小區(qū)域

Pockets

現(xiàn)代文明是一個統(tǒng)一的、無所不包的系統(tǒng)，在這個系統(tǒng)中各個部分彼此依賴。你不能丟掉“壞”的部分，而只保留“好”的部分。因此，所有的“可持續(xù)”項目在某種程度上也都具有“不可持續(xù)”的因素。人類通過明確界定自己可以承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任的領(lǐng)域界限來應(yīng)對這種認識。

Modern civilization is a unified, all encompassing system in which all parts are dependent on one another. You can't get rid of the "bad" parts and keep only the "good" parts. Consequently, all "sustainable" projects are also to some degree agents of "unsustainability". Humans deal with this realization by clearly defining a limited area of which they can take full responsibility.

什么是“可持續(xù)”的木材？砍樹總是會引起一些傷害。

What constitutes "sustainable" wood? Cutting a tree is always going to do some harm.

這里把自己與世隔絕的想法并不新鮮。在這部小說中，美國相當(dāng)大的一部分地區(qū)不再想與其他不可持續(xù)的地區(qū)有關(guān)聯(lián)，而建立起了一個自給自足的穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟……擁有一位女總統(tǒng)。

It's not a new idea to cut oneself off from the world. In this novel, a decent portion of the US no longer wants to be associated with the unsustainable rest and sets up a self-sufficient, steady-state economy…with a woman as president.

被譽為世界上最大的可持續(xù)開發(fā)項目，它的大小只有6km2，不考慮任何外部事物的干擾。該項目只是把不良影響外部化，同時把好的影響內(nèi)在化，成為不可持續(xù)的世界中的一小塊可持續(xù)發(fā)展區(qū)域？或者它是否應(yīng)該被理解為一個實驗室？

Hailed the biggest sustainable development in the world, it is only 6km2in size and doesn't take into account anything happening outside its walls. Is the project simply externalizing undesired effects and internalizing the desired effects, to become a pocket of sustainability in an unsustainable world? Or should it be understood as a lab?

購買再生木材通常被認為是“沒有負罪感”的替代選擇。無需砍伐任何樹木，以看起來似乎是合理的價格采購回收材料的簡單行為，卻擾亂并將破壞住宅和遺產(chǎn)這種久遠的經(jīng)濟體。如何在這樣的背景下“負責(zé)任”地行事？

Purchasing reclaimed wood is often considered the ultimate "guilt free" alternative. Without cutting down any trees, the simple act of purchasing salvaged materials, at what seemed like fair prices, upset a faraway economy and led to the destruction of housing and heritage. How to act "responsibly" in such a context?

試圖通過技術(shù)附加設(shè)施使一個小島自給自足：太陽能板、沼氣發(fā)酵、中水回用等。雖然是“孤島”，戈梅拉的計劃經(jīng)濟仍然會一直依賴旅游業(yè)、水上飛機、進口技術(shù)……

An attempt to make an island self-sufficient with technological add-ons： solar panels, methane fermentation, water recycling, etc. Although "isolated", the planned economy of Gomera would still have been dependent on tourism, seaplanes, imported technology…

由于環(huán)環(huán)相連，并且充滿意想不到的后果，承擔(dān)全部的責(zé)任是不可能的。但在哪里劃線呢？這塊材料的穿孔部分被認為是可持續(xù)的，因為它使用較少的材料。如果只考慮立面，的確如此。但工作室為鉆孔而訂購的鋁材數(shù)量是保持不變的。

With everything being connected, and unintended consequences abounding, taking full responsibility is impossible. But where to draw the line? The perforated part of this is considered sustainable because it uses less material. That is true if only what is on the facade is taken into account.The amount of aluminum ordered by the workshop that punches holes out of it stays the same.

這種“可持續(xù)”板中的石膏是“不可持續(xù)的”煤炭燃燒的廢棄產(chǎn)物。很方便地鏟除煤電站的廢棄物，這個產(chǎn)品算不算是共犯？

The plaster in this "sustainable" board is a waste product of "unsustainable" coal-combustion. By conveniently ridding coal power stations of its waste, isn't this product a partner in crime?

支持當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)的商品算不算是更負責(zé)任？至少這樣我們可以更了解我們的消耗所產(chǎn)生的副作用。

Is it more responsible to support locally produced goods? At least that way we can be more aware of the side effects of our consumption.

