王中全 鞏姣梅
[摘要] 目的 探討不同類型的腎小球疾病患者尿液中的蠟樣管型。方法 尿沉渣離心鏡檢、計(jì)數(shù)管型數(shù)量并分類。結(jié)果 300例腎小球疾病患者中,共發(fā)現(xiàn)蠟樣管型42例(14.0%),其中急性感染后腎小球腎炎和腎淀粉樣變管型比例最高,分別達(dá)到了45.5%和50.0%,局灶性節(jié)段性腎小球硬化和微小病變性腎病未檢測到蠟樣管型。 結(jié)論 不同類型腎小球疾病患者中蠟樣管型的數(shù)量不同。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腎小球疾??;尿沉渣;蠟樣管型
[中圖分類號] R692.6 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)11-0146-03
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the waxy casts in the urinary sediment of patients with different types of glomerular diseases. Methods Urine sediment was centrifuged and read by microscopy. Then count the number of casts and classify them. Results About 42(14.0%) of 300 cases were found the waxy casts in patients with glomerular diseases. Acute glomerulonephritis and renal amyloidosis had the highest casts, 45.5% and 50.0% respectively. Moreover, waxy casts were not found in conditions such as focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change nephropathy. Conclusion Waxy casts are different in various types of glomerular diseases.
[Key words] Glomerular diseases; Urinary sediment; Waxy casts
尿沉渣分析是尿液分析中重要的組成成分,對尿液干化學(xué)分析儀器診斷泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病具有重要的意義。管型(casts)為尿沉渣中有重要意義的成分,它的出現(xiàn)往往提示有腎實(shí)質(zhì)性損害[1]。管型包括:透明管型、顆粒管型(細(xì)顆粒管型和粗顆粒管型)、脂肪管型、細(xì)胞管型(紅細(xì)胞管型、白細(xì)胞管型、上皮細(xì)胞管型)、細(xì)菌管型、真菌管型、蠟樣管型和混合管型[2]。對于透明管型、顆粒管型、脂肪管型、紅細(xì)胞管型、白細(xì)胞管型、上皮細(xì)胞管型已經(jīng)有很多的文獻(xiàn)報道,而蠟樣管型卻鮮有報道,雖然其在19世紀(jì)后50年就已經(jīng)被人類所認(rèn)識[3]。本研究主要分析不同類型腎小球疾病患者尿液中的蠟樣管型,以期為今后對蠟樣管型的研究提供參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
本研究收集了2010年1月~2013年6月來自鄭州大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院腎病科標(biāo)本300例,年齡12~85歲,中位年齡48歲,其中男140例,女160例。除了尿沉渣鏡檢,還收集了每一個患者的尿pH值、比重和尿蛋白排泄量(g/L),同時記錄了病程,時間從第一次化驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明腎功能障礙到腎活檢。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①腎活檢診斷為腎小球疾病,且伴有中度到重度的管型尿;②尿沉渣檢查在進(jìn)行腎穿刺活檢前幾個小時進(jìn)行。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):尿路感染、白帶污染、生殖器官出血、月經(jīng)、肉眼血尿或腎穿刺活檢的非典型性適應(yīng)證(如未明確分類的腎小球疾?。?/p>
1.3 尿沉渣檢測
指導(dǎo)患者用肥皂和清水清洗外生殖器,棄去晨尿,2h后收集患者中段尿進(jìn)行檢測。標(biāo)本處理:取10 mL尿液轉(zhuǎn)移到尿沉渣離心管,400× g離心力下離心分離10 min,離心結(jié)束后,棄去9.8 mL上清液,將底部的沉淀物0.2 mL輕柔混勻,用移液槍吸取50 μL沉渣轉(zhuǎn)移至載玻片上,覆蓋24 mm×32 mm蓋玻片,之后由幾名專家雙盲進(jìn)行顯微鏡鏡檢。
對于每個樣品的檢測,首先在低倍鏡下(10×10)對管型進(jìn)行初步計(jì)數(shù),評估患者是否可以納入研究范圍。然后,在高倍鏡下(40×10),對每個樣品計(jì)數(shù)100個管型,并進(jìn)行分類。分類包括:透明管型、顆粒管型、蠟樣管型、脂肪管型、紅細(xì)胞管型、白細(xì)胞管型和上皮細(xì)胞管型等。對每個樣品中的每種管型以計(jì)數(shù)100個管型中的含量進(jìn)行報道。
