李輝 戴浩仁
一、動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)
1. 不定式的邏輯主語是動詞不定式所表達的動作的承受者時用被動語態(tài)。進行時和完成進行時沒有被動語態(tài)。
(1)作主語
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
【考題鏈接】
is better to love than .
A. That, to be loved B. That, be loved
C. It, be loved D. It, to be loved
答案 D
解析 這里It為形式主語,而than連接的是兩個動詞不定式。
(2) 作賓語
She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.
(3) 構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
She didnt like herself to be praised like that.
(4) 構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.
(5) 作定語
Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?
【考題鏈接】
His first book next month is based on a true story.
A. published B. to be published
C. to publish D. being published
答案 B
解析 非謂語動詞作后置定語,由時間狀語next month可知所填非謂語動詞表示將來的動作,用動詞不定式,其邏輯主語是所修飾的名詞book,不定式與邏輯主語是被動關(guān)系,故用不定式的被動式,選B。
(6) 作狀語
She was too young to be assigned such work.
【考題鏈接】
The news reporters hurried to the airport, only the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. Told
答案 B
解析 reporters與tell之間為被動關(guān)系,從B、D中選。再由過去分詞不能作結(jié)果狀語,而不定式可以得出B項正確。
2.不定式有時還可以有完成時的被動式,在句中作主語、賓語、定語,或者構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語、復(fù)合謂語等,如:
It is a good thing for him to have been criticized. (主語)
She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (賓語)
He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. (復(fù)合賓語)
The book is said to have been translated into many languages. (復(fù)合謂語)
She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. (定語)
二、不定式的主動形式表示被動意義
1.不定式作定語與被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系,且不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。如:
I have something important to do tonight.
(to do 和something important 構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系,句子的主語I 是不定式的邏輯主語。)
We have masses of work to do, so I am afraid we can not keep on with the talk with you right now.
If you want to make greater progress, you still have many difficulties to overcome.
2.不定式作定語與被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系,且不定式的邏輯主語就是被不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞(作直接賓語)前的間接賓語,即間接賓語和不定式構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。如:
I will give you two more exercises to do.
(you是間接賓語,是不定式to do的邏輯主語,它們構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,two more exercises是直接賓語,其和不定式to do構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系。)
以上兩點不定式的邏輯主語均在句子里呈現(xiàn),其邏輯主語(及不定式表示的動作的執(zhí)行者)或是句子的主語,或是句子的間接賓語,反之,若其邏輯主語不在句子里出現(xiàn),即不定式表示的動作的執(zhí)行者不是句子的主語或間接賓語,那么不定式要用被動語態(tài),注意下列兩句的區(qū)別。
①Do you have any letters to post? 你有一些信要自己郵寄嗎?endprint
(不定式to post用主動語態(tài)表被動,you是to post的執(zhí)行者。)
②Do you have any letters to be posted? 你有一些信要請人郵寄嗎?
(不定式to be posted用被動語態(tài),主語you不是不定式to be posted的執(zhí)行者,郵寄的動作由他人完成。)
3.在“be+性質(zhì)形容詞+不定式”中,形容詞表示主語sb/sth的性質(zhì)特征,“adj+to do sth”作表語,常見的形容詞有:easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, light, good, fit, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。如:
The box is not easy to carry.
(The box與carry是被動關(guān)系,但to carry用主動表被動。)
Thoughts and feelings of all kinds are not difficult to communicate with the piano.
4. 上述“adj+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語,不定式用主動表被動。如:
We found the problem easy to solve.
I think little Tom difficult to make friends with.
5. 在“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式與疑問詞之間有動賓關(guān)系,可用主動表被動。如:
Who do you think can tell us what to do?
In society, I really do not know who to compete fairly with?
6. 某些動詞不定式與be連用時,可用主動形式表被動。常見的有:to blame(責(zé)備), to seek(尋找), to let(出租)等。如:
In the accident, the car driver was to blame.
The causes of the fire are not far to seek.
This house is to let.
7. 在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語后的不定式可用主動形式表被動意義,也可用被動形式,但加上邏輯主語for sb時,必須用主動形式。如:
There is nothing to fear/to be feared.
There is nothing for me to fear.
1. 我要去北京了,你有沒有什么東西要帶給你兒子的?
Im going to Beijing. Do you have anything to your son? (take)
2. 志愿者會告訴你正確的路徑。
The volunteer will show you the right path . (take)
3. 他們?nèi)匀挥性S多問題需要克服。
They still have many difficulties . (overcome)
4. 我們沒有時間可以浪費。
There is no time . (lose)
5. 去年夏天,我從她那兒學(xué)習(xí)到了一些關(guān)于如何做衣服的知識。
Last summer I learned something on
from her. (dress)
1. to be taken
2. to take
3. to overcome
4. to lose/to be lost
5. how to make dress