1 “小區(qū)域”展臺/The table of "Pockets"

評論

黃偉文：環(huán)保觀念、美學(xué)和技術(shù)雖然成為當(dāng)今趨勢，但也要避免環(huán)保成為一種道德優(yōu)越感和政治正確性的誤區(qū)。要區(qū)分偽環(huán)保（比如所謂節(jié)省材料的穿孔鋁板），局部環(huán)保（有圍墻的零碳城馬斯達爾），奢華的環(huán)保（LEED某些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)），有副作用的環(huán)保（美國人進口泰國老木房材料來蓋房），甚至極端的、有害的環(huán)保（憎恨技術(shù)破壞自然以至成為郵包炸彈殺手）。從技術(shù)上看，人類對生命自身和自然系統(tǒng)的認識始終都是有限的。在醫(yī)學(xué)史上，有太多治療技術(shù)被時間證明是錯誤和有害的，我們對待環(huán)境的觀念和技術(shù)同樣會是如此。

孫凌波：無論是美國對亞洲再生木材的回收，非洲西海岸的“孤島”戈梅拉，還是阿布扎比沙漠中的馬斯達爾城，這種小區(qū)域的示范項目不失為一種好的教化方法和營銷手段。但我們在此則更多地看到對這類封閉式的所謂可持續(xù)示范項目的反思和批判，揭示出其伴隨而生的不可持續(xù)因素。這也提醒我們，只有在我們生活的星球這個大“區(qū)域”的視角下，才能全面探討環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟、社會層面的可持續(xù)效果。

Comments

HUANG Weiwen:Although the concepts of sustainability, aesthetics, and technology have become particularly important today, we should not trap ourselves into thinking that they can create moral and political correctness. We need to distance ourselves from bogus sustainable practices including false sustainability such as the so-called material saving aluminum perforated plate, partial sustainability such as the zero carbon walled city of Masdar, luxury sustainability such as the costly sustainable guidelines of certain LEED criteria and sustainability with side effects such as a US housing project that imports recycled building materials all the way from Thailand. Equally important, we cannot let sustainability corrupt our minds and make us oppose any type of development to the extent that we'd resort to terrorism in support of an environmental cause. From a technical perspective, man's understanding of life and the natural world will always be limited. During the long history of medicine, too many treatments and technologies have proven in time to be inappropriate or even harmful. Many of our current concepts and technologies of sustainability may follow suit.

SUN Lingbo:The American demand for reclaimed wood from Asia, the "isolated" island of Gomera, Masdar city in the desert near Abu Dhabi-these pockets of sustainability could be good case studies. But a more critical assessment would show how isolated these "sustainable" projects are and could highlight their "unsustainable" effects. One has to look at the biggest "pocket" that is our whole world to really make a comprehensive examination of environmental, economic and social sustainability.

2 LEED新指南起草中產(chǎn)生的爭議。一些美國國會會員給美國綠色建筑委員會寫了一封信，敦促他們接受所有可信的森林管理認證體系。節(jié)選自一次為保護森林管理委員會認證資質(zhì)不受競爭對手影響的新聞宣傳頁。

Controversy arose in the run-up to the drafting of new Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) guidelines. Several members of Congress wrote a letter to the US Green Building Council, urging them to accept as valid all credible forest management certification systems. Page from a press campaign that defends the credentials of FSC from competitors.

森林管理委員會廣告，2012年/ Advert by Forest Stewardship Council, 2012

3 一部未來崇拜派小說的1990年重印本（新封面），描寫了一個記者探訪一個圍繞生態(tài)原則組織的烏托邦式國家的故事。作者是伯克利大學(xué)的員工，最早的時候因為找不到出版商而自費出版這本小說。這本書最終僅在美國就售出超過40萬本。

1990 reprint, with new cover art, of a cult futuristic novel about a journalist visiting a utopian state organised around ecological principles. The author, an employee of the University of Berkeley, originally published the novel himself because he could not find a publisher. The book eventually sold more than 400000 copies in the US alone.

書目/Book： 生態(tài)烏托邦，歐內(nèi)斯特·卡倫巴赫，美國，1975年/ Ecotopia, by Ernest Callenbach, USA, 1975（封面設(shè)計/Cover Art： Mark Harrison）

4-6 TerraMai公司成立于1991年，從事在亞洲回收再生木材并在美國銷售的大規(guī)模經(jīng)營活動，以“幫助彌補對新木材的需求”。《紐約時報》登出一篇文章提出，美國對回收木材的需求正在成為鼓勵拆除亞洲現(xiàn)有房屋的市場力量，此后產(chǎn)生了爭議。

a. 木材商在泰國檢查房子狀況（圖5、6）

b. 用作一個美國家庭地板和墻面的回收柚木（圖4 ）

Founded in 1991, TerraMai conducts large-scale operations repurposing wood reclaimed in Asia and sold in the USA to "help offset the demand of new lumber". Controversy followed an article in the New York Times that suggested the American demand for such reclaimed wood was becoming a market force encouraging the dismantling of existing Asian houses.

a. Photos of house in Thailand being inspected by a wood trader(Fig. 5, 6)

b. Photo of reclaimed teak applied as flooring and wall cladding in a US home (Fig. 4)

項目/Project： TerraMai回收柚木，俄勒岡州（美國），2007年/Reclaimed Teak by TerraMai, Oregon (USA), 2007（攝影/ Photos： Richard Humphries, Gordon M. Grant）

7 一個能源等級為A的辦公樓立面實體模型。外表皮由85%的回收鋁板制成，且穿孔以減少材料用量，因此被認為是可持續(xù)的。

Mock-up of the facade of an energy class A office building. The outer skin is said to be sustainable because it is made from 85% recycled aluminium sheets which are also perforated to reduce the amount of material used.

