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上皮—間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化及其在鼻咽癌中的作用研究進(jìn)展

2014-04-05 17:40趙利容羅泊濤陳小毅
山東醫(yī)藥 2014年15期
關(guān)鍵詞:表型生長(zhǎng)因子上皮

饒 潔,趙利容,羅泊濤,陳小毅

(廣東醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室,廣東湛江524023)

鼻咽癌(NPC)是一種與Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)感染密切相關(guān)的鼻咽部黏膜上皮惡性腫瘤,對(duì)放療較敏感,但大多數(shù)患者在初次確診時(shí)已有局部淋巴結(jié)或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,處于臨床Ⅲ或Ⅳ期[1],晚期患者放療后仍有30%~40%發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)距離轉(zhuǎn)移和局部復(fù)發(fā)[2],侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移仍是威脅患者生存的關(guān)鍵因素之一。上皮—間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)是腫瘤發(fā)生侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的重要機(jī)制,且與NPC原位侵襲和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)?,F(xiàn)將EMT在NPC中的作用研究進(jìn)展綜述如下。

1 EMT定義及特征

EMT的概念由Greenburg和Hay在1982年首次提出,指上皮細(xì)胞在某些特定條件下轉(zhuǎn)化為具有間質(zhì)樣表型細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)過(guò)程。EMT現(xiàn)象最初用于解釋胚胎的發(fā)育過(guò)程,如神經(jīng)管、心瓣膜、顱面部結(jié)構(gòu)和肌肉、骨骼等的形成。隨后陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn),EMT存在于多種病理過(guò)程中,如傷口的愈合、組織纖維化、假上皮瘤樣增生和腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移等。因此,EMT所起的具體作用可分為以下三型:Ⅰ型為胚胎發(fā)育和器官形成;Ⅱ型為纖維化—損傷修復(fù)、組織再生;Ⅲ型為腫瘤發(fā)生及轉(zhuǎn)移。上皮細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT后,其形態(tài)由橢圓形轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚L(zhǎng)梭形(呈成纖維細(xì)胞樣形態(tài)),且細(xì)胞極性喪失、細(xì)胞間連接解體、細(xì)胞骨架重排、細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)和侵襲能力增加;此外,上皮表型蛋白E-cadherin表達(dá)降低或消失,間質(zhì)表型蛋白Vimentin、Fibronectin和N-cadherin表達(dá)上調(diào)[3]。

2 介導(dǎo)NPC細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT的相關(guān)因子

2.1 EBV編碼蛋白 在NPC等上皮細(xì)胞型腫瘤中,EBV感染主要表達(dá)Ⅱ型潛伏感染產(chǎn)物,如EBV核抗原1 (EBNA-1)、潛伏膜蛋白1(LMP-1)、潛伏膜蛋白2 (LMP-2)和EBV編碼的小RNAs(EBERs)[4]。眾多研究表明,在NPC中EBV感染產(chǎn)物與EMT有關(guān)。

EBNA-1是一種由EBV編碼、641個(gè)氨基酸組成的核蛋白,其包含的兩個(gè)連接區(qū)是維持病毒基因組連接于細(xì)胞染色體并持續(xù)存在的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。EBNA-1蛋白的羧基端含有一個(gè)與DNA結(jié)合的親水結(jié)構(gòu)域,可以與特異的雙鏈DNA序列結(jié)合形成二聚體并促進(jìn)病毒編碼的相應(yīng)蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄。在細(xì)胞內(nèi)因子輔助下,EBNA-1羧基端DNA結(jié)合區(qū)與EBV復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)結(jié)合,激活LMP-1的啟動(dòng)子,促進(jìn)LMP-l轉(zhuǎn)錄;還可激活Hedgehog(HH)信號(hào)通路[5],而HH信號(hào)通路可介導(dǎo)EMT。EBNA-1轉(zhuǎn)染EBV相關(guān)胃癌細(xì)胞后,可下調(diào)與EMT相關(guān)的miR-200家族表達(dá),隨后上調(diào) ZEB1/ZEB2表達(dá),導(dǎo)致 E-cadherin表達(dá)減少[6]。王路等也發(fā)現(xiàn),過(guò)表達(dá)EBNA-1的NPC細(xì)胞系發(fā)生了與EMT相關(guān)的細(xì)胞形態(tài)和表型變化,過(guò)表達(dá)EBNA-1可通過(guò)TGF-β1使miR-200a和miR-200b表達(dá)下調(diào),進(jìn)而上調(diào)其靶基因ZEB1、ZEB2轉(zhuǎn)錄因子誘導(dǎo)NPC細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT并促進(jìn)其侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。

