田金鳳

（遼寧省水文水資源勘測局本溪分局，遼寧 本溪 117000）

VerticalMapper在 Mapinfo 繪制等值線中的應(yīng)用

田金鳳

（遼寧省水文水資源勘測局本溪分局，遼寧 本溪 117000）

等值線是制圖對象某一數(shù)量指標(biāo)值相等的各點(diǎn)連成的平滑曲線，由地圖上標(biāo)出的表示制圖對象數(shù)量的各點(diǎn)，采用內(nèi)插法找出各整數(shù)點(diǎn)繪制而成的，常見有等溫線、等壓線、等高線、等勢線等。在水文、氣象、環(huán)境、建筑和規(guī)劃等領(lǐng)域常常需要等值線圖的繪制，其中水文工作中最常見的是降雨等值線、地下水位等值線等。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)制圖技術(shù)的發(fā)展，可用來繪制等值線圖的軟件有很多，如surfer+vb，或以 autocad 為平臺的二次開發(fā)軟件等，這些軟件雖然可以直接繪制等值線圖，但由于運(yùn)行環(huán)境獨(dú)立，生成的等值線往往需要轉(zhuǎn)化到實(shí)際應(yīng)用的地圖環(huán)境中，而且缺少點(diǎn)要素定位、屬性管理等不足，給后續(xù)工作帶來很大的不便。本文通過作 者 自 身 工 作 實(shí) 踐 ， 介 紹 一 下 Vertical Mapper 在Mapinfo 繪制等值線中的應(yīng)用。

1 Verticalmapper 和 mapinfo 簡介

M ap In fo 是美國 M ap Info 公司的 桌 面地理 信息系統(tǒng)軟件，是一種數(shù)據(jù)可視化、信息地圖化的桌面解決方案。它依據(jù)地圖及其應(yīng)用的概念、采用辦公自動化的操作、集成多種數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù)、融合計(jì)算機(jī)地圖方法、使用地理數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)、加入了地理信息系統(tǒng)分析功能，形成了極具實(shí)用價(jià)值的、可以為各行各業(yè)所用的大眾化小型軟件系統(tǒng)。Map Info Professional是一套強(qiáng)大的基于 W indows平臺的地圖化解決方案，可以方便地將數(shù)據(jù)和地理信息的關(guān)系直觀的展現(xiàn)，它提供了一套強(qiáng)大的工具來進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的商業(yè)地圖化，數(shù)據(jù)可視化和 GIS 功能。現(xiàn)在 比 較 常 用 的 版 本 是 M ap In fo Professional6.5，7.0和 8.0。

Vertical Mapper 是 Mapinfo 公司和 Northwood公司于 1997 年合作推出的基于 M apinfo 的擴(kuò)展插件，該插件作為 Mapinfo Professional的輔助工具，使用 Mapinfo 的數(shù)據(jù)格式，對 Mapinfo 的點(diǎn)位圖表進(jìn)行處理，估算點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)之間差值，并對其進(jìn)行內(nèi)插計(jì)算，由點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)筑一個(gè)連續(xù)面，從而在提供強(qiáng)大的分析查詢功能的同時(shí)，生成等值線并獲得三維可視化的效果。插件安裝后，將自動嵌入到Mapinfo 的菜單欄中。

2 等值線的繪制

下面以Mapinfo6.5 中文版內(nèi)嵌 VerticalMapper3.0為平臺，結(jié)合遼寧凌海市多年平均降水量等值線圖的實(shí)例，簡述 VerticalM apper 在 M apinfo 繪制等值線中的應(yīng)用。

2.1 創(chuàng)建點(diǎn)

首先，新建 EXCEL 表格，將雨量站的各項(xiàng)信息錄入，其中最為重要的是雨量站十進(jìn)制的經(jīng)緯度坐標(biāo)和降水量值，為了便于以后的數(shù)據(jù)管理和分析工作，可以根據(jù)需要自行添加其他屬性信息，如名稱、編碼、所在河流、高程、特征值等。格式如表 1。

制表時(shí)，表頭各項(xiàng)應(yīng)使用英文或空白，若用中文，則會出現(xiàn)無法打開的錯誤提示，導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)建無法完成。全部錄入完畢后保存退出。

