丁芳芳DING Fangfang
全冠民1QUAN Guanmin
袁 濤1YUAN Tao
楊素君2YANG Sujun
三維動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記診斷環(huán)形強(qiáng)化的高級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤
丁芳芳1DING Fangfang
全冠民1QUAN Guanmin
袁 濤1YUAN Tao
楊素君2YANG Sujun
目的探討三維動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記(3D-ASL)灌注成像鑒別診斷環(huán)形強(qiáng)化的高級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤(HGG)與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的價(jià)值,提高兩者的鑒別診斷水平。資料與方法48例HGG與38例腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者均行常規(guī)MRI平掃、3D-ASL灌注成像及MRI增強(qiáng)掃描,測(cè)量腫瘤實(shí)性區(qū)、近瘤周區(qū)及鏡像區(qū)腦血流量(CBF),計(jì)算腫瘤實(shí)性區(qū)及近瘤周區(qū)相對(duì)CBF(rCBF),比較兩組腫瘤實(shí)性區(qū)及近瘤周區(qū)rCBF,確定最佳閾值及其鑒別兩種腫瘤的敏感度、特異度。結(jié)果HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤實(shí)性區(qū)rCBF中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)分別為3.612(2.10)、3.123(5.99)(P>0.05)。HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤近瘤周區(qū)rCBF中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)分別為1.101(0.90)、0.720(0.28)(P<0.05)。ROC曲線分析顯示,當(dāng)近瘤周區(qū)rCBF閾值為0.895時(shí),鑒別HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的敏感度與特異度分別為70.8%與84.2%。結(jié)論3D-ASL測(cè)量腫瘤實(shí)性區(qū)rCBF對(duì)區(qū)分環(huán)形強(qiáng)化的HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤無(wú)價(jià)值,而近瘤周區(qū)的rCBF值有助于鑒別兩種腫瘤。
腦腫瘤;神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤;腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移;磁共振成像;灌注成像;動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記;局部血流;診斷,鑒別
高級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤(high grade glioma,HGG)與轉(zhuǎn)移瘤是顱內(nèi)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,兩者病程、治療原則及預(yù)后明顯不同,常規(guī)MRI均可表現(xiàn)為環(huán)形強(qiáng)化伴瘤周水腫,30%的腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤以單發(fā)為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)[1],缺乏原發(fā)瘤病史時(shí),兩者鑒別較困難。磁共振灌注成像(MR perfusion weighted image,PWI)作為一種評(píng)估腦組織灌注的成像技術(shù),能較敏感地檢測(cè)組織的血流灌注信息,對(duì)腦腫瘤微血管分布及密度情況進(jìn)行評(píng)估,反映病變微結(jié)構(gòu)特性,為腦腫瘤深層評(píng)估開(kāi)辟了新思路。動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記(arterial spin labeling,ASL)是一種MR灌注成像方法,利用動(dòng)脈血中水的氫質(zhì)子作為內(nèi)源性示蹤劑,采用半定量參數(shù)相對(duì)腦血流量(relative cerebral blood fow,rCBF)為研究指標(biāo),具有安全、無(wú)創(chuàng)、可重復(fù)性好的優(yōu)點(diǎn),在腦腫瘤方面的應(yīng)用價(jià)值已得到初步證實(shí)[2],但是其臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值及應(yīng)用仍處于研究階段。ASL通過(guò)灌注值腦血流量(CBF)間接反映腫瘤微血管密度及分布等微觀信息,有可能為影像學(xué)鑒別HGG和腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤提供新途徑[1,3]。本文對(duì)表現(xiàn)為環(huán)形強(qiáng)化的48例腦HGG和38例腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤進(jìn)行ASL研究,以提高兩者的鑒別診斷水平。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 收集2012-10~2013-12河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院及邯鄲市中心醫(yī)院經(jīng)病理檢查確診的48例HGG和38例腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者,均符合2007年WHO神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):CT或MRI檢查均表現(xiàn)為環(huán)形強(qiáng)化的單發(fā)腫瘤,經(jīng)手術(shù)病理證實(shí)診斷,排除壞死、出血及偽影明顯者。