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老年射血分數(shù)保留心力衰竭患者危險因素分析

2014-04-23 01:29:22黃櫻碩
中華老年多器官疾病雜志 2014年9期
關鍵詞:射血左室心衰

黃櫻碩,張 健,王 丹,白 麗,楊 旭,黃 蔚,李 敏,孫 穎*

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老年射血分數(shù)保留心力衰竭患者危險因素分析

黃櫻碩1,張 健1,王 丹2,白 麗1,楊 旭1,黃 蔚1,李 敏1,孫 穎1*

(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院:1醫(yī)療保健中心心血管內科,2輸血科,北京 100050)

回顧性分析老年射血分數(shù)保留心力衰竭(HFpEF)患者的臨床及超聲心動圖參數(shù),與無癥狀舒張功能不全的非心衰患者比較,明確HFpEF的危險因素。入選2011年12月至2012年12月在首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院醫(yī)療保健中心心血管內科就診的234例患者(年齡≥60歲),分為無癥狀舒張功能不全組(ADD組)104例和射血分數(shù)保留心力衰竭組(HFpEF組)130例。通過回歸分析明確HFpEF的獨立危險因素。與ADD組相比,HFpEF患者的平均年齡較大,估測的腎小球濾過率較低。logistic回歸分析表明冠心病、高血壓和慢性阻塞性肺疾?。–OPD)是HFpEF的獨立危險因素(=0.001,0.031,0.003)。老年患者中,冠心病、高血壓和COPD與HFpEF相關。

老年人;射血分數(shù)保留心力衰竭;舒張功能不全

心力衰竭(簡稱心衰)是全世界老年人住院和死亡的主要原因之一。研究表明≥65歲老年人占心衰死亡>80%[1]。目前認為,射血分數(shù)保留心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)在心衰患者中所占的比例約50%(40%~71%)[2],2012年歐洲心臟病學協(xié)會(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)心衰指南指出沒有證據證明任何治療能夠減少HFpEF患者的發(fā)病率和病死率[3]。明確和了解從無癥狀舒張功能不全發(fā)展為心衰的過程尤其重要,通過早期預防和干預危險因素可能降低發(fā)病率及病死率[4,5]。既往研究往往將慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)作為排除標準,但臨床實際中,COPD是老年HFpEF患者常見的合并疾病[6,7]。本研究旨在通過比較無癥狀舒張功能不全和HFpEF的臨床特點及超聲心動圖特點,分析包括COPD在內的HFpEF老年患者的危險因素。

1 對象與方法

1.1 研究對象

入選2011年12月至2012年12月在首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院醫(yī)療保健中心心血管病房住院的234例老年患者(年齡≥60歲),所有患者入院時行超聲心動圖檢查,基線左室射血分數(shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)均≥45%,記錄患者的一般情況,合并疾病,實驗室指標和用藥情況。排除標準:LVEF<45%,瓣膜性心臟病,限制性心肌病,心肌炎,心包疾病。根據HFpEF診斷標準分為無癥狀舒張功能不全組(asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction,ADD組)和射血分數(shù)保留心力衰竭組(HFpEF組)。

1.2 實驗室檢測

實驗室檢測項目包括血常規(guī),估測腎小球濾過率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR),血脂,糖化血紅蛋白(glycated hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c),血清N端腦鈉肽前體(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP),超敏C反應蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)。

1.3 經胸超聲心動圖檢測

經胸超聲心動圖檢測包括M型、二維、多普勒及組織多普勒(tissue Doppler images,TDI)[8],采用Vivid7超聲心動儀(GE Medical Systems,美國)。由同一名有經驗的超聲心動醫(yī)師進行檢測,患者的臨床資料對超聲心動醫(yī)師保密。測量標準參考美國超聲協(xié)會(American Society of Echocardiography)推薦[9]。左室質量根據Devereux公式計算[10]。左室質量指數(shù)(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)以左室質量除以體表面積計算。

1.4 診斷標準

HFpEF的診斷根據2013年美國心臟病學學會基金會(American College of Cardiology Foundation,ACCF)/美國心臟聯(lián)合會(American Heart Association,AHA)心力衰竭診治指南[11]:(1)心衰癥狀或體征;(2)保留或正常的LVEF值;(3)通過多普勒超聲或心臟導管證實的異常左室舒張功能不全。COPD根據GOLD指南[12]診斷,冠心病根據冠狀動脈造影或冠狀動脈CT血管成像術(CTA)診斷。

1.5 統(tǒng)計學處理

所有數(shù)據采用SPSS13.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差表示,組間比較采用檢驗。計數(shù)資料采用頻數(shù)及百分數(shù)表示,組間比較采用2檢驗。建立logistic回歸模型,采用逐步向后法分析HFpEF的獨立危險因素。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結 果

