項(xiàng) 榮,嚴(yán)經(jīng)緯,范亮亮,黃 皓,夏 昆*
(中南大學(xué)1.生命科學(xué)學(xué)院細(xì)胞生物學(xué)系,湖南長(zhǎng)沙410013;2.醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖南長(zhǎng)沙410078)
炎性反應(yīng)是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(Atherosclerosis,AS)的重要特征之一,炎性反應(yīng)釋放的多種生物活性因子,如 P38、核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等,它們能通過(guò)損傷細(xì)胞功能、影響細(xì)胞遷移等參與 AS 病變過(guò)程[1-2]。
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)是AS中的另一重要事件。各種AS相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素能改變內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)壓力感受蛋白肌醇需要酶 1(inositol requiring enzyme 1,IRE1)、蛋白激酶受體樣內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)激酶(protein kinase receptorlike ER kinase,PERK)和激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子6(activating transcription factor 6,ATF6)等的表達(dá)及活性,誘發(fā)產(chǎn)生ERS。過(guò)長(zhǎng)或過(guò)強(qiáng)的ERS,可激活c-Jun氨基末端激酶(C-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)和 C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous protein,CHOP)為標(biāo)志蛋白的促細(xì)胞凋亡信號(hào)途徑。此外,ERS可參與內(nèi)皮功能損傷,調(diào)控平滑肌增殖和凋亡,影響單核細(xì)胞分化和巨噬細(xì)胞泡沫化,進(jìn)而影響 AS 斑塊的形成[3-5]。
在AS中炎性反應(yīng)和ERS并不是孤立存在的,它們之間存在著相互作用。一些調(diào)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng)信號(hào)通路的生物活性分子,如NF-κB等,參與了ERS信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑。最近的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,使用NF-κB的多肽抑制劑不僅可以有效地降低前炎性因子的基因表達(dá),還可以減少細(xì)胞遷移和細(xì)胞內(nèi)的氧化應(yīng)激等[6]。以下將對(duì)AS發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中不同細(xì)胞中的炎性反應(yīng)與ERS的相互作用研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡述。
血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損和功能減退是AS發(fā)生的始動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié),其中炎性反應(yīng)與ERS相互影響、相互作用。氧化脂質(zhì)能使內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞輕度受損,這時(shí)氧化低密度脂類物質(zhì)更易通過(guò)內(nèi)皮屏障,并于內(nèi)膜下沉積,而誘發(fā)局部炎性反應(yīng),釋放炎性反應(yīng)相關(guān)因子白細(xì)胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和白細(xì)胞介素-12(interleukin-1,IL-12)等。它們的激活,能夠促單核細(xì)胞募集、遷移,并且還能激活下游細(xì)胞黏附分子和炎性反應(yīng)分子的表達(dá)等,參與 AS的病理進(jìn)程[7-8];同時(shí)炎性反應(yīng)細(xì)胞釋放黏附分子,如血管細(xì)胞黏附分子-1(vascular cell adhesion molecule 1,VCAM-1)和細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1),能誘導(dǎo)包括單核細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞等向血管炎性反應(yīng)部位遷移、黏附、聚集并穿越血管壁,促進(jìn) AS斑塊的形成[9]。
氧化脂質(zhì)除引發(fā)炎性反應(yīng)損傷內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞外,還能增加活性氧族(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的增多,肌質(zhì)網(wǎng)鈣ATP酶(the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase,SERCA)的氧化增強(qiáng)而功能減弱,引起內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的Ca2+逐漸耗竭;鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)的失衡進(jìn)而引起NADPH氧化酶功能失常,最終引發(fā)ERS。因此,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞可以被誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生ERS,加劇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙。
