魏海燕,成勇
卒中后抑郁的發(fā)病機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
魏海燕,成勇
卒中后抑郁是腦卒中后最常見的并發(fā)癥之一。其對(duì)腦卒中的病程、康復(fù)和預(yù)后有著重要的影響。本文就卒中后抑郁發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
卒中后抑郁;神經(jīng)生物學(xué);心理應(yīng)激障礙;致炎因子;遺傳變異
卒中后抑郁(poststroke depression,PSD)是以情緒低落、興趣喪失等情感障礙為特征的腦卒中后最常見的并發(fā)癥之一。據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道PSD的患病率為20%~79%。約25%的患者發(fā)生在腦卒中急性期,約50%的患者在腦卒中后6個(gè)月左右發(fā)病[1]。
PSD的患者可出現(xiàn)情緒低落、興趣缺乏及睡眠、食欲紊亂等軀體癥狀,甚至出現(xiàn)焦慮、自罪自責(zé)、悲傷、自殺等心理癥狀。目前,PSD的發(fā)病機(jī)制還未完全闡明。本文即對(duì)PSD的發(fā)病機(jī)制現(xiàn)狀和進(jìn)展綜述如下。
1.1 神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)
20世紀(jì)80年代,Robinson等[2]研究小組提出,卒中損害部位是決定PSD發(fā)生的最重要因素。頭部CT掃描發(fā)現(xiàn)左側(cè)大腦半球尤其前部額極比其他區(qū)域的損害更易發(fā)生PSD,且抑郁狀態(tài)發(fā)生較重。Kim等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),左側(cè)大腦半球尤其左額葉和左側(cè)基底核受損后更易發(fā)生PSD。原因是中樞性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)如去甲腎上腺素系統(tǒng)(noradrenaline,NE)和5-羥色胺(5-hydroxy tryptamine,5-HT)系統(tǒng)主要由腦干神經(jīng)元分泌,其神經(jīng)纖維投射到紋狀體、下丘腦、基底核區(qū),最后終止于大腦皮質(zhì)。故大腦前部損害更易引起PSD的發(fā)生。Terroni等[4]通過(guò)MRI檢查對(duì)腦卒中病灶的皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)環(huán)路與PSD發(fā)作發(fā)病率相關(guān)研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),PSD的發(fā)生與左側(cè)皮質(zhì)-紋狀體-丘腦-皮質(zhì)環(huán)路及內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)功能障礙有關(guān)。但自20世紀(jì)90年代起,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)PSD的發(fā)生與損壞部位并無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。Singh等[5]對(duì)81例PSD患者進(jìn)行縱向研究,結(jié)果顯示卒中部位與PSD的發(fā)生無(wú)相關(guān)性。其原因是研究方法的不一致,導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果的差異。因此,腦內(nèi)病變的部位與PSD是否有關(guān)系仍是最有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題。
1.2 神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)學(xué)
研究證實(shí),PSD的發(fā)生與大腦損傷后神經(jīng)生物化學(xué)有關(guān)。NE和5-HT是與人類精神活動(dòng)尤其是情感活動(dòng)密切相關(guān)的重要神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)。卒中病變直接或間接損壞了NE和5-HT遞質(zhì)的合成、代謝及傳導(dǎo)通路,使NE和5-HT遞質(zhì)減少及信息傳遞障礙,從而導(dǎo)致抑郁發(fā)生。Ghika等[6]對(duì)PSD患者進(jìn)行腦代謝研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)其腦內(nèi)NE和5-HT神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)下降。結(jié)合臨床上應(yīng)用抗抑郁藥物如選擇性5-HT再攝取抑制藥(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,SSRIs)有效治療PSD相關(guān)研究,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)PSD的發(fā)生與單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)減少有關(guān)[7]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),PSD的發(fā)生與谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等氨基酸類的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)有關(guān)。由于腦組織缺血缺氧使ATP減少及膜通透性改變導(dǎo)致K+外流、神經(jīng)元持續(xù)去極化,加之持續(xù)放電、Ca2+內(nèi)流和能量耗竭導(dǎo)致興奮性氨基酸如谷氨酸增加,同時(shí)再攝取受阻,興奮性氨基酸在細(xì)胞外堆積,又反饋性引起K+外流,產(chǎn)生惡性循環(huán)。致使大量興奮性氨基酸的爆發(fā)性釋放使其受體過(guò)度激活,導(dǎo)致突觸后神經(jīng)元過(guò)度興奮、潰變、壞死[8]。
1.3 神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌學(xué)
有研究者應(yīng)用地塞米松抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)和促甲狀腺釋放激素興奮實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)PSD患者存在神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌功能異常。即下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸和下丘腦-垂體-甲狀腺軸等活動(dòng)異常[9],導(dǎo)致血漿皮質(zhì)醇升高。血漿皮質(zhì)醇升高可誘導(dǎo)肝臟產(chǎn)生色氨酸吡咯化酶和氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶,兩者分別降解血液中色氨酸(5-HT前體)和酪氨酸(NE前體),導(dǎo)致5-HT和NE合成減少,促進(jìn)或加重PSD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[9-11]。提示神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌功能異??赡苁荘SD的觸發(fā)因素。
