董保忠,張建斌,王 超,杜曉杜,紀(jì)延偉
(1山東省交通醫(yī)院,濟(jì)南250031;2棗莊市薛城區(qū)人民醫(yī)院)
慢性硬膜下血腫(CSH)是神經(jīng)外科常見疾病,發(fā)病率目前呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì),顱骨鉆孔外引流是其常用治療方法,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率 3.7% ~38%[1~5]。CSH好發(fā)于有頭部外傷史的老年男性患者,此類患者經(jīng)常服用的抗凝、抗血小板藥也增加了CSH術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)幾率[6,7]。2008年1月 ~2013年1月,我們對(duì)17例CSH患者于顱骨鉆孔引流術(shù)中用凝血酶沖洗血腫腔,其術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率明顯降低?,F(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1 臨床資料 31例CSH患者,其中男22例、女9例,年齡52~83(60±12)歲。均行顱腦CT檢查確診,血腫量32~280 mL,均為幕上血腫。均為外傷引起,依據(jù)CT表現(xiàn)確診。均有以下一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)高危因素:①使用抗凝藥或抗血小板藥;②有凝血功能障礙或糖尿病;③復(fù)發(fā)CSH。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①近期曾患其他致命性疾病;②由蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血血管痙攣引起的腦梗死;③腦室腹腔分流術(shù)后;④年齡小于18歲。將31例患者隨機(jī)分為觀察組17例和對(duì)照組14例,兩組分別有8例患者服用抗血小板藥物。本研究已經(jīng)獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)。事前獲得患者和(或)其家屬的知情同意并簽署書面同意書。
1.2 手術(shù)方法 術(shù)前靜脈應(yīng)用維生素K至凝血酶原時(shí)間國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)達(dá)到正常值后行顱骨鉆孔引流術(shù)。選擇血腫最厚層面,頭皮切口3~4 cm,顱骨骨孔大小1.5 cm×1.5 cm。先在距切口旁3 cm處戳孔,在該口與硬膜十字切口間所經(jīng)過之顱骨骨緣用咬骨鉗咬一骨槽,預(yù)置引流管。硬膜及血腫外膜電灼后(電灼程度以切開后不出血為度)十字切開,切口直徑盡量等同于引流管直徑,見陳舊性血性液體涌出,立即將預(yù)置引流管置入血腫腔,見引流管通暢后進(jìn)行血腫腔沖洗。對(duì)照組用溫?zé)釤o菌生理鹽水沖洗;觀察組將凝血酶用溫?zé)釤o菌生理鹽水稀釋至100 U/mL后沖洗血腫腔。兩組均于沖洗血腫腔后關(guān)閉引流管并接密閉引流袋,縫合頭皮后用沖洗液置換出空氣;術(shù)后分次開放引流,逐步放出引流液,至引流液緩慢流出再持續(xù)開放引流;術(shù)后24 h小心拔除引流管;每24 h靜滴2 g氨甲環(huán)酸;術(shù)后2 d繼續(xù)服用華法林等抗凝藥物。
1.3 復(fù)發(fā)情況觀察 術(shù)后1、7、30、90和180 d進(jìn)行常規(guī)顱腦CT檢查,再次確診為CSH并接受手術(shù)為復(fù)發(fā)。比較兩組術(shù)后180 d內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。組間率的比較采用F檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
手術(shù)均順利完成。觀察組1例(7.1%)、對(duì)照組6例(35.3%)復(fù)發(fā),觀察組復(fù)發(fā)率明顯低于對(duì)照組P<0.05。對(duì)照組8例服用抗血小板藥物者中3例復(fù)發(fā),觀察組8例服用抗血小板藥物者均無復(fù)發(fā)。觀察組未見與凝血酶血腫腔沖洗有關(guān)的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
凝血酶為凝血酶原經(jīng)激活后而得到,能直接作用于凝血過程的最后環(huán)節(jié),使纖維蛋白原變成纖維蛋白,增強(qiáng)凝血因子Ⅷ和V的活性,促使血小板發(fā)生不可逆的聚集,促進(jìn)上皮細(xì)胞的有絲分裂,加速創(chuàng)傷愈合[8~18]。纖溶亢進(jìn)和血竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的穩(wěn)定性改變是CSH形成的重要原因[9~22]。本研究觀察組術(shù)中采用凝血酶沖洗血腫腔,目的是穩(wěn)定局部纖溶狀態(tài)和修復(fù)竇狀小管內(nèi)皮。本研究結(jié)果顯示觀察組復(fù)發(fā)率明顯低于對(duì)照組,表明凝血酶血腫腔沖洗可降低高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)慢性硬膜下血腫患者顱骨鉆孔引流術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率。本研究中觀察凝血酶沖洗完成后未用生理鹽水沖洗血腫腔殘存的凝血酶,原因?yàn)闅埓娴哪缚沙掷m(xù)發(fā)揮作用[23,24]。
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