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NTS/IL-8信號通路與惡性腫瘤相關性的研究進展

2014-04-05 18:59龍欣欣葉英楠于津浦
山東醫(yī)藥 2014年30期
關鍵詞:胞質激酶磷酸化

龍欣欣,葉英楠,李 慧,于津浦

(1天津醫(yī)科大學腫瘤醫(yī)院,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學研究中心,天津300060;2天津市腫瘤免疫與生物治療重點實驗室)

神經降壓素(NTS)是由13個氨基酸組成的神經肽,在中樞神經、心血管、呼吸、消化、內分泌、免疫等系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮重要作用[1]。近年研究證實NTS與結腸癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌和肝癌等多種惡性腫瘤的生長和侵襲密切相關。神經降壓素/白細胞介素-8(NTS/IL-8)通路在腫瘤的惡性預后中發(fā)揮重要作用[2];結腸癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、肝癌等多種惡性腫瘤組織中存在NTS/IL-8通路異常活化[3~7]?,F就NTS/IL-8通路與惡性腫瘤的相關性研究進展綜述如下。

1 NTS/IL-8通路激活途徑

NTS/IL-8通路激活通過NTS與細胞膜上的神經降壓素受體(NTR)結合而發(fā)揮作用。NTR屬于G蛋白偶聯受體,有NTR1、2、3三種亞型,其中 NTR1為高親和力受體。NTS與NTR1結合之后,活化的NTR1便可通過核因子-κB(NF-κB)途徑、細胞外信號調節(jié)激酶(ERK)途徑引起IL-8表達增加,分泌增多。

1.1 NF-κB 途徑 NF-κB 為一個結構高度保守的轉錄因子蛋白家族,包括5個亞單位:p50(NF-κB1)、p52(NF-κB2)、p65(RelA,NF-κB3)、RelB 和Rel(cRel)。兩個亞基通過形成的同源和(或)異源二聚體與靶基因上特定的序列(NF-κB位點)結合調控基因轉錄[8~10]。最常見的 NF-κB 二聚體是p65與 p50組成的異二聚體[11,12]。在靜息細胞中,大部分NF-κB聚集在胞質內并與抑制因子IκB結合處于失活狀態(tài)。當細胞受到刺激,可磷酸化IκB從而激活NF-κB途徑。通常情況下,胞質內的IκB激酶可磷酸化IκB上的Ser32/Ser36位點,并促進IκB 泛素化而降解[13,14],失去 IκB 抑制的 NF-κB 在胞質內聚集并向核內轉移,進而在細胞核內通過激活多種基因轉錄而發(fā)揮作用。

然而在 NTS/IL-8通路中,激活 NF-κB途徑需要依賴小鳥苷酸三磷酸酶(Rho GTP酶)。Rho GTP酶是一種單體G蛋白,屬于Ras超家族成員之一。目前發(fā)現的Rho GTP酶家族至少有18種,其參與細胞的增殖、分化、凋亡、惡變和侵襲等多個生物學過程。G蛋白偶聯受體接受刺激后可磷酸化Rho GTP酶,使自身 GDP轉化為 GTP,酶活性得到激活[15]。NTS與NTR1結合后,NTR1便以此方式激活RhoA?;罨腞hoA可激活NF-κB,這個過程并不依賴IκB激酶,而是通過直接磷酸化IκB的Ser32/Ser36位點激活NF-κB。目前已發(fā)現在IL-8的啟動子上有p65的結合位點,且NF-κB可上調IL-8的表達[16]。

除了激活Rho GTP酶,NTS激活NF-κB還可借助于激活依賴Ca2+釋放的蛋白激酶C(PKC)系統(tǒng)。NTS與NTR1結合后,NTR1通過偶聯的G蛋白激活磷酸脂酶C,后者可將細胞膜上的脂酰肌醇4,5-二磷酸分解為二酰甘油和1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇。1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇動員細胞內內質網中的Ca2+釋放到胞質中與鈣調蛋白結合,而二酰甘油在Ca2+的協同可下激活PKC[17]?;罨腜KC不僅參與NTS介導的IκB磷酸化,促進IκB降解,還參與p65磷酸化,增加其轉錄活性[18]。

1.2 Erk途徑 Erk 1/2途徑屬于經典的絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)信號轉導途徑。細胞膜上的酪氨酸激酶受體接受刺激后,可募集胞質內的生長因子受體結合蛋白2,后者與胞質中的鳥苷酸交換因子結合形成復合物,并將其轉移至細胞膜上。鳥苷酸交換因子可催化Ras上的GDP轉化為GTP,從而激活Ras。激活的Ras可磷酸化Raf蛋白并將其固定于細胞膜上。Raf具有絲/蘇氨酸激酶活性,能激活MAPK級聯信號通路,MAPK激酶進一步磷酸化激活Erk1/2[19]。當NTS與NTR1結合后,可通過上述途經激活 Ras,進一步激活 Erk1/2。活化的ERK1/2可磷酸化多種核轉錄因子如Elk-1、Ets21、c2Myc、Sap1a、Tal、STAT、c2jun 及 ATF2 等[20]。磷酸化的Elk-1進一步激活細胞內重要的轉錄因子激活子蛋白-1(AP-1)。磷酸化的Elk-1還可誘導c-fos基因活化,增加c-fos蛋白合成,后者通過自身二聚化或與c-Jun形成異源二聚體,從而激活AP-1的轉錄活性[21]。近年來有研究表明IL-8的啟動子上存在AP-1的結合位點,且AP-1可增加IL-8的轉錄活性,因而NTS可通過Erk途徑誘導AP-1高表達,從而上調 IL-8 的表達[3,4]。