蠟樣管型的鑒別要點(diǎn)是:其形態(tài)折斷或兩端鈍圓,缺口和銳利邊緣,橫向裂縫,高折射率和表面的外觀讓人想起融化的蠟。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0 軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,分類變量間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 患者一般資料分析
本研究300例患者中,男女患者分別為140例、160例,共發(fā)現(xiàn)蠟樣管型42例(14.0%)。其中男22例,女20例,男女之間在有無蠟樣管型上差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.423)。蛋白尿>0.15g/L的有284例(94.7%),其中有蠟樣管型的患者尿蛋白含量高于無蠟樣管型的患者。尿pH值范圍介于5.0~8.0之間,見表1。
2.2不同類型的腎小球疾病中蠟樣管型情況
在發(fā)現(xiàn)有蠟樣管型的42例標(biāo)本中,急性感染后腎小球腎炎和腎淀粉樣變管型比例最高,達(dá)到了45.5%和50.0%。后面依次排列為過敏性紫癜腎小球腎炎(25.0%)、腎小球毛細(xì)血管性腎炎(25.0%)、壞死性腎小球腎炎(18.8%)、糖尿病腎?。?6.7%)、IgA腎?。?5.5%)、彌漫增生性腎小球腎炎(14.7%)、特發(fā)性膜性腎病(5.9%)。而在局灶性節(jié)段性腎小球硬化和微小病變性腎病中未檢測到蠟樣管型。經(jīng)SPSS17.0總體統(tǒng)計(jì)分析所有的腎小球疾病顯示,蠟樣管型在不同類型腎小球疾病間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(χ2=37.388,P=0.000),見表2。endprint
3討論
19世紀(jì)50年代科學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn)管型是尿沉渣的重要組成部分,其分類和現(xiàn)在的分類非常相似。蠟樣管型之所以得名,是因?yàn)樗耐庥^,易讓人想起融化的蠟,而在腎臟疾病中蠟樣管型的檢出頻率至今尚無文獻(xiàn)報道。臨床對蠟樣管型的理解只停留在教課書上,本文結(jié)果證實(shí)了蠟樣管型可能與廣泛的腎臟疾病相關(guān)聯(lián),常見的有急性腎損傷(AKI)、快速進(jìn)行性腎功能衰竭或慢性腎功能不全[4]。
據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報道,臨床給予呋喃苯胺酸治療后可發(fā)現(xiàn)透明管型[5],在狼瘡性腎炎復(fù)發(fā)患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)含有紅細(xì)胞或白細(xì)胞的管型,從而使其成為狼瘡性腎炎復(fù)發(fā)診斷的敏感指標(biāo)[6]。有文獻(xiàn)證實(shí)在IgA腎病患者中如果發(fā)現(xiàn)透明-顆粒管型,則預(yù)后不好,從而為狼瘡性腎炎的預(yù)后增加了一項(xiàng)有效的指標(biāo)[7]。也有報道稱,系膜增生性腎小球腎炎顆粒管型的出現(xiàn)與血清肌酐,血清白蛋白的升高和蛋白尿顯著相關(guān),腎穿刺活檢可見到一些病理改變,且這些指征的出現(xiàn)提示腎臟預(yù)后較差[8]。有學(xué)者報道在增生性腎小球疾病中可出現(xiàn)更高頻率和數(shù)量的紅細(xì)胞和腎小管上皮細(xì)胞管型[9],與之相比,在非增生性腎小球疾病中,脂肪管型更多一些[10]。Nakayama等[11]在2008年發(fā)現(xiàn),在IgA腎病患者中,透明管型、顆粒管型、紅細(xì)胞管型、白細(xì)胞管型和脂肪管型與腎穿刺活檢的病理分級密切相關(guān),其增多與腎臟預(yù)后較差有關(guān)。Chawla等[12]在2008年發(fā)現(xiàn),與恢復(fù)后患者相比,急性腎損傷沒有完全恢復(fù)的患者中可以檢出更多的顆粒與腎小管上皮細(xì)胞管型。Perazella等[13]在2008年發(fā)現(xiàn),顆粒管型和腎小管上皮管型計(jì)數(shù)可以區(qū)分急性腎損傷是否是由腎前性原因引起的急性腎小管壞死,其具有76%的靈敏度和86%特異性,陽性似然比為5.75。Fogazzi等[14]在2012年從21個急性間質(zhì)性腎炎患者中檢出6個(28.5%)含有紅細(xì)胞的管型,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于以前的文獻(xiàn)報道。有文獻(xiàn)報道在廣泛的腎臟疾病中都可以檢出紅細(xì)胞管型[15-17],其流行率為22%~55%。
本研究基于不同類型的腎小球疾病患者,專注研究其蠟樣管型。結(jié)果顯示,在局灶節(jié)段性腎小球硬化和微小病變性腎病中無蠟樣管型,其在特發(fā)性膜性腎病中也很罕見。雖然無蠟樣管型的這三種腎小球疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制不同,但腎穿刺活檢時均無炎性病變部位。本研究認(rèn)為不同類型腎小球疾病患者中蠟樣管型的數(shù)量不同。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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[12] Chawla LS,Dommu A,Berger A,et al. Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury:a pilot study[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2008,110(3):c145-c150.