48例HGG中,男22例,女26例;年齡11~79歲,平均(50.19±15.05)歲;間變性星形細(xì)胞瘤(III級(jí))22例,膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(IV級(jí))26例。38例腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤中,年齡33~78歲,平均(50.47±15.38)歲;肺癌14例,乳腺癌8例,結(jié)腸癌6例,食管癌4例,腎癌6例。兩組患者年齡差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。主要臨床癥狀:頭痛78例,嘔吐41例,視物模糊37例,偏身感覺(jué)障礙及言語(yǔ)不清18例。病理學(xué)檢查由1名主任醫(yī)師和1名副主任醫(yī)師按照2007年WHO神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤組織學(xué)分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]獨(dú)立做出評(píng)價(jià),診斷意見(jiàn)不一致時(shí)協(xié)商后統(tǒng)一。所有患者均行常規(guī)MRI平掃、三維動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記(3D-ASL)灌注成像及增強(qiáng)掃描。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),檢查前所有患者均簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 儀器與方法 采用3.0T MRI掃描儀(GE Discovery MR 750),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)8通道頭顱相控陣線圈,行常規(guī)MRI平掃及3D-ASL掃描后,經(jīng)肘靜脈團(tuán)注對(duì)比劑釓噴酸葡胺,劑量15 ml,流速1.5 ml/s,注射完畢后5 min行T1WI增強(qiáng)掃描。
常規(guī)MRI掃描參數(shù):軸位T1WI(T1-FLAIR序列):TR 1750 ms,TE 25.0 ms,TI 780 ms。軸位T2WI(FSE序列):TR 4257 ms,TE 103.8 ms。軸位T2-FLAIR:TR 8400 ms,TE 148.5 ms,TI 2100 ms,層厚5.0 mm,層間隔1.0 mm,矩陣512×256,視野(FOV)24 cm× 24 cm,激勵(lì)次數(shù)(NEX)1。矢狀位T2WI(FRFSE序列):TR 3260 ms,TE 93.2 ms,層厚5.0 mm,層間隔1.0 mm,矩陣384×384,F(xiàn)OV 24 cm×24 cm,NEX 2。增強(qiáng)掃描:軸位、矢狀位與冠狀位T1WI(3D-FSPGR序列):TR 8.2 ms,TE 3.2 ms,TI 450 ms,層厚1.2 mm,矩陣256×256,F(xiàn)OV 24 cm×24 cm,NEX 1。
3D-ASL(3D Spiral):TR 4632 ms,TE 10.5 ms,TI 1525.0 ms,F(xiàn)OV 24 cm×24 cm,矩陣512×8,層厚4 mm。掃描層數(shù)40層,NEX 3,掃描時(shí)間4 min 29 s。為保證圖像質(zhì)量,掃描前均行ASSET序列勻場(chǎng)處理。掃描范圍包括全腦。
1.3 圖像分析 3D-ASL原始圖像經(jīng)ADW 4.5工作站采用Functool軟件進(jìn)行后處理,構(gòu)建每一層面的CBF偽彩圖像。實(shí)性區(qū)最大rCBF:根據(jù)腫瘤各層面CBF偽彩圖,在同一層面依據(jù)色階確定腫瘤實(shí)性CBF最大區(qū)域(紅色),采用公認(rèn)的熱點(diǎn)法放置ROI,避開(kāi)壞死、出血、大血管及偽影明顯區(qū)域,面積約為30 mm2,每個(gè)ROI測(cè)量3次,取平均值為腫瘤實(shí)性區(qū)最大CBF;再?gòu)?fù)制ROI測(cè)量同層面對(duì)側(cè)正常腦組織的CBF,獲得腫瘤實(shí)性區(qū)rCBF,計(jì)算公式:rCBF=腫瘤實(shí)性區(qū)最大CBF/同層面對(duì)側(cè)正常腦組織CBF。近瘤周區(qū)相對(duì)CBF:瘤周區(qū)定義為常規(guī)MR瘤體周?chē)粡?qiáng)化、T2表現(xiàn)為高信號(hào)區(qū)域[5],由于越鄰近實(shí)體組織越容易受到腫瘤組織的污染,血管增殖越明顯[6],故本研究根據(jù)增強(qiáng)T1WI-CBF融合圖像,采用熱點(diǎn)法選取距離腫瘤強(qiáng)化邊緣1 cm處放置瘤周區(qū)ROI,即近瘤周區(qū),同上述方法獲得近瘤周區(qū)rCBF。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 13.0軟件,rCBF數(shù)據(jù)不符合正態(tài)分布,采用中位數(shù)及四分位數(shù)間距表示,使用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較,P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。采用ROC曲線分析確定不同截?cái)帱c(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的靈敏度和特異度,并選擇兩者之和最大截?cái)帱c(diǎn)作為最佳閾值。
2.1 HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤實(shí)性區(qū)及近瘤周區(qū)ASL-rCBF值比較 秩和檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤實(shí)性區(qū)rCBF差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=-0.526,P>0.05);兩組腫瘤近瘤周區(qū)rCBF差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=-2.776,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1及圖1、2。