2.1 兩組患者一般情況比較

兩組患者間的一般情況、合并疾病、目前用藥情況比較見表1。兩組患者男女比例、BMI、合并高脂血癥、糖尿病、房顫的發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。HFpEF組患者年齡、吸煙比例、合并冠心病、高血壓、慢性腎病、COPD發(fā)生率以及阿司匹林、硝酸酯類、利尿劑、血管緊張素轉換酶抑制劑(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI)/血管緊張素受體拮抗劑(angiotensin receptor blockers,ARB)、β阻滯劑、醛固酮拮抗劑、鈣通道阻滯劑、他汀類藥物應用比率顯著高于ADD組,且差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(<0.05,<0.01)。

表1 無癥狀舒張功能不全及射血分數(shù)保留心力衰竭患者的一般情況

ADD: asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; CCBs: calcium channel blockers. Compared with ADD group,*<0.05,**<0.01

2.2 兩組患者實驗室指標比較

與ADD組比較,HFpEF組患者NT-proBNP水平較高(=0.004),eGFR、總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇和血紅蛋白水平較低(分別為=0.000,0.009,0.007及0.001;表2)。

2.3 超聲心動圖指標

同ADD組相比,HFpEF組患者的左房內徑、左室舒張末內徑、左室收縮末內徑、左室間隔厚度、左室后壁厚度、二尖瓣早期血流速度(E)/二尖瓣環(huán)的早期運動速度(e’)比值、左室質量、左室質量指數(shù)較高(<0.05,<0.01),LVEF、E/二尖瓣晚期血流速度(A)比值、e’較低(<0.05,<0.01;表2)。

表2 無癥狀舒張功能不全及射血分數(shù)保留心力衰竭患者的實驗室指標及超聲心動圖參數(shù)比較

ADD: asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; AAD: ascending aorta diameter; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVST: left ventricular septal thickness; LVPWT: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter; E: peak early mitral flow velocity; A: peak late mitral flow velocity; e’: velocity of mitral annulus early diastolic motion; E/A: ratio of E to A; E/e’: ratio of E to e’; LVM: left ventricular mass; LVMI: left ventricular mass index. Compared with ADD group,*<0.05,**<0.01

2.4 HFpEF的危險因素

logistic回歸分析結果見表3。經過調整混雜變量,冠心病、高血壓和COPD是HFpEF的獨立危險因素。

表3 HFpEF的獨立危險因素

HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

3 討 論

本研究中,HFpEF組患者的年齡偏大(82.01±7.24)歲,舒張功能不全和HFpEF的發(fā)生均隨增齡而增加。既往研究表明,50~70歲和>70歲患者則分別高達33%和50%左右[13]。在洋地黃研究組試驗(the Digitalis Investigation Group trial,DIG)中[14],年齡是HFpEF死亡最重要的預測因素。本研究中,HFpEF組合并高血壓、冠心病和糖尿病的比例與既往研究[7]類似,分別為87.6%,69.8%和54.3%。合并用藥的差異與合并疾病的差異一致,即HFpEF組高血壓、冠心病等疾病比例更高,心功能更差,故服用阿司匹林、硝酸酯類、利尿劑、ACEI/ARB、β阻滯劑、鈣通道阻滯劑、醛固酮拮抗劑比例更高。

NT-proBNP與心衰的程度和預后密切相關。本研究中HFpEF組的NT-proBNP水平高于ADD組,符合心衰的進展過程。eGFR的顯著差異提示腎功能不全與舒張功能不全及HFpEF有關,在美國醫(yī)師健康研究(Physicians Health Study,PHS)中[15],早期腎臟疾病與心衰發(fā)生率增加相關。HFpEF組的總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、血紅蛋白均低于ADD組(均<0.01),提示血脂代謝異常、貧血等與心衰發(fā)生有關。貧血是心衰常見的合并癥,CHARM研究的亞組分析中,HFpEF合并貧血的比例為27%[16]。心衰患者通常處于高代謝狀態(tài)而藥物治療如利尿劑的使用會進一步加重營養(yǎng)不良狀態(tài)。

在多因素分析中,冠心病和高血壓均是HFpEF的獨立危險因素,同既往研究[17]及指南[3]一致。由于已有多項研究證明上述結果,在此不做贅述。下面重點討論COPD與HFpEF。

