馬 薇,王 沖(綜述),陳信義(審校)
(北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)東直門(mén)醫(yī)院腫瘤血液科,北京 100700)
根據(jù)分泌的細(xì)胞因子和功能,效應(yīng)性CD4+T細(xì)胞可分為T(mén)h1和Th2兩種,前者主要分泌干擾素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ),后者主要分泌白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL) 4[1]。自從Th17細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn)后,細(xì)胞因子[如IL-17、IL-17F、IL-22、IL-26及腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)等]與多種疾病的關(guān)系相繼被人們所揭示,并為有的放矢的治療提供了幫助[2]?,F(xiàn)就Th17細(xì)胞與惡性腫瘤發(fā)病的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行探討。
1.1分化 Th17細(xì)胞是一類(lèi)獨(dú)立的效應(yīng)CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,在小鼠體內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)和IL-6是啟動(dòng)Th17細(xì)胞分化的必要條件[3]。在IL-6缺失的情況下,IL-21也可以替代IL-6與TGF-β誘導(dǎo)Th17細(xì)胞分化[4]。Th17細(xì)胞的存活、增殖與IL-23密切相關(guān),其對(duì)于穩(wěn)定與維持Th17細(xì)胞的特征有重要作用[5]。有研究證明,由TGF-β和IL-6誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的Th17細(xì)胞可高表達(dá)IL-10因子,但并不引起組織的炎性反應(yīng),當(dāng)加入IL-23時(shí),能夠降低IL-10的高表達(dá),即可引起組織炎性反應(yīng)[6]。維持Th17細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特征的因子,除IL-6和IL-23外,IL-1也參與Th17細(xì)胞的分化[7]。在人體內(nèi),Th17細(xì)胞分化除依賴IL-6和IL-1β外,還需要IL-23參與[8-9]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在TGF-β+IL-6或者TGF-β+IL-21的共同作用下,幼稚T細(xì)胞無(wú)法分化為T(mén)h17細(xì)胞,但CD45RA+CD4+T細(xì)胞在IL-1β+IL-23的聯(lián)合誘導(dǎo)下,可分化為T(mén)h17細(xì)胞[10]。雖然TGF-β+IL-6聯(lián)合不能誘導(dǎo)人類(lèi)T細(xì)胞分泌IL-17,但卻能夠上調(diào)影響IL-17細(xì)胞的必要因子——維甲酸相關(guān)孤核受體γt(retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt,RORγt)的表達(dá)[11]。從上述可以看出,無(wú)論在動(dòng)物,還是人類(lèi),TGF-β在Th17細(xì)胞分化中起著關(guān)鍵作用[12]。
1.2調(diào)控 Th17細(xì)胞的主要調(diào)節(jié)因子為類(lèi)固醇受體型核受體RORγt和RORα[13]。RORγt和RORα可選擇性表達(dá)于TGF-β和IL-6聯(lián)合誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的Th17細(xì)胞,也就是說(shuō)Th17細(xì)胞分化是RORγt和RORα共同作用的結(jié)果,缺失其中任何一個(gè)都可部分抑制Th17細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),當(dāng)兩者同時(shí)剔除或缺陷時(shí),Th17細(xì)胞分化會(huì)被完全阻斷。同時(shí),IFN-γ、IL-4可通過(guò)介導(dǎo)Th1、Th2影響Th17細(xì)胞的調(diào)控[14-15]。在某些炎性疾病或腫瘤中,Th17細(xì)胞除分泌IL-17外,還伴有IFN-γ的高表達(dá),而IFN-γ具有抗腫瘤效應(yīng)[16]。IL-2可通過(guò)增強(qiáng)叉狀頭/翅膀狀螺旋轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(forkhead box P3,Foxp3)的表達(dá)而抑制Th17細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生[17],也可誘導(dǎo)卵巢癌患者的Treg細(xì)胞向Th17細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化[18]。IL-25與Th2細(xì)胞通過(guò)介導(dǎo)免疫反應(yīng),抑制樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞分泌IL-1和IL-23,阻止Th17細(xì)胞發(fā)育[19]。IL-27主要參與Th1細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng),并通過(guò)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子來(lái)抑制RORγt的高表達(dá),從而阻止Th17細(xì)胞分化。此外,干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子4(interferon regulatory factor 4,IRF4)也是Th17分化所需要的重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子[20],當(dāng)IRF4缺失時(shí),Th17細(xì)胞分化將會(huì)完全被抑制?;谏鲜鲅芯靠梢钥闯觯{(diào)控Th17細(xì)胞過(guò)程需要多種細(xì)胞因子與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子聯(lián)合參與才能發(fā)揮效應(yīng)。
研究表明,Th17細(xì)胞與T細(xì)胞、樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞間以多種細(xì)胞因子為紐帶,相互串聯(lián),共同發(fā)揮免疫效能;Th17細(xì)胞能夠激活Th1細(xì)胞,并通過(guò)分泌IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-β來(lái)清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)外的病原體,同時(shí)也可引起嚴(yán)重的自身免疫性疾病,導(dǎo)致非特異性炎癥和組織結(jié)構(gòu)破壞[21]。在體外培養(yǎng)CD4+T細(xì)胞時(shí)加入TGF-β1和IL-2能夠誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞生成,阻止Th17細(xì)胞導(dǎo)致的免疫反應(yīng),這種抑制效應(yīng)一旦消失,與免疫有關(guān)的某些疾病就會(huì)發(fā)生、發(fā)展。樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞是特異性抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,在初始免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮著重要作用。同時(shí),CD4+T細(xì)胞在抗原負(fù)載的樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)下,可激活抗原特異性Th細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)其分化為T(mén)h1、Th2或Th17細(xì)胞[22-23]。所以,Th17細(xì)胞作為一種免疫效應(yīng)細(xì)胞,并不是獨(dú)立存在的,而是和其他免疫細(xì)胞有著不可分割的連帶關(guān)系。這種連帶關(guān)系在體內(nèi)可以產(chǎn)生正性效應(yīng)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體的免疫功能,也可以產(chǎn)生負(fù)性效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致多種嚴(yán)重的免疫型疾病和惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生。