表1 HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤實(shí)性區(qū)及近瘤周區(qū)rCBF值比較
圖1 男,69歲,肺癌單發(fā)腦轉(zhuǎn)移。T2WI示左頂葉類(lèi)圓形等信號(hào)病灶伴周?chē)咝盘?hào)(A);增強(qiáng)T1WI示病灶均勻明顯強(qiáng)化(B);3D-ASL CBF偽彩圖示一類(lèi)圓形明顯高灌注區(qū),周?chē)嘧⑽匆?jiàn)明顯增高,rCBF實(shí)性為4.98,rCBF瘤周為1.20(C)
圖2 女,42歲,左側(cè)額葉-胼胝體膝部膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(IV級(jí))。T2WI示不規(guī)則混雜信號(hào)病灶伴周?chē)咝盘?hào)(A);增強(qiáng)T1WI示病變呈明顯斑片狀強(qiáng)化(B);3D-ASL CBF偽彩圖示斑片狀明顯高灌注,rCBF實(shí)性區(qū)為4.26,rCBF瘤周區(qū)為2.29(C)
2.2 HGG近瘤周區(qū)ASL-rCBF的ROC曲線分析 ROC曲線分析結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)rCBF閾值為0.895時(shí),鑒別兩種腫瘤的敏感度及特異度分別為70.8%與84.2%,ROC曲線下面積為0.749,見(jiàn)圖3。
圖3 近瘤周區(qū)ASL-rCBF值鑒別HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的ROC曲線。曲線下面積為0.749,當(dāng)rCBF閾值為0.895時(shí),鑒別兩種腫瘤的敏感度及特異度分別為70.8%及84.2%
ASL從微觀層面為HGG及腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤評(píng)估微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD),反映腫瘤實(shí)性及瘤周血流灌注信息,為鑒別兩者開(kāi)辟了新思路。本組資料顯示,根據(jù)ASL測(cè)定的腫瘤實(shí)性區(qū)rCBF難以鑒別HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,但兩種腫瘤近瘤周區(qū)rCBF值存在明顯差異。
3.1 HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的病理基礎(chǔ)及常規(guī)MRI的局限性 HGG和腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤是腦內(nèi)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,常規(guī)MRI均可表現(xiàn)為環(huán)形強(qiáng)化,兩者均伴不同程度的瘤周水腫,呈長(zhǎng)T1、長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào)[6-8]。腫瘤血管生成及增殖是導(dǎo)致HGG和腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤生長(zhǎng)及浸潤(rùn)最重要的因素[5],腫瘤MVD及血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是評(píng)價(jià)血管增殖的重要指標(biāo)。MRI灌注成像血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)CBF與MVD及VEGF表達(dá)具有較好的相關(guān)性,為活體影像學(xué)檢查推測(cè)MVD及VEGF表達(dá)提供了可能性[9]。MRI灌注包括動(dòng)態(tài)磁敏感對(duì)比增強(qiáng)(dynamic susceptibility contrast,DSC)和ASL,DSC法在腫瘤診斷、鑒別及預(yù)后評(píng)估中的價(jià)值已得到廣泛認(rèn)可。Cha等[10]研究證實(shí),DSC鑒別膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤與腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的敏感度可達(dá)100%,但是這種灌注成像需要注射外源性對(duì)比劑,且必須在對(duì)比劑首過(guò)時(shí)采集數(shù)據(jù),不能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)檢查,對(duì)比劑注射受患者腎功能的影響。而ASL灌注以無(wú)創(chuàng)性及可重復(fù)性強(qiáng)等獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)逐漸受到關(guān)注,但其價(jià)值仍處于研究階段。目前已有研究探討了DSC與ASL在腫瘤診斷方面的相關(guān)性,并初步證實(shí)ASL方法評(píng)估腦腫瘤灌注的可行性[11,12]。J?rnum等[13]采用ASL和DSC技術(shù)對(duì)28例腦腫瘤rCBF進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種方法rCBF對(duì)腦腫瘤血管灌注評(píng)估有很好的相關(guān)性(r=0.82,P<0.01)。Lehmann等[14]利用脈沖動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記(pulsed arterial spin labeling,pASL)和DSC對(duì)27例不同種類(lèi)腦腫瘤患者進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果顯示,pASL可與DSC一樣評(píng)價(jià)腫瘤血流灌注,兩種方法rCBF密切相關(guān)(r=0.97,P<0.01)。然而目前關(guān)于ASL灌注成像對(duì)腫瘤鑒別的研究較少。