LMP-1是由EBV基因組BNLF-1基因編碼、386個(gè)氨基酸組成的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為62×103Da的跨膜蛋白。LMP-1與NPC細(xì)胞的EMT關(guān)系密切[7~10]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,LMP-1可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)EMT相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist[7]、Snail[8]促進(jìn)NPC細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT和增強(qiáng)其侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力。NPC組織中LMP-1與Twist、Vimentin表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)[9];穩(wěn)定表達(dá)LMP-1的鼻咽上皮細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)腫瘤干細(xì)胞(CSC)樣表型、具有自我更新的特性,同時(shí)伴有EMT轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist和Snail表達(dá)水平升高[10]。LMP-1可促使NPC細(xì)胞系CNE-1的SATB-1表達(dá)增加和核轉(zhuǎn)位,體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明LMP-1與SATB-1呈正相關(guān),且SATB-1蛋白表達(dá)水平與NPC臨床分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、遠(yuǎn)距離轉(zhuǎn)移也呈正相關(guān)[11]。SATB-1在乳腺癌細(xì)胞獲得和維持侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力的過(guò)程中起關(guān)鍵性作用,且其高表達(dá)可下調(diào)E-cadherin表達(dá),敲除此基因后E-cadherin表達(dá)顯著增強(qiáng)、E-cadherin的轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子Snail表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)、癌細(xì)胞的EMT過(guò)程被逆轉(zhuǎn)[12]。但有學(xué)者[9]認(rèn)為,LMP-1也許僅僅是NPC發(fā)生EMT有關(guān)的上游因子之一,而非NPC頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的決定因子。

EBV編碼的LMP-2包含LMP-2A和LMP-2B,其中LMP-2B的主要功能是負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)LMP-2A[13]。LMP-2A是由497個(gè)氨基酸組成的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為54×103Da的磷酸化膜蛋白,其可通過(guò)Ras/PI3-K/ Akt、ERK 1/2等信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)EMT[14~16],如其氨基末端脯氨酸富集基序可激活ERK 1/2信號(hào)通路,誘導(dǎo)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-9啟動(dòng)子活化所需的AP-1轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Fra-1,從而上調(diào)MMP-9表達(dá)、促進(jìn)NPC細(xì)胞侵襲[16]。LMP-2A轉(zhuǎn)染EBV相關(guān)胃癌細(xì)胞后,可下調(diào)與EMT相關(guān)的miR-200家族表達(dá)、上調(diào)ZEB1/ZEB2表達(dá),導(dǎo)致E-cadherin表達(dá)降低[6]。此外,LMP-2A在誘導(dǎo)NPC細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT時(shí),也可增加NPC組織中CSC樣細(xì)胞群體數(shù)量[15]。

2.2 細(xì)胞因子及其他因素 缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子(HIF)、胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子(IGF)、表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(EGF)、肝細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(HGF)、成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(FGF)、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)及轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(TGF)等均可誘導(dǎo)多種惡性上皮腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[17]。TGF-β1[18]、EGF、HGF與NPC細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT有關(guān),其中EGF可激活PI3-K/Akt信號(hào)[19],而HGF則可激活ERK 1/2信號(hào)[20]。此外,通過(guò)自分泌或旁分泌的IL-8活化AKT信號(hào)亦可誘導(dǎo)NPC細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT[21]。Zhen等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn),NPC組織中結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子(CTGF)的表達(dá)下調(diào),且與NPC臨床進(jìn)展呈負(fù)相關(guān);穩(wěn)定下調(diào)或暫時(shí)抑制NPC的6-10B細(xì)胞系中CTGF表達(dá)可激活FAK/PI3-K/Akt信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)與細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)的MMP-2、MMP-9及EMT相關(guān)基因Snail、N-cadherin、波形蛋白表達(dá),并使E-cadherin表達(dá)降低;但并未發(fā)現(xiàn)NPC的6-10B細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)EMT形態(tài)學(xué)變化,其機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)ERK活性的雙特異性磷酸酶(DUSP6)在NPC組織中表達(dá)亦下調(diào),通過(guò)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染后過(guò)表達(dá)DUSP6的高侵襲性NPC細(xì)胞的侵襲能力明顯減弱,而EMT相關(guān)標(biāo)志物E-cadherin表達(dá)上調(diào)、Vimentin表達(dá)下調(diào),提示DUSP6可減弱NPC細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和EMT相關(guān)表型表達(dá)[23]。