表1 站點(diǎn)雨量信息

進(jìn) 入 Mapinfo 后 ， 打 開 剛 才 創(chuàng) 建 的 Excel 表格，選擇“另存副本”后退出。再重新進(jìn)入，在菜單欄“表”下選擇“創(chuàng)建點(diǎn)”。然后進(jìn)入“維護(hù)”—“表結(jié)構(gòu)”，將數(shù)字設(shè)為浮點(diǎn)型，將文字設(shè)為字符型，并選中“表可可視化”復(fù)選框。

2.2 創(chuàng)建網(wǎng)格

完成“創(chuàng)建點(diǎn)”的步驟后，在 VerticalMapper 下拉菜單中選擇“CreateGrid”，然后點(diǎn)擊“Interpolation”，會出現(xiàn)插值法選框。有6種插值方法可供選擇：TriangulationWithSmoothing（三角網(wǎng)格法）、Inverse DistanceWeighting （ 距 離 倒 數(shù) 權(quán) 重 法）、Natural Neighbour（自 然 鄰 域 插 值 法）、Rectangular/Bilinear（矩形/雙線性法）、Kriging （克里金法） 和 Custom pointestimation（自定義點(diǎn)估計(jì)法）。在大地圖降水量等值線繪制中，根據(jù)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)一般選用 Kriging法進(jìn)行插值，Kriging 法首先考慮的是空間屬性在空間位置上的變異分布，確定一個(gè)對待插點(diǎn)值的屬性值。在數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)較多的情況下，其內(nèi)插的結(jié)果可信度較高。

選取 Kriging 后點(diǎn)擊“Next”會出現(xiàn)選擇 表 和列的對話框，選中降水量值所在列的名稱，并視情況決定是否勾選“IgnoreRecordsContainingZero”（忽略 0 選項(xiàng)）。點(diǎn)擊“Next”后出現(xiàn)“Kriging：Point Aggregation”對話框，要求設(shè)置點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)聚合參數(shù)，“CoincidentPointDistance” 默 認(rèn) 值 為 0，“CoincidentPointAggregation” 為 默 認(rèn) Average Value（平均值），皆選擇默認(rèn)即可，直接進(jìn)入下步。

“Kriging：Interpolation”對話框?yàn)椴逯祬?shù)設(shè)置 ，共 有 cellsize（單 元 大 ?。?、searchradius（搜 索 半徑）、minimum#ofpoints（最 小 點(diǎn) 數(shù)）和 maximum #ofpoints（最大點(diǎn) 數(shù)）4 項(xiàng) 參 數(shù) ，可以根據(jù)需要 自行設(shè)置。一般來說，單元大小和搜索半徑可以根據(jù)實(shí)際雨量站點(diǎn)選取，最大點(diǎn)數(shù)和最小點(diǎn)數(shù)選取和雨量站點(diǎn)數(shù)相同即可。設(shè)置完成后點(diǎn)擊“Finish”即可生成網(wǎng)格。

2.3 生成等值線

創(chuàng)建網(wǎng)格圖后，在 VerticalMapper 下拉菜單中選擇“ShowGridManager”，即可打開 GridManager工具條，然后點(diǎn)擊“Contour”選取生成等值線圖和等值面圖。其中“Polylines”為生成等值線圖，“Regions”為生成等值面圖。若要繪制圖例，則勾選“Create Legend”。

然后點(diǎn)擊“Intervals”設(shè)置最小、最大等值線數(shù)值和等值線間距，可以根據(jù)實(shí)際需要設(shè)置成整數(shù)。設(shè)置完成后點(diǎn)擊“OK”生成等值線，然后在Mapinfo 中打開事先準(zhǔn)備好的底圖，把生成的等值線圖層設(shè)為最上層，并標(biāo)記出等值線數(shù)值即可。

通 過 VerticalMapper 生 成 的 等 值 線 圖 與Mapinfo 軟件有著很好的兼容性，用戶可以根據(jù)Mapinfo 提供的地圖工具對其進(jìn)行任意編輯和數(shù)據(jù)分析工作，并且可以和行政區(qū)、等高線、水系圖等其他圖層一起，進(jìn)行專題地圖研究。