3.2 實(shí)性區(qū)rCBF對(duì)HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的鑒別診斷本研究采用ASL觀察HGG和腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤rCBF的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)HGG與腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤實(shí)性區(qū)中位rCBF值分別為3.612與3.123(P>0.05),與既往DSC研究結(jié)論一致。Brand?o等[8]采用DSC檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)HGG與轉(zhuǎn)移瘤實(shí)性區(qū)灌注程度無(wú)明顯差異,其原因是HGG具有較多的血管增殖及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增生[15-17],新生血管較多,腫瘤新生血管程度與血流灌注呈正相關(guān);腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤通過(guò)血管途徑侵入腦內(nèi),在播散和生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中同樣會(huì)誘導(dǎo)大量新生血管形成,其新生血管結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)似原發(fā)腫瘤,也表現(xiàn)為高灌注,因此兩者微血管結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)明顯差異,僅依靠實(shí)性區(qū)rCBF值難以鑒別HGG與腦單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤。
3.3 近瘤周區(qū)rCBF對(duì)HGG與腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的鑒別診斷HGG與腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的瘤周區(qū)發(fā)生機(jī)制存在差異,近瘤周區(qū)所見(jiàn)更能反映腫瘤的病理特征。Brand?o等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HGG組CBF偽彩圖高灌注區(qū)域明顯大于常規(guī)MRI強(qiáng)化范圍,而轉(zhuǎn)移瘤高灌注區(qū)域與常規(guī)MRI增強(qiáng)區(qū)域基本一致,提示兩者瘤周區(qū)病理基礎(chǔ)不同。瘤周區(qū)又稱(chēng)為瘤周水腫,包括血管源性水腫與浸潤(rùn)性水腫,發(fā)生機(jī)制復(fù)雜,可能與腫瘤大小、部位、血管密度、VEGF表達(dá)和組織類(lèi)型等因素有關(guān),其中近瘤周區(qū)(距強(qiáng)化外緣<1 cm處)更能反映腫瘤的病理特點(diǎn)。Weber等[18]研究證實(shí)VEGF表達(dá)與近瘤周區(qū)水腫形成關(guān)系較為密切。本研究中HGG近瘤周區(qū)中位rCBF值(1.101)明顯高于單發(fā)腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤(0.720)(P<0.05)。Weber等[18]采用DSC對(duì)35例HGG與7例單發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤近瘤周區(qū)進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果證實(shí)HGG近瘤周區(qū)灌注明顯高于腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤組(P<0.001),其原因可能是HGG呈侵襲性生長(zhǎng),瘤周區(qū)除血管源性水腫外還有瘤細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),瘤細(xì)胞沿新生血管、神經(jīng)纖維束及擴(kuò)張的血管周?chē)g隙向瘤周浸潤(rùn),造成瘤周血管通透性增加及血管源性水腫[19,20]。因此,HGG瘤周水腫的形成是瘤細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)與血管源性水腫綜合作用的結(jié)果[21]。轉(zhuǎn)移瘤呈膨脹性生長(zhǎng),主要推壓周?chē)X組織而不是浸潤(rùn),其瘤周水腫發(fā)生機(jī)制是瘤細(xì)胞代謝產(chǎn)物及分泌的生物活性因子造成血-腦屏障通透性異常所致,與HGG的本質(zhì)區(qū)別在于其近瘤周區(qū)無(wú)明顯瘤細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)及血管異常增殖,這些原因造成兩種腫瘤的近瘤周區(qū)rCBF明顯不同。
本研究取rCBF最佳閾值為0.895時(shí),近瘤周區(qū)rCBF鑒別兩種腫瘤的敏感度及特異度分別為70.8%與84.2%。Weber等[18]采用DSC對(duì)35例HGG與7例腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤近瘤周水腫進(jìn)行研究,取rCBF閾值為0.5,鑒別兩者的敏感度及準(zhǔn)確度分別為100%及71%,與本研究結(jié)果有一定的差異。這種DSC與ASL之間閾值及敏感度、特異度不同的病理基礎(chǔ)是:①腫瘤部位不同,rCBF值也可能會(huì)受到一定的影響。Grossman等[21]證實(shí)11例健康志愿者雙側(cè)背側(cè)丘腦、豆?fàn)詈思拔矤詈薈BF值分別為(44.7±5.7)ml/(100 g·min)、(42.6±7.1)ml/(100 g·min)、(38.5±7.0)ml/(100 g·min),各組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。②不同級(jí)別HGG(III級(jí)與IV級(jí))血管化程度不同[22,23],在病理異質(zhì)性及浸潤(rùn)方式上存在差異,影響rCBF測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確性。③瘤周水腫的發(fā)生機(jī)制及影響因素復(fù)雜,感興趣區(qū)瘤細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)程度及方式難以與病理檢查逐點(diǎn)對(duì)照證實(shí)[22,23]。