[13] Perazella MA,Coca SG,Kanbay M,et al. Diagnostic value of urine microscopy for differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1615-1619.
[14] Fogazzi GB,F(xiàn)errari B,Garigali G,et al. Urinary sediment findings in acute interstitial nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(2):330-332.
[15] Canale M. P,Rovella V,Staffolani E,et al. Nephrotic syndrome and abdominal arterial bruits in a young hypertensive patient:A case report[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl,2012,84(4):238-241.
[16] Nakai K,F(xiàn)ujii H,Hara S,et al. Successful treatment of progressive renal injury due to granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis[J]. Clin Exp Nephrol,2011, 15(5):765-768.
[17] D'Cruz S,Singh R,Mohan H,et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-an unusual association:A case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep,2010,4:125.
(收稿日期:2013-12-05)endprint
[9] Grundmann F,Witthus M,Gobel H,et al. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated pauci-immune extracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis successfully treated with bortezomib[J]. Clin Kidney J,2013,6(3):327-329.
[10] Danilewicz M.,Wagrowska-Danilewicz M. The immunoexpression of glomerular NF-kappaB in proteinuric patients with proliferative and non-proliferative glomerulopathies[J]. Pol J Pathol,2013,64(2):78-83.
[11] Nakayama K,Ohsawa I,Maeda-Ohtani A,et al. Prediction of diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy prior to renal biopsy and correlation with urinary sediment findings and prognostic grading[J]. J Clin Lab Anal,2008, 22(2):114-118.
[12] Chawla LS,Dommu A,Berger A,et al. Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury:a pilot study[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2008,110(3):c145-c150.
[13] Perazella MA,Coca SG,Kanbay M,et al. Diagnostic value of urine microscopy for differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1615-1619.
[14] Fogazzi GB,F(xiàn)errari B,Garigali G,et al. Urinary sediment findings in acute interstitial nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(2):330-332.
[15] Canale M. P,Rovella V,Staffolani E,et al. Nephrotic syndrome and abdominal arterial bruits in a young hypertensive patient:A case report[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl,2012,84(4):238-241.
[16] Nakai K,F(xiàn)ujii H,Hara S,et al. Successful treatment of progressive renal injury due to granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis[J]. Clin Exp Nephrol,2011, 15(5):765-768.
[17] D'Cruz S,Singh R,Mohan H,et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-an unusual association:A case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep,2010,4:125.
(收稿日期:2013-12-05)endprint
[9] Grundmann F,Witthus M,Gobel H,et al. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated pauci-immune extracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis successfully treated with bortezomib[J]. Clin Kidney J,2013,6(3):327-329.
[10] Danilewicz M.,Wagrowska-Danilewicz M. The immunoexpression of glomerular NF-kappaB in proteinuric patients with proliferative and non-proliferative glomerulopathies[J]. Pol J Pathol,2013,64(2):78-83.
[11] Nakayama K,Ohsawa I,Maeda-Ohtani A,et al. Prediction of diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy prior to renal biopsy and correlation with urinary sediment findings and prognostic grading[J]. J Clin Lab Anal,2008, 22(2):114-118.
[12] Chawla LS,Dommu A,Berger A,et al. Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury:a pilot study[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2008,110(3):c145-c150.
[13] Perazella MA,Coca SG,Kanbay M,et al. Diagnostic value of urine microscopy for differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1615-1619.
[14] Fogazzi GB,F(xiàn)errari B,Garigali G,et al. Urinary sediment findings in acute interstitial nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(2):330-332.
[15] Canale M. P,Rovella V,Staffolani E,et al. Nephrotic syndrome and abdominal arterial bruits in a young hypertensive patient:A case report[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl,2012,84(4):238-241.
[16] Nakai K,F(xiàn)ujii H,Hara S,et al. Successful treatment of progressive renal injury due to granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis[J]. Clin Exp Nephrol,2011, 15(5):765-768.
[17] D'Cruz S,Singh R,Mohan H,et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-an unusual association:A case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep,2010,4:125.
(收稿日期:2013-12-05)endprint