煙囪

Chimneys

自19世紀以來，煙囪一直代表著空氣污染和有害氣體排放。這個工業(yè)革命的標志是否可以被重新改造成為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一種當代符號？

Since the 19th century, the chimney has stood for air pollution and harmful emissions. Can this icon of the industrial revolution be reinvented to become a contemporary symbol of sustainability?

在認識到地球的承載能力有限以前，將污染物排放到空氣中被等同于消除污染?，F(xiàn)在，這種情況已經(jīng)改變，對煙囪存在一種認同危機。

Before the realization that Earth’s carrying capacity is limited, sending pollutants into the air was equal to getting rid of them. Now this has changed and the chimney has an identity crisis.

因此，建筑中的煙囪必須加以偽裝，有時煙囪被改名為“通風井”。

So, in architecture chimneys have to be disguised, sometimes being renamed： “ventilation shafts”.

煙囪成了污染的代名詞。

Chimneys became synonymous with pollution.

可持續(xù)發(fā)展是否能夠顛覆煙囪的形象？在這里，一個高塔被用來引入新鮮的空氣。

Can sustainable development turn the chimney's image upside down? Here a tower is used to draw in fresh air.

樂觀地看，煙囪是一種妥協(xié)：排氣是不可避免的，但已經(jīng)盡量減少。

At best, a chimney is a compromise： the exhaust was inevitable, but has been minimized.

或者，我們是否應該欣然接受煙囪原有的功能，關(guān)注它，并為它對我們的選擇所發(fā)出的明確信號而歡呼？

Or should we embrace the chimney for its original function, draw attention to it and celebrate it for the clear signals it sends about our choices?

評論

何可人：煙囪一向被視為空氣污染的罪魁禍首。人們做出了許多努力，希望改變煙囪的負面效應。例如更新的熱力站，或者是可攜帶的微型爐具。但是，一向喜歡挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)類型、喜歡設計“好玩”建筑的丹麥事務所BIG并不滿足于簡單的折衷思路，他們設計的哥本哈根的垃圾處理廠的煙囪，每燃燒1t的垃圾便會吐出一個直徑30m的煙圈；同時，處理廠獨特的造型還可作為滑雪坡道。如此以往，煙囪是否能變身成為可持續(xù)性的親善大使？

黃偉文：煙囪過去和現(xiàn)在分別成了工業(yè)化和大氣污染的象征，將來會成為可持續(xù)的象征么？如能善加利用“煙囪效應”來增加空氣流動、保持空氣新鮮度和適宜溫度，也許煙囪可以從一種環(huán)保的負面角色轉(zhuǎn)化為正面的城市與建筑的節(jié)能符號。當然，這種轉(zhuǎn)化也伴隨著形象的轉(zhuǎn)化，比如，中東沙漠干熱地帶的新的拔風煙囪可以延續(xù)當?shù)毓爬系娘L塔傳統(tǒng)，新加坡海灣花園則把兼有拔風用途的設施設計成超級大樹。不過，這種標志型形象也會異化為僅僅是新的綠色符號標簽么？

Comments

HE Keren:Chimneys are thought to be major criminal when it comes to air pollution. Tremendous efforts have been made to improve this negative image, efforts such as the renovation and repurposing of power stations or portable biomass furnaces. But the young Danish firm BIG, whose playful designs tend to challenge traditional typologies, are not satisfied with mere improvement. The chimney they designed for Copenhagen's waste incinerator plant puffs a smoke ring of 30m in diameter for each ton of CO2it releases (its winding roof also functions as a ski slope). Can ideas like this transform the chimneys into goodwill ambassadors?

HUANG Weiwen:Chimneys, once signs of the energy of industrialization, have become symbols of air pollution. Can they become signs of sustainability? If we can take advantage of the "chimney effect" to increase airflow, to keep air fresh and optimize air temperature the chimney could be transformed into a positive symbol of energy saving buildings and cities. Of course, this functional transformation could be accompanied by an image transformation. New images which might include a new thermal chimney in the hot and dry desert in the Middle East that continues the local tradition of ancient wind towers or Singapore's Bay Garden residence whose thermal chimneys resemble enormous trees. But will these images of sustainability be turn out to be feasible or will they remain just images?

1 “煙囪”展臺/The table of "Chimneys"

2 用來放在燈的開關(guān)上的貼紙，提醒人們CO2是電的副產(chǎn)品。

Sticker designed to be placed above a light switch as a reminder that CO2is a byproduct of electricity.

項目/Project：燈開關(guān)貼，Hu2設計工作室，安托萬·特西·特德斯奇，法國，2007年/Light Switch Sticker by Hu2 Design, Antoine Tesquier Tedeshi, France, 2007

3 刊登一篇全球變暖和建筑行業(yè)之間關(guān)系的文章的雜志。研究調(diào)查了住宅樓、商業(yè)建筑和工業(yè)建筑的能耗數(shù)字以及建筑材料的物化能耗值。

Magazine with an article on the correlation between global warming and the building sector. The study examines energy figures for residential, commercial and industrial buildings and the embodied energy of construction materials.