AS危險(xiǎn)因素可誘發(fā)ERS,也介導(dǎo)多種炎性因子IL-6、白細(xì)胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)和單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein 1,MCP-1)等的表達(dá)[10-11]。而 ERS 中關(guān)鍵因子,如ATF4和X盒結(jié)合蛋白-1(X-box-binding protein 1,XBP-1)能明顯抑制多種炎性因子的表達(dá)[10-11],即ERS可能通過(guò)抑制炎性反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能損傷初期,對(duì)AS起保護(hù)作用。而當(dāng)ERS調(diào)控蛋白IRE1大量表達(dá),能誘導(dǎo)并激活NF-κB和活化JNK,促進(jìn)炎性分子TNF-α的表達(dá),進(jìn)而加劇黏附分子VCAM-1和ICAM-1在細(xì)胞內(nèi)積累[12],表明在內(nèi)皮損傷后期ERS加劇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的炎性反應(yīng),促進(jìn)AS的形成和發(fā)展。
平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的紊亂是AS病變發(fā)展過(guò)程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。受相鄰受損內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的影響,炎性因子IL-1可作為一種有絲分裂原,通過(guò)NF-κB依賴的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),促進(jìn)平滑肌細(xì)胞大量增殖并遷移,并誘發(fā)下游的免疫炎性反應(yīng)。而ERS也可以通過(guò)調(diào)控P38/促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶 (mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)和 CHOP,影響平滑肌細(xì)胞的凋亡及活性。
在AS發(fā)展過(guò)程中,平滑肌細(xì)胞的炎性反應(yīng)可調(diào)控ERS信號(hào)分子的表達(dá)。當(dāng)平滑肌細(xì)胞中多種炎性反應(yīng)相關(guān)分子的表達(dá)被激活后,釋放 IL-8、MCP-1、NF-κB 和 TNF-α 等炎性因子,影響周圍細(xì)胞并促進(jìn)下游 P38、MAPK和 JNK等因子的表達(dá)[13-15]。而P38/MAPK是一條重要的ERS信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑,JNK是 ERS誘發(fā)凋亡通路的一個(gè)重要分支[16-17]。
ERS也可傳遞炎性反應(yīng)信號(hào),介導(dǎo)炎性因子的表達(dá)。它通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)自身信號(hào)分子P38/MAPK、細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK),調(diào)節(jié)炎性因子IL-6和IL-12所介導(dǎo)的下游細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)[18-20]。ERS的凋亡蛋白JNK對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶的表達(dá)起著重要作用。
在AS早期,炎性反應(yīng)相關(guān)因子能誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬脂蛋白、細(xì)胞碎片和死細(xì)胞等以減少其沉積,降低局部炎性反應(yīng),防止AS進(jìn)一步惡化。而在AS后期,炎性因子TNF-α則能刺激清道夫受體大量表達(dá),促使巨噬細(xì)胞大量吞噬氧化型低密度脂蛋白,形成泡沫細(xì)胞,降低AS斑塊的穩(wěn)定性。沉默ERS信號(hào)通路中XBP-1和CHOP的表達(dá),可以減慢AS的病變進(jìn)程,這說(shuō)明ERS參與了單核/巨噬細(xì)胞的病變。
單核/巨噬細(xì)胞的炎性反應(yīng)與ERS均可被Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑所調(diào)控。巨噬細(xì)胞的Toll樣受體主要有2種Toll樣受體2(Toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)和 Toll樣受體 4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)。TLRs能與配體結(jié)合,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞因子的合成與釋放,還可調(diào)控炎性反應(yīng)相關(guān)因子 NF-κB,激活下游的炎性分子,如 IL-6和TNF-α 等[21-23]。經(jīng)由腫瘤壞死因子受體相關(guān)因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,TRAF6)和非吞噬細(xì)胞氧化酶2(non-phagocytic cell oxidase 2,NOX2)的信號(hào)傳遞,TLRs能上調(diào) ERS相關(guān)XBP-1的表達(dá),激活ERS的下游反應(yīng)[24]。此外,TLR2可通過(guò) P38/MAPK途徑,調(diào)控炎性因子如IL-6、IL-10 和 TNF-α 的表達(dá)[25]。這說(shuō)明巨噬細(xì)胞中的炎性反應(yīng)與ERS也可直接互相調(diào)節(jié)。
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生和發(fā)展涉及多種因素與機(jī)制,炎性反應(yīng)與ERS是AS的重要病理特征,雖然不同細(xì)胞內(nèi)的調(diào)控機(jī)制相似卻不相同,但可以肯定它們之間存在著相互作用,擁有一些共同調(diào)控分子,如 NF-κB、TNF-α 和 XBP-1 等。近年來(lái),針對(duì)共同調(diào)控分子的藥物逐漸被證實(shí)確實(shí)能起到減緩疾病進(jìn)程的作用,但缺乏對(duì)病灶部位的靶向性,而使得臨床應(yīng)用相對(duì)困難。
在不同細(xì)胞,在不同的階段,眾多的炎性因子和生物活性物質(zhì)參與其生理病理過(guò)程,使炎性反應(yīng)與ERS之間形成復(fù)雜的分子網(wǎng)絡(luò),影響AS疾病的進(jìn)程。深入研究它們的共同調(diào)控機(jī)制和藥物靶向定位,將能進(jìn)一步地明確炎性反應(yīng)與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的相互作用及其對(duì)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的影響,或能更好地控制這類疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。
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