2 NTS/IL-8通路與惡性腫瘤的關系

NTS/IL-8通路主要通過作用于腫瘤細胞和腫瘤微環(huán)境而影響腫瘤的增殖、侵襲和轉移等多個過程,與多種腫瘤的不良預后密切相關。NTS/IL-8通路活化不僅可促進腫瘤細胞自身增殖,還可上調SOX2、OCT4、NANOG等基因使腫瘤細胞獲得干細胞特征,誘導腫瘤細胞上皮間質轉化。

NTS/IL-8通路激活后,IL-8釋放增加,后者是一種由單核巨噬細胞分泌的CXC型炎癥趨化因子,可選擇性趨化中性粒細胞、腫瘤相關巨噬細胞,促進多種細胞因子和生長因子釋放,加速局部炎癥微環(huán)境形成;部分腫瘤細胞也可分泌IL-8,并在腫瘤的增殖、分化、血管生成、侵襲和轉移方面發(fā)揮重要作用[8~11]。

目前,NTS已作為一種新的生物標志物用于腫瘤的檢測。有學者通過小鼠模型體外實驗論證了NTR1表達水平與腺癌和鱗癌的惡性程度有關[22];Swift等[23]也證實NTR1表達水平與前列腺癌的分化程度有關;在頭頸部鱗癌中,NTR1被認為是不良預后的標志[24]。NTS/NTR-1信號通路活化可促使結腸癌癌前病變畸變隱窩發(fā)展為結腸腺瘤[25]。Sgourakis等[26]提出血清NTS和IL-8水平聯合檢測在結腸腫瘤診斷中有一定意義。

目前針對NTS及NTS/IL-8通路的靶向藥物成為新的研究熱點。NTR-1的最常用小分子抑制劑SR48692有潛在抗腫瘤作用,有研究表明其可依賴表皮生長因子受體從而抑制非小細胞肺癌細胞增殖,并可通過誘導凋亡和捕獲細胞周期來抑制惡性黑色素瘤增殖[27,28]。除了小分子抑制劑,姜黃素被發(fā)現可通過阻斷NTS/IL-8通路,減少IL-8表達,減弱結腸癌的侵襲性[29];還可抑制肌質網釋放Ca2+從而并減弱Ca2+依賴型PKC的活性,阻斷NTS激活NF-κB途徑,減少IL-8表達和釋放;能抑制c-fos、c-jun與DNA形成復合體,減弱AP-1的轉錄活性,從而下調 IL-8 的表達[30,31]。Wang 等[32]發(fā)現一種組蛋白脫乙酰酶抑制劑丁酸鈉可直接抑制NTR1的表達并減弱其功能,抑制IL-8表達,認為NTR1抑制劑將在阻止結腸癌侵襲和轉移上發(fā)揮重要作用。此外,有學者[33]還發(fā)現NTR1在放射性靶向藥物研究方面的重要價值,放射性藥物偶聯NTS類似物后,可作為NTR1陽性腫瘤的示蹤劑,用于腫瘤的診斷與治療。Valerie等[34]也提出應用NTR1抑制劑可提高前列腺癌細胞對電離輻射的敏感性。

除阻斷NTR1外,阻斷IL-8受體同樣具有治療作用。Singh等[35]在體外惡性黑色素瘤模型中發(fā)現,應用趨化因子受體(CXCR)小分子抑制劑可抑制瘤細胞增殖和血管生成。在乳腺癌的治療中,Singh等[36]發(fā)現阻斷CXCR1可有效降低乳腺癌干細胞樣細胞的活性,并與人類表皮生長因子受體2(HER2)抑制劑起到協同作用,增強治療效果。Tazzyman等[37]證實CXCR2拮抗劑可抑制小鼠肺癌組織中性粒細胞浸潤,并延緩腫瘤生長,認為CXCR2拮抗劑有望成為肺癌治療的新手段。

綜上所述,NTS/IL-8通路作用機制的闡明揭示了在惡性腫瘤中神經肽類物質介導局部炎癥形成的過程,表明神經肽、炎癥與腫瘤不良預后有關。NTS有望成為一項重要的標志物,為臨床判斷腫瘤惡性程度和評估腫瘤患者預后提供參考。同時,關于NTS/IL-8通路的研究結果也給惡性腫瘤靶向藥物的研究帶來了新的契機。盡管目前針對該通路中存在的靶向位點的研究還只局限于體外實驗和動物模型,但仍存在進一步研發(fā)的潛力和臨床應用價值。

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