“建筑師污染”，都會雜志，紐約，2003年/Architects Pollute by Metropolis Magazine, New York, 2003

4 使用生物質(zhì)（樹枝、松果等）作為燃料的便攜式爐子。爐子將熱量轉(zhuǎn)換成可用的電能，驅(qū)動一臺小風扇為爐火扇風，并保證了高效的無煙燃燒。多余的電力可以用來：“在您做飯的時候為您的手機、燈和其他小工具充電?！边@種野營爐是一種非洲農(nóng)村的室內(nèi)廚灶設備的休閑版。

Portable stove that uses biomass (twigs, pine cones etc.) as fuel. The stove converts heat into useable electricity that powers a small fan to ventilate the fire and guarantees an efficient smoke free combustion. Surplus power can be used to： "charge your phones, lights and other gadgets while you cook dinner." This CampStove is the recreational version of a device intended for the market of indoor cooking stoves in rural Africa (HomeStove). BioLite野營爐，亞歷山大·德拉蒙德和喬納森·錫達/BioLite，美國，2011年/BioLite CampStove by Alexander Drummond & Jonathan Cedar /BioLite, USA, 2011

5-7 在法國前軍事基地的空地上，違章居民贏得了在4個營房（原來共20個營房）居住的權(quán)利。居民們向市政府施壓，要政府以生態(tài)友好的方式開發(fā)此地。1990年代中期，一個容納5000住戶的“可持續(xù)發(fā)展示范區(qū)”的建設開始。

a. 燒天然氣、生物氣體和木屑的高效熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)居住區(qū)電站軸測圖（圖5、6）

b. 同一電站在2003年翻修后的照片（圖7）

On the vacant site of a former French military base, squatters won the rights to four of the original twenty barracks. The inhabitants pressed the City Council to develop the site in an eco-friendly way. In the mid 1990's construction of "a sustainable model district" began which today houses 5000 residents.

a. Isometric drawing of the highly efficient combined heat and power neighbourhood power station that burns natural gas, bio gas and wood chips (Fig. 5, 6)

b. Photo of the same power station after its renovation in 2003 (Fig. 7)

項目/Project：沃邦供暖系統(tǒng)，Badenova W?rmplus，弗賴堡（德國），2002年/Vauban Heating System by Badenova W?rmplus, Freiburg (Germany), 2002（攝影/Photo： David Veer）

8-12 風塔是馬斯達爾城已建成部分的核心特征。它是一個45m高的垂直井架，頂部裝有通過傳感器帶動的百葉窗。用霧發(fā)生器將進入的沙漠風冷卻后，為下面的院子帶來涼爽的微風。一個建筑師組織的團隊對風塔的使用效果進行了后期評估。視頻和模擬系列：

a. 氣球測試

b. 煙霧測試

c. 盛行風向測試

d. 霧發(fā)生器效果測試，使用熱感攝像頭

The Wind Tower is a central feature of the built portion of Masdar City. It is a 45m tall vertical shaft, equipped with sensor-activated louvres on top. It captures incoming desert winds, cools them with mist generators and distributes the cooled breeze in the courtyard below. The tower's effectiveness was tested during post occupancy evaluations (POE) conducted by a team from the architect's office.

Series of videos and simulations：

a. Balloon tests

b. Smoke tests

c. Prevalent wind direction tests

d. Tests on the effects of mist generators, using a thermal camera

項目/Project：馬斯達爾城，福斯特+合伙人事務所，阿布扎比（阿聯(lián)酋），2023年/Masdar City by Foster + Partners, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), 2023

13、14 丹麥最繁忙火車站周圍公共空間改造的效果圖和剖面圖。該設計不得不結(jié)合內(nèi)燃機車驅(qū)動列車軌道通風所必需的井架。建筑師利用這些“煙囪”作為光圖騰。

Render and section for the renovation of a public space around the busiest train station in Denmark. The design had to integrate the shafts necessary to ventilate the underlying tracks for trains driven by diesel locomotives. The architects made use of these "chimneys" as light totems.

項目/Project： N?rreport站，COBE事務所，戈特利布·帕盧丹建筑事務所，哥本哈根（丹麥），2015年/Project：N?rreport Station by COBE and Gottlieb Paludan Architects, Copenhagen (Denmark), 2015

15、16 垃圾焚燒廠，有一個綜合滑雪坡道，每釋放1t的CO2就噴出一個直徑30m的煙圈。2011年，哥本哈根拒絕了一個項目40億美元的貸款擔保，因為它將焚燒爐的容量增加30%至每年56萬t垃圾，將每年的CO2排放量從14萬t擴大到20萬t?！斑@個城市不是要燃燒更多的垃圾，而是希望把重點放在更有效地管理垃圾的技術(shù)和政策上?！?/p>

最近該項目已經(jīng)開始建設。建筑雜志Abitare最近發(fā)表的一篇文章認為，因格爾斯的個人魅力在重提已停止的兼任滑雪坡道的焚燒爐停止項目中起到了關(guān)鍵作用?！靶鹿S是我們在BIG稱之為享樂主義可持續(xù)發(fā)展的典范——即可持續(xù)性不是一種負擔，而一個可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市可以真正改善我們生活質(zhì)量的理念?！?/p>

a. 效果圖，修改后的設計，2013年3月發(fā)布（圖15）

b. 早期的模型（1：500，圖16）

A waste incinerator plant, with an integrated ski slope, designed to puff a smoke ring of 30m in diameter for every ton of CO2released. In 2011, Copenhagen refused a loan guarantee of 4 billion dollars for a project because it increased the incinerator's capacity by 30% to 560000 tons of waste annually, expanding annual CO2emissions from 140000 to 200000 tons. "Instead of burning more trash, the city would like to focus on technologies and policies that more efficiently manage waste." Recently construction of the project has started.

A recent article in the architecture magazine Abitare suggests that Ingels' personal charm played a key role in bringing reviving the halted project for the incinerator that will double as a skislope. "The new plant is an example of what we at BIG call Hedonistic Sustainability-the idea that sustainability is not a burden, but that a sustainable city can in fact improve our quality of life."

a. Render, for a modified design, released in March 2013 (Fig. 15)

b. Early model (1：500, Fig. 16)

項目/Project：阿馬加爾垃圾電站，BIG事務所，哥本哈根（丹麥），2017年/ Amager Waste-to-Energy Plant by Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), Copenhagen (Denmark), 2017（視頻/ Video： Realities：United.）