徐瑤華

寫作教學一直以來是高中英語教學的重點和難點。然而，在實際英語教學中，作為聽、說、讀、寫四項基本技能之一的寫作往往因為教學時間緊而沒有得到應有的重視。而且，《普通高中英語課程標準》中八級的寫作要求為學生能寫出連貫且結構完整的短文，敘述事情或表達觀點和態(tài)度；能根據(jù)課文寫摘要；能在寫作中做到文本規(guī)范、語句通順；能根據(jù)用圖表和文字提供的信息寫短文或報告。要達到這一目標，教師在日常的寫作教學中要努力創(chuàng)建讓學生感興趣、高效率的英語寫作教學活動。筆者在高一和高二教學期間，基本上每單元開設一堂寫作課，依托教材文本，采用仿寫、縮寫、改寫等教學活動，收到了良好的教學效果，有效地提高了學生的寫作能力。

一、教學實踐活動

人教版教材的課文體裁豐富，有日記、書信、游記、記敘文、說明文、議論文、人物傳記等。這些課文都是學生寫作素材的來源和范本，教師對有些文本還可以做二次開發(fā)，為學生提供適當文本作為藍本進行寫作教學活動。學生對文本中用詞的意識有助于他們對文本的理解和創(chuàng)作。

案例1：利用Using Language部分的閱讀文本進行仿寫

人教版教材NSEFC Book 5 Unit 2 the United Kingdom 中Using Language部分

Sightseeing in London是一篇很好的游記仿寫文本。教師主要幫助學生學習文本的框架結構和學生可模仿使用的重要句型，在解讀文本的基礎上，讓學生進行仿寫創(chuàng)作。

Sightseeing in London文本的框架：

paragraph 1：plan for the visit

paragraph 2：first-day visit

paragraph 3：second-day visit

Paragraph 4：last-day visit

Paragraph 5：plan for the next day

重要句型：

1.Worried about the time available，she had made a list of sites she wanted to visit in London.

2.Her first delight was going to the tower.

3.The tower had remained standing for one thousand years.

4.It contained statues in memory of famous poets and writers.

5.What interested her most was the longitude line.

然后教師給出以下寫作提示，要求學生仿寫一篇游記，學生在創(chuàng)作中要用上以上幾個句型。

Title：Sightseeing in______

Paragraph 1：plan for the visit

Paragraph 2：first-day visit

Paragraph 3：second-day visit

Paragraph 4：conclusion

以下是一學生的仿寫作文：

Sightseeing in Xiamen

I was so fortunate to have a chance to pay a visit to Xiamen last summer. Worried about the time available， I had made a list of the sites I wanted to see.

My first delight was going to Xiamen University， which is so famous that a large number of high school students are eager to be admitted to it. It contained some statues of famous poets and writers， like Lu Xun.

The second day I visited Gu Lang Yu， which is an attractive island beside the sea. We arrived there by taking a cruise. What interested me most was the Shu Zhuang Garden. It has some museums where some ancient pianos and old Chinese pots are displayed.

Xiamen is a beautiful city. It is worth visiting.

案例2：對Using Language部分的閱讀文本以導游的身份進行改寫和縮寫

人教版教材NSEFC Book 4 Unit 5 Theme Parks中Using Language部分Futuroscope ——Excitement and Learning 觀測未來——刺激與求知描寫的是在法國未來影視城主題公園觀測未來，體驗和學習的經歷。文章由三個部分組成，第一部分是簡單介紹，第二部分是在主題公園的活動，第三部分是如何去主題公園。教師在幫助學生了解文章背景知識，理解課文之后要求學生以主題公園導游的身份進行介紹。寫作提示如下：

Title： Futuroscope——Excitement and Learning

Paragraph 1： opening speech

Paragraph 2： attractions in the park

Paragraph 3： how to come here

Paragraph 4： ending speech

以下是一學生對教材文本進行改寫和縮寫后的作文；

Futuroscope——Excitement and Learning

Welcome to Futuroscope opened in 1987.Its science and technology-based， which attracts many visitors from all over the world.

The most attractive 3-D cinemas provide brand new experiences of earth and beyond. As a result， visitors can get close to parts of the world they have never experienced， going to the bottom of the ocean， flying through the jungle or visiting the edges of the solar system. Besides，at learning centre， we can try our own scientific experiments as well as learn more about space travel， the undersea world and much more.

You can get tickets by booking online in advance or at the parks entrance. Futuroscope has many excellent hotels nearby， most of which provide a shuttle service to the park. If you come ready to walk a lot， youd better wear your comfortable shoes.

Its really worthwhile to visit the park. I hope youll have a nice day here！

二、學生互評和自評量表

學生在課堂上基本完成寫作任務后，教師發(fā)給學生一份互評和自評量表，以促進學生自己檢查和修改，最后交給老師批閱。

自評和互評量表分為三個部分：語言、句法和篇章。語言包括詞匯運用是否準確、豐富；時態(tài)語態(tài)運用是否得當；單詞拼寫、大小寫使用是否正確；字跡工整，標點規(guī)范。句法包括能運用多種句型表達，且結構完整，固定搭配使用準確。篇章包括符合題意，覆蓋全部要點；結構合理，細節(jié)詳略得當；使用了關聯(lián)詞，使行文連貫流暢；觀點鮮明，論據(jù)論證有力。

總之，寫作教學方法多種多樣，只要我們充分挖掘和利用教材中有效的各種體裁的文本，堅持不懈地定期給學生進行寫作指導和訓練。通過合作討論建立支架等方式一定能激發(fā)學生寫作興趣，幫助學生鞏固語言知識、積累寫作素材、發(fā)展學生思維能力，訓練學生知識遷移能力，循序漸進地提高學生英語寫作技能。

參考文獻：

[1]Latham，D.How Children Learn to write：Supporting and Deve-loping Childrens Writing in Schools.Oxford：Pergamon，2002.

[2]Peter Mickan.2012.Text-Based Teaching：Theory and Practice [J/OL]，2012.

（作者單位 浙江師范大學附屬中學）

？誗編輯 蔚建超