3 結(jié) 語

VerticalMapper 配合 Mapinfo 軟件，在繪制等值線上不僅簡單易懂，繪制方便，而且其繪制的等值線可以滿足精度、圓滑度要求，具有其他繪圖軟件無可比擬的優(yōu) 勢。而且 Mapinfo 軟件的 GIS 功能比較強(qiáng)大，其生成的等值線圖可以進(jìn)行編輯修正和數(shù)據(jù)分析統(tǒng)計(jì)，等值線數(shù)據(jù)也便于采集、存貯和管理?；谝陨纤觯琕erticalMapper 在 Mapinfo繪制等值線中的應(yīng)用值得推廣。

［1］溫潤鋒.基于 Mapinfo 降雨量等值線圖的繪制方法［J］.企業(yè)科技與發(fā)展，2009（14）.

［2］于海龍，謝剛生，徐云和.Mapinfo 環(huán)境下二次開發(fā)相關(guān)問題的研究［J］.東北測繪，2000，3（23）：35.

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[Key words]water qualitymodel;water resourcesmanagement;S-P model

Com parative study on foundation treatm ent schem es about colluvial gravel soil layer of avalanche slope in tunnel portal

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Optim ization design of seepage prevention scheme for Youche reservoir

LU Yong-rong,LIJian,LIU Yong

The Youche reservoir,located in hilly region of the south Jiangsu province,has unusual impervious foundation treatment engineering quantity in sim ilar projects.Especially,there is lessexperience for karst treatment under deep thick overburden at home and abroad.The project is implemented smoothly at finally through the investigation and experiment,renowned expert guidance and interpretation and the design parametersoptim ization by constructing partiesof the project during the design and construction periods.The reservoir isworking well in normaloperation and the reservoir benefit is realized gradually.

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[Key words]pumped-storage power station;lower reservoir;reservoir basin;seepage prevention

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[Key words]caving bank;cause analysis;treatmentmeasure

Study on functional characteristics of TBM suitable for soft rock tunnel

YANG Hong-xin

[Abstract]Based on the application example of the TBM in Daban so ft rock tunnel in Xinjiang,the paper describes that the functional characteristicsof TBM equipment should hasgood adaptability to suitable for the soft rock tunnel excavation.In the process of the type selection and formulation process of the TBM,the main technical indexeso f the TBM performance should be determ ined reasonably,which not only consider thematch of the multiple complex geologic conditions and the construction scheme,but also meet the requirements of construction period and the safety.

[Key words]TBM equipment;soft rock tunnel;functional characteristics[Abstract]Based on the precipitation data of Chaoyang area from 1970 to 2010,the precipitation of Chaoyang area are forecasted by using thewavelet neuralnetwork precipitation forecastingmodel in the MATLAB platform, then the result is compared w ith the true value and the result of BP neural network.The results show that the wavelet neural network precipitation forecasting model has higher accuracy and less iteration number,makes up for the defect of the neural network m odel and reflect objectively the Chaoyang area precipitation conditionsand themethod isvisual,which could provide the effectivemethod for the precipitation forecasting of Chaoyang area.[Key words]precipitation forecasting;wavelet neuralnetwork;BP neural network

Study on precipitation forecastingmodel based on wavelet neural network in Chaoyang city

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Characteristics analysis of rainfall-runoff relation in Liuguhe river basin under influence of human activity

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[Key words]rainfall-runoff relation;human activity influence;dynam ic variation characteristics

M odeling study of water resourcesmanagementmodel coup led w ith S-P water qualitymodelunder uncertainty conditions

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TP319

B

1002－0624（ 2014）06－0069－02

2013-12-11

[Abstract]According to the terrain,geological conditions and the existing hidden defects in the tunnel portal of the Changhe dam,the somemain problemsshould be solved,include the foundation settlement,the nonuniform settlement,the bias deformation and the foundation softening under the reservoir water erosion of accumulation body in tunnel portal.Based on the ground treatmentof the sim ilar projects,the paper puts forward and compares the two treatmentmethodsof the reinforced curtain wall reinforcement and the steelpipe top bracing.

[Key words]colluvial layer;foundation settlement;reinforced curtain wall;tunnelportal