自身抗體特異性Th17細(xì)胞在多種自身免疫病的發(fā)病過(guò)程中起重要作用。Th17細(xì)胞功能增強(qiáng)、過(guò)度分泌細(xì)胞因子除能夠引起嚴(yán)重的自身免疫性疾病外,還與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生與進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。Th17細(xì)胞在腫瘤疾病發(fā)生與進(jìn)展的過(guò)程中擔(dān)當(dāng)以下角色。
3.1急性髓系白血病 急性髓系白血病(acute myelogenous leukemia,AML)的發(fā)生與體液免疫、細(xì)胞免疫以及某些細(xì)胞因子的高表達(dá)關(guān)系密切。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),未經(jīng)治療的AML患者外周血Th17細(xì)胞的比例明顯增加,當(dāng)化療達(dá)到完全緩解后,Th17細(xì)胞的比例下調(diào)[24]。但也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,Th17細(xì)胞雖然參與了AML的發(fā)病過(guò)程,但緩解后細(xì)胞比例的下調(diào)并不受化療藥物影響,這可能與其他免疫機(jī)制介入相關(guān)[25]。至今尚未有過(guò)多的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)證實(shí)這種差異性結(jié)論。
3.2骨髓增生異常綜合征 骨髓增生異常綜合征(myelodysplastic syndrome,MDS)是血液系統(tǒng)的惡性腫瘤,亦稱白血病前期,其起源于造血干細(xì)胞的惡性變?,F(xiàn)在認(rèn)為其發(fā)生與機(jī)體的免疫微環(huán)境密切相關(guān)[26]。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MDS患者骨髓組織中Th17細(xì)胞的數(shù)量顯著高于正常人,并隨著MDS的進(jìn)展或轉(zhuǎn)化(即骨髓原始細(xì)胞增多),Th17細(xì)胞的數(shù)量也逐漸增多,當(dāng)MDS轉(zhuǎn)化為急性白血病時(shí),Th17的數(shù)量升至最高[27]。Bouchliou等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),晚期MDS患者骨髓組織中Th17細(xì)胞分泌大量的IL-17、IL-21和IL-22,Th17+Foxp3+雙陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞增多提示部分Treg細(xì)胞向Th17細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,導(dǎo)致Th17細(xì)胞擴(kuò)增。雖然MDS與Th17細(xì)胞的關(guān)系尚未明確,但Th17細(xì)胞的增殖和細(xì)胞因子的大量分泌,使機(jī)體免疫功能受抑制,導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞逃逸。同時(shí),Th17細(xì)胞的增殖還使骨髓組織新生血管增生,導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,加快了MDS的進(jìn)展速度。
3.3實(shí)體瘤 許多實(shí)體瘤的發(fā)病可由機(jī)體免疫功能失衡引起。同時(shí),化療可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體嚴(yán)重的免疫功能紊亂,引發(fā)第2腫瘤的比例明顯增加。進(jìn)展期胃癌患者外周血中,Th17細(xì)胞數(shù)量較正常人和早期胃癌患者顯著增高,其增加比例與惡性腫瘤TNM分類(lèi)法中胃癌分期呈正相關(guān)[29]。伴有Th17細(xì)胞增加的原發(fā)性肝癌患者總體生存率和無(wú)病生存率均明顯降低[30]。IL-17可以刺激宮頸癌、卵巢癌新生血管形成,從而加速腫瘤生長(zhǎng)與轉(zhuǎn)移。IL-17可增加惡性腫瘤微血管密度[31],加速腫瘤生長(zhǎng),這已被Numasaki等[32]在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中予以證實(shí)。除此以外,IL-23、IL-17能夠抑制人體免疫監(jiān)視系統(tǒng),使處于靜止期的腫瘤細(xì)胞逃逸免疫監(jiān)視,最終活化而呈無(wú)節(jié)制性生長(zhǎng)并轉(zhuǎn)移[33]。Sfanos等[34]研究表明,Th17細(xì)胞在前列腺癌浸潤(rùn)細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)水平與分級(jí)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。小細(xì)胞肺癌是一類(lèi)具有高度轉(zhuǎn)移傾向的惡性腫瘤,局限期、初發(fā)以及長(zhǎng)期生存患者體內(nèi)Th17細(xì)胞的水平較進(jìn)展、復(fù)發(fā)患者明顯增高[35]。
從上述研究可以看出,雖然惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生是由多種細(xì)胞因子與信號(hào)通路共同作用的結(jié)果,但是Th17細(xì)胞在這個(gè)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要的作用,其表達(dá)水平的高低直接影響了腫瘤的惡化程度。
Th17細(xì)胞是CD4+T家族中的新成員,其在自身免疫病、感染性疾病以及移植排斥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮了重要作用。近年來(lái),Th17細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤的影響也備受關(guān)注。雖然目前很多報(bào)道的結(jié)果存在相互矛盾的現(xiàn)象,Th17細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤的影響也沒(méi)有明確定論,但是越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)揭示了Th17細(xì)胞在腫瘤領(lǐng)域的重要地位。因此,Th17細(xì)胞在腫瘤發(fā)病中擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)媒巧写M(jìn)一步深入研究。隨著研究的深入,Th17細(xì)胞將為腫瘤的預(yù)防及治療提供新的思路。
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