2.3 miRNAs miRNAs是一類(lèi)內(nèi)源性、非編碼的小分子RNAs,主要參與細(xì)胞發(fā)育、增殖、分化和轉(zhuǎn)移等生物過(guò)程[24]。miRNAs通過(guò)與mRNA的3'UTR區(qū)完全或部分互補(bǔ)結(jié)合導(dǎo)致靶mRNA降解或轉(zhuǎn)錄后翻譯抑制,從而調(diào)控靶基因表達(dá)。LMP-1可通過(guò)EMT轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist上調(diào)miR-10b表達(dá),而miR-10b過(guò)表達(dá)可促進(jìn)NPC轉(zhuǎn)移,但不清楚Twist能否直接誘導(dǎo)miR-10b轉(zhuǎn)錄[25];miR-29c在NPC細(xì)胞中表達(dá)下調(diào)可導(dǎo)致編碼與細(xì)胞遷移和轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)的細(xì)胞外金屬蛋白多個(gè)靶 mRNA水平上調(diào),如 COL4A1、COL4A2、COL3A1等7個(gè)膠原蛋白基因及Lamininγ1、Fibrillin、FUSIP-1等,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[26]。miR-200a可通過(guò)靶向作用于ZEB2 mRNAs等抑制NPC細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、遷移和侵襲[27],并分別通過(guò)靶向ZEB2和β-catenin信號(hào)調(diào)控EMT和干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞生成[28]。此外,miR-149可通過(guò)下調(diào)E-cadherin調(diào)控NPC細(xì)胞的EMT[29]。

3 EMT與NPC組織中CSC

CSC是指腫瘤組織中一小部分具備某些與干細(xì)胞相似特征的細(xì)胞,具有無(wú)限增殖分化、自我更新、形成新腫瘤灶的能力,被認(rèn)為是腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)和放化療抵抗的根源[30,31]。發(fā)生EMT的細(xì)胞可能具有干細(xì)胞樣表型[32]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,LMP-2A誘導(dǎo)NPC細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT時(shí),亦可增加CSC樣細(xì)胞的群體數(shù)量[15],而后者比非 CSC樣細(xì)胞更容易發(fā)生EMT[33];LMP-1誘導(dǎo)NPC細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生CSC樣表型過(guò)程中伴有EMT發(fā)生[10]。在NPC組織中,胚胎性干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物(SOX2、OCT4、Nanog和Nestin)與EMT相關(guān)指標(biāo)(E-cadherin/N-cadherin和Snail)呈顯著相關(guān)[34]。NPC細(xì)胞株CNE-2中的CSC樣側(cè)群細(xì)胞高水平表達(dá)干細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因OCT4、SOX2、Nanog及間質(zhì)細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因N-cadherin、Vimentin和Snail,低水平表達(dá)上皮細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因E-cadherin[33]。

4 EMT在NPC臨床治療中的作用

臨床上NPC以放療為主,但放療抵抗仍是制約療效的瓶頸,而腫瘤放療抵抗可能與EMT有關(guān)[35]。在梯度射線照射體外NPC細(xì)胞過(guò)程中,隨射線總量增加NPC細(xì)胞形態(tài)由多邊形變成長(zhǎng)梭形,同時(shí)其上皮標(biāo)志物表達(dá)逐漸下降、間質(zhì)標(biāo)志物表達(dá)明顯升高,表明EMT改變可能是NPC細(xì)胞放療抵抗的重要原因之一[36]。此外,放療過(guò)程中NPC細(xì)胞的Akt可被異常激活[37],后者則可促進(jìn)NPC細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT并增強(qiáng)放療抵抗;Akt的特異性抑制劑gsk690693可通過(guò)抑制Akt激活,阻斷放射所致ZEB1和Vimentin表達(dá)、恢復(fù)E-cadherin表達(dá),從而防止腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和EMT、增加體內(nèi)外腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)電離輻射的靈敏度[38]。有些膳食治療有助于逆轉(zhuǎn)NPC細(xì)胞的EMT,如綠茶中的沒(méi)食子兒茶素可抑制已經(jīng)獲得EMT特性的高侵襲能力NPC細(xì)胞的成瘤和侵襲能力、下調(diào)EMT相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá),在靶向EMT治療和減少NPC復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移中起一定作用;白藜蘆醇可通過(guò)激活多種細(xì)胞凋亡通路誘導(dǎo)NPC細(xì)胞凋亡[39],亦可通過(guò)活化p53抑制癌干細(xì)胞屬性如EMT、高侵襲性等。

綜上所述,EMT在NPC侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移、維持CSC樣特性和放療抵抗中具有重要作用,可能是晚期患者放療后仍有遠(yuǎn)距離轉(zhuǎn)移和局部復(fù)發(fā)的原因;以EMT為靶點(diǎn)的治療途徑將成為探索逆轉(zhuǎn)放療抵抗、預(yù)防腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)的新策略,并可為腫瘤個(gè)體化治療提供新的依據(jù)。

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