有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,腦卒中“突如其來(lái)”的發(fā)生和其嚴(yán)重程度,使患者的工作和日常生活能力改變甚至喪失,導(dǎo)致患者心理應(yīng)激障礙、心理平衡失調(diào),由此對(duì)抑郁癥的產(chǎn)生有一定的作用。Bruggimann等[12]關(guān)于PSD的研究顯示,創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙與卒中后心理狀態(tài)變化有聯(lián)系。創(chuàng)傷和(或)長(zhǎng)期的壓力會(huì)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)功能結(jié)構(gòu)及中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)改變[13-14]。創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的發(fā)生與多種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)如5-HT、NE變化有關(guān)。
近幾年來(lái),Spalletta等[15]提出PSD發(fā)病機(jī)理的一個(gè)新假說(shuō)--致炎細(xì)胞因子。該學(xué)說(shuō)認(rèn)為腦卒中促使某些炎性介質(zhì)如C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1、腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α、IL-6等釋放,這些介質(zhì)對(duì)單胺神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)長(zhǎng)期刺激并產(chǎn)生一定毒性作用[16]。從而導(dǎo)致其功能下降,致使抑郁癥發(fā)生。Joyce等[17]關(guān)于抑郁癥患者血液中存在高濃度的急性血漿蛋白研究發(fā)現(xiàn),機(jī)體的炎癥狀態(tài)可能導(dǎo)致機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境及代謝紊亂,導(dǎo)致腦神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)分泌平衡障礙、神經(jīng)損壞,促進(jìn)或加重抑郁癥狀的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。Maes等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),卒中損害部位尤其是在邊緣區(qū)如額皮質(zhì)腹外側(cè)、雙側(cè)皮質(zhì)和基底核等因卒中產(chǎn)生的許多炎性細(xì)胞因子如IL-1、TNF-α可能導(dǎo)致炎癥性過(guò)程擴(kuò)大效應(yīng),并廣泛激活吲哚胺2,3雙加氧化酶的作用,促使其區(qū)域內(nèi)單胺遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)功能障礙,導(dǎo)致PSD的發(fā)生。Kim等[19]關(guān)于PSD與細(xì)胞因子基因多態(tài)性的相關(guān)性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-4+33C/C、IL-10-1082A這2個(gè)基因型與PSD的分型有關(guān)。
雖然PSD的基因假說(shuō)至今尚未證實(shí),但有證據(jù)顯示個(gè)人和家族有抑郁癥的病史可能是腦卒中后重癥抑郁的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[20,21]。目前已提出缺血性卒中的相關(guān)基因有凝血/纖溶基因、血小板相關(guān)基因、一氧化氮合成酶基因、腫瘤壞死因子基因、心鈉素基因等基因變異及部分基因-基因的相互作用。其中5-HT轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白相關(guān)基因、載脂蛋白E基因等與抑郁的發(fā)生顯著相關(guān)。Ramasubbu等[22]對(duì)26例卒中后重癥抑郁(實(shí)驗(yàn)組)和25例子非PSD患者(對(duì)照組)進(jìn)行研究,觀察5-HT轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)(5-HTTLPR)的變異與PSD的關(guān)系。結(jié)果顯示,2組的5-HTTLPR基因型(SS,SL,LL)頻率存在顯著性差異,提示5-HTTLPR的變異與PSD有密切關(guān)系。Kohen等[23]關(guān)于PSD與5-羥色胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體基因多態(tài)性相關(guān)性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),5-HTTLPR的變異與重度PSD相關(guān)。
目前,PSD的確切發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未明確,PSD尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的特異性的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);另外由于卒中患者的癡呆、失語(yǔ)等原因,臨床醫(yī)生不能獲得完全準(zhǔn)確的信息而做出正確判斷,所以存在較高的漏診率和誤診率。因此,尋找與PSD相關(guān)的特異性指標(biāo),對(duì)在發(fā)生PSD的患者及時(shí)做出預(yù)測(cè)和診斷,并針對(duì)PSD不同的因素和環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行早期的干預(yù),有重要意義。
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(本文編輯:唐穎馨)
R741;R749.1
A DOI 10.3870/sjsscj.2014.04.018
解放軍161醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科武漢430000
2014-04-26
成勇chengyong94@163. com