很多關于HFpEF的研究將COPD作為排除標準[4,18],然而事實上COPD是老年HFpEF患者最常見最重要的合并疾病之一,約1/3的心衰患者合并COPD,并且COPD患者往往合并左室舒張功能不全。本研究中,HFpEF組患者COPD的發(fā)生率為29.5%,與既往研究(33.9%)接近[19]。Funk等[20]報道的COPD患者中左室舒張功能不全發(fā)生率>50%,Boussuges等[21]報道的發(fā)生率為76%,最近1項研究表明[22],COPD患者中輕度左室舒張功能不全發(fā)生率更是高達88%,并且獨立于COPD嚴重程度的分級。另一研究[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)在門診的重度COPD患者(FEV130%~50%)中,穩(wěn)定期重度COPD患者左室舒張功能不全達90%。根據上述研究,COPD對左室舒張功能確實存在影響,與左室舒張功能不全和HFpEF有密切關系,因此,研究包含COPD在內的HFpEF人群有重要意義。

已有研究表明[19],COPD是HFpEF患者全因死亡率的預測因子(OR 1.23,95% CI 1.11~1.37)。因此,既往除外COPD的HFpEF的相關研究不能代表老年群體的實際情況。在本研究中,COPD與HFpEF的風險增加有關,并且是HFpEF的獨立危險因素,說明了COPD對HFpEF的重要影響。在分析HFpEF的發(fā)展和預后時,應考慮到COPD的因素。反之,對于COPD患者,除了右室功能,也要考慮到左室舒張功能不全的可能性。

COPD與左室舒張功能不全及HFpEF之間的關系尚不十分明確。既往研究多考慮到COPD對右心功能的影響,但事實上,COPD可能對左心功能同樣存在影響??赡艿牟±砩頇C制主要包括:COPD與HFpEF共同參與炎癥反應,炎癥反應是COPD發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要機制,同時也促進粥樣硬化斑塊的形成,而后者與心肌缺血和左室舒張功能不全密切相關。除了上述機制外,COPD可能導致左室前后負荷的變化:COPD可引起右室壓力負荷增加,右室壓力增高后能夠使室間隔向左室偏移,影響左室結構和降低左室舒張期充盈的順應性[24,25];肺過度充氣(hyperinflation)繼發(fā)肺氣腫,可能影響左室充盈(前負荷)[26];Smith等[27]的研究也證明了COPD和肺氣腫患者的肺靜脈直徑下降,支持上游肺靜脈充盈不佳導致左室充盈不良的結論;另有研究表明[28],在輕度氣流阻塞(沒有肺過度充氣)的患者中可以觀察到,左房早期折返波能夠影響左室后負荷。此外,主動脈舒張壓的降低會引起內皮下缺血[29]。這些機制共同作用,影響了心室肌的松弛。

本研究是一項回顧性觀察研究,關于HFpEF與COPD內在關系和病理生理機制的相關研究有待大樣本量和更加深入的基礎研究明確。另外本研究入選患者以男性為主(72.4%),入選者為病例資料齊全的患者,部分房顫患者因未測量e’而未入選,導致本研究中房顫患者比例(3.3%)低于一般老年人群。女性和房顫是HFpEF的重要危險因素,本研究中由于入選女性和房顫比例少而未得到相應結果。總之,本研究的人群中,老年HFpEF的發(fā)生率隨著增齡而增加,冠心病、高血壓和COPD與老年HFpEF患者有關。

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(編輯: 周宇紅)

Risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the elderly

HUANG Ying-Shuo1, ZHANG Jian1, WANG Dan2, BAI Li1, YANG Xu1, HUANG Wei1, LI Min1, SUN Ying1*

(1Department of Geriatric Cardiology,2Department of Blood Transfusion, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China)

To determine the risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the elderly by retrospectively analyzing their clinical features and echocardiographic parameters of HFpEF patients and comparing with those of non-heart failure patients with asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction.A total of 234 consecutive patients (≥60 years old) admitted in our department from December 2011 to December 2012 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction group (ADD group,=104) and HFpEF group (=130). Risk factors of HFpEF were analyzed by logistic regression.Compared with ADD group, the patients in HFpEF group were older and had a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that coronary artery disease(CAD), hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were independent risk factors of HFpEF (=0.001, 0.031, 0.003, respectively).CAD, hypertension and COPD are associated with HFpEF in this cohort.

elderly; heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; diastolic dysfunction

(13JL48)(2011D003034000026).

R541.6; R592

A

10.3724/SP.J.1264.2014.000156

2014?06?03;

2014?08?21

首都醫(yī)科大學基礎-臨床合作基金(13JL48);北京市優(yōu)秀人才培養(yǎng)基金(2011D003034000026)

孫 穎, E-mail: ysun15@163.com

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