項目/Project： Fredrik Selmers Vei 4，LPO建筑事務(wù)所，Entra Eidom, FutureBuilt，奧斯陸（挪威），2013年/Fredrik Selmers Vei 4, by LPO arkitekter AS, Entra Eidom & FutureBuilt, Oslo (Norway), 2013

8、9 選自非洲西海岸一個小島的區(qū)域規(guī)劃研究手繪圖。出于對環(huán)境問題的重視，方案設(shè)法預(yù)測來島游客增加帶來的變化。建筑師不是用常見的機場加環(huán)城公路的規(guī)劃，而是試圖探索一些不需要那么顯眼的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的交通模式。方案設(shè)計了建造簡單且依靠風(fēng)能和太陽能能夠自給自足的住宅。厭氧發(fā)生器會消化人為和居家垃圾，產(chǎn)生用來烹飪的沼氣。

Hand drawings and diagrams from a regional planning study for an island off the west coast of Africa. A focus on environmental issues resulted in a proposal that sought to anticipate changes brought upon by an increase in tourists visiting the island. Rather than the more usual airport plus ring road, the architect explored the possibility of introducing other modes of transport that required less obtrusive infrastructure. Simply built, selfsufficient houses relying on wind power and solar energy were planned. Anaerobic generators would digest human and household waste to make methane gas for cooking.

項目/Project： 戈梅拉總體規(guī)劃，比爾坎·霍厄德，福斯特+合伙人事務(wù)所，戈梅拉島 (加那利群島），1975年/Gomera Masterplan，by Birkin Haward, Foster + Partners, Gomera (Canary Islands), 1975

10、11 特德·卡欽斯基在蒙大拿州的森林過著自給自足的生活，沒有電或自來水，利用有限的科技。在看到自己小屋周圍的景觀因為要建一條公路而被毀以后，他開始向不同的目標(biāo)發(fā)送自制炸彈，包括計算機店店主、航空公司和大學(xué)教授。1978年～1995年間，他的炸彈信件導(dǎo)致3人死亡，23人受傷。

a.卡欽斯基站在他的小屋前的存檔照片，1972年6月（圖10）

b.華盛頓新聞博物館展出的同一個小屋，2012年（圖11）

Ted Kaczynski led a self-sufficient life in the Montana forests, without electricity or running water and with limited use of technology. After seeing the landscape around his cabin destroyed for the construction of a highway, he started sending self-made bombs to different targets including computer storeowners, airline companies and university professors. His letter bombs, sent between 1978 to 1995, killed 3 people and injured 23

a. Archive photo of Kaczynski standing in front of his cabin, June 1972 (Fig. 10)

b. The same cabin exhibited in the Washington D.C. Newseum, 2012 (Fig. 11)

項目/Project：卡欽斯基炸彈客，西奧·多約翰·卡欽斯基，林肯（蒙大拿州，美國），1978年/Unabomber by Theodore John Kaczynski, Lincoln (Montana, USA), 1978（攝影/Photo： Alan Meiss & unknown）

12 馬斯達爾城早期效果圖，該項目實現(xiàn)后將在阿布扎比郊區(qū)容納超過4.5萬居民，使其成為最大的在建可持續(xù)項目。在此效果圖中，早晨的陽光突顯出包圍城市并幫助城市保持涼爽的大城墻。

“此項目是明確設(shè)定邊界的一個很好的案例，邊界在此甚至是用城墻來標(biāo)志。6km2的規(guī)模相對來說比較小，而且目標(biāo)明確：一個碳中和、零廢棄物的社區(qū)。由于這些邊界，我想他們能夠成功。不用擔(dān)心邊界外發(fā)生了什么，車子停放在城墻外。”約翰·羅伯茨，奧雅納，2008年。

Early render of Masdar City, a master plan that, when realised, would house more than 45,000 inhabitants on the outskirts of Abu Dhabi, making it one of the biggest sustainable projects under construction. The morning sunlight in this render emphasises the large wall that surrounds the city and helps to keep it cool.

"The [project] is a good example of clearly set boundaries, in this case even marked by a city wall. The scale, 6 square kilometres, is relatively small and the goals are clearly set： a carbon neutral, zero waste community. Because of these boundaries, I think they can succeed. Never mind what happens outside these boundaries, the car is parked outside the city wall." John Roberts, Arup, 2008.

項目/Project： 馬斯達爾城，福斯特+合伙人事務(wù)所，阿布扎比（阿聯(lián)酋），2023年/Masdar City, by Foster + Partners, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), 2023