總之,ASL灌注對(duì)HGG與腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤實(shí)性區(qū)rCBF無(wú)明顯差異,但是近瘤周區(qū)rCBF評(píng)估可以為鑒別兩者提供重要信息。ASL可以作為常規(guī)MRI的有效補(bǔ)充,有助于提高HGG與腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的鑒別診斷水平。
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(本文編輯 張春輝)
Differentiation of High Grade Glioma and Solitary Metastatic Brain Tumor in Ring-like Enhancement Using Three-dimensional Arterial Spin Labeling
PurposeTo probe into the value of three-dimensional arterial spin labeling (3D-ASL) in the differential diagnosis of high grade glioma (HGG) and solitary metastatic brain tumor in ring-like enhancement, so as to improve the diagnosis.Materials and MethodsForty-eight patients with HGG and 38 patients with metastatic brain tumors underwent conventional MRI, 3D-ASL and enhanced MRI scan, and the cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the solid region, immediate peritumoral region and mirror region was measured respectively. Then the relative CBF (rCBF) was calculated in the solid region and immediate peritumroal region for each patient and compared between the two groups. Then the cutoff value of rCBF that combined best sensitivity and specifcity for distinguishing between HGG and solitary metastatic brain tumors was analyzed.ResultsThe median rCBF values (interquartile range) of 3D-ASL in the solid region of 48 HGG cases and 38 cases of metastatic brain tumors were 3.612 (2.10) and 3.123 (5.99) respectively (without statistic signifcance, P>0.05). Those in the immediate peritumoral region were 1.101 (0.90) and 0.720 (0.28) respectively (with statistic significance, P<0.05). According to ROC curve analysis, a cutoff value of 0.895 for the immediate peritumoral rCBF value generated the best combination of sensitivity (70.8%) and specifcity (84.2%) for distinguishing between HGG and solitary metastatic brain tumor.ConclusionThe rCBF value in the immediate peritumoral region measured by 3D-ASL is helpful in differentiating HGG from solitary metastatic brain tumor, while that in the solid region cannot provide enough information in the differential diagnosis.
Brain neoplasms; Glioma; Neoplasm metastasis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Perfusion imaging; Arterial spin labeling; Regional blood flow; Diagnosis, differential
1. 河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院影像科 河北石家莊050000
2.河北省邯鄲市中心醫(yī)院 河北邯鄲 056001
全冠民
Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang
050000, China
Address Correspondence to: QUAN Guanmin E-mail: quanguanmin@163.com
R739.41;R730.42
2014-07-12
修回日期:2014-12-02
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)雜志
2014年 第22卷 第12期:899-903
Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging 2014 Volume 22(12): 899-903
10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2014.12.005