between man and nature- we the Chinesecan leave more positive legacies to future civilizations.

1、2 布倫特蘭展臺(tái)/The table of "Brundtland"

左一：一位警察告訴世界地球日的示威者離開洛根機(jī)場(chǎng)。在針對(duì)機(jī)場(chǎng)空氣污染、擴(kuò)建和即將面世的超音速噴氣機(jī)的抗議中，示威者把棺材抬入大堂，表演模擬葬禮。

A policeman telling Earth Day protesters to leave the premises at Logan Airport. In protest against the airport's air pollution, expansion and the coming of supersonic jets, demonstrators staged a mock funeral with coffins in the airport's lobby.

項(xiàng)目/Project： 世界地球日，馬薩諸塞州波士頓市（美國(guó)），1970年4月22日/Earth Day, Boston, MA (USA), April 22, 1970（攝影/Photo： Spencer Grant）

左二：成立于1983年的世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展委員會(huì)總結(jié)報(bào)告

Closing report of the World Commission on Environment and Development established in 1983.

“我們共同的未來(lái)”，世界環(huán)境和發(fā)展委員會(huì)（布倫特蘭委員會(huì)），牛津（英國(guó)），[1987]，2009年/Our Common Future by World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission), Oxford (UK), [1987], 2009

左三：格羅·哈萊姆·布倫特蘭主席發(fā)表聯(lián)合國(guó)世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展委員會(huì)的最終報(bào)告“我們共同的未來(lái)”。該文件將可持續(xù)發(fā)展定義為“在不損害后代需求的前提下來(lái)滿足當(dāng)前需求的發(fā)展”。今天，這仍然是可持續(xù)發(fā)展最普遍的定義。布倫特蘭認(rèn)為：“‘環(huán)境’是我們生活的地方，而‘發(fā)展’是我們?cè)噲D在此范圍內(nèi)改善我們命運(yùn)所做的一切。兩者密不可分”。

Photo of Chairman Gro Harlem Brundtland presenting Our Common Future, the final report of the UN World Commission on Environment and Development. The document defines sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Today, this remains the most prevalent definition of sustainability. Brundtland argues："The 'environment' is where we live, and 'development' is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode.The two are inseparable."

倫敦（英國(guó)），1987年/London (UK), 1987（攝影/Photo：Henrik Laurvik）

左四：美國(guó)首個(gè)獲得LEED認(rèn)證的機(jī)場(chǎng)航站樓。這個(gè)200km2的航站樓的可持續(xù)性特征包括：無(wú)水便池，使用取得FSC認(rèn)證的木材。它的熱反射窗和節(jié)能照明系統(tǒng)有望節(jié)省近30萬(wàn)美元的電費(fèi)。

a. LEED證書復(fù)印件（下）

b. 新航站樓內(nèi)部圖片（上）

The first airport terminal in the USA to attain LEED accreditation. The sustainability features of the 200 km2terminal include waterless urinals and the use of FSC certified wood. Its heat reflecting windows and energy efficient lighting systems hoped to save almost $300000 in electricity bills.

a. Copy of the LEED certificate

b. Image of the new terminal interior

項(xiàng)目/Project： 波士頓洛根機(jī)場(chǎng), HOK建筑事務(wù)所，馬薩諸塞州波士頓市（美國(guó)），2006年/Boston Logan Airport by HOK architects, Boston, MA (USA), 2006, （攝影/Photo： Farshid Assassai）