本刊記者 楊培舉
塑造造船巨人的王道
本刊記者 楊培舉
與其去刻意培育世界一流企業(yè),不如營造好世界一流企業(yè)需要的土壤。
多年來,中國造船業(yè)在由大到強的道路上苦苦探索著、奮斗著,在經(jīng)過了一段高速發(fā)展后,如今又面臨艱難的轉(zhuǎn)型之痛。在此,我們不妨嘗試著轉(zhuǎn)換一種思維方式去思考,或許會得到一個意想不到的結(jié)果。
目前,在國內(nèi)造船市場,一場由政府調(diào)控和市場洗牌掀起的運動正在轟轟烈烈地進行著。此舉主要目標是提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度和打造世界級造船強企,根據(jù)船舶工業(yè)“十二五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃,前10家造船企業(yè)造船完工量占全國總量的70%以上,進入世界造船前十強企業(yè)達到5家以上。
從表面上看,這個目標似乎并不難實現(xiàn)。然而,當我們把視角聚焦在世界級強企問題上時會發(fā)現(xiàn),國內(nèi)存在不少爭議。首先站出來的就是民營船企,他們的理由是國企和民企在一個不公平的環(huán)境下展開競爭,很多民企有能力做大做強,但卻沒有享受到國企的待遇。記者在近年來的采訪調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),此種觀點很有市場。
然而,比這更尖銳的觀點則是中國目前尚不完全具備培養(yǎng)世界級企業(yè)的土壤。改革開放30多年來,中國經(jīng)濟突飛猛進,GDP已超過日本成為全球第二大經(jīng)濟體,但卻沒有誕生一家像“蘋果”這樣的企業(yè)。有分析認為,中國缺乏“蘋果”這種不靠政府扶持成為全球市值最大企業(yè)誕生的土壤。與“蘋果”身份一樣的中國民營企業(yè),卻沒有“蘋果”那么好的發(fā)展機會。2011年《財富》世界500強顯示,中國有69家公司進入,成為全球第二。其中真正的民營企業(yè)只有深圳華為和江蘇沙鋼2家。平安保險、聯(lián)想集團至多算是半民營企業(yè)。我們的上榜公司基本都是中字頭的大國企,主要是靠國家政策扶持和市場壟斷地位快速積聚起來的,而國外的大公司則是在自由市場競爭中慢慢積累,一步步發(fā)展強大起來的。國有企業(yè)對行業(yè)壟斷的實質(zhì)就是行政性壟斷,這種壟斷主要表現(xiàn)為限制競爭,延緩產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)升級,降低社會資源配置效率,干擾市場競爭秩序等。這是中國無法產(chǎn)生頂尖公司的原因。
記者在采訪中,感受最明顯的是民營船廠對于市場公平的呼喚。一位不愿署名的船廠老總告訴記者,金融危機發(fā)生后,振興扶持政策把精力更多地放在國有企業(yè)身上,致使國有資本在經(jīng)濟成長中的權(quán)重和獲益率越來越高,而民營企業(yè)邊緣化程度逐漸加劇。
另外,近幾年,業(yè)界關(guān)于中國企業(yè)家精神的討論也是此起彼伏。中國企業(yè)聯(lián)合會研究室副主任胡遲認為,目前中國的社會精英更多的是參與分配財富,而不是創(chuàng)造財富,就如同俗話所說的那樣“食之者重、生之者寡”。長此以往,國家就會缺乏發(fā)展的活力與生機。
中國的現(xiàn)實的確不容樂觀。中國的市場秩序和企業(yè)生存環(huán)境,亟待改善。只有給企業(yè)營造一個自由、公平、公證、公開的生存發(fā)展環(huán)境,在社會上積極倡導(dǎo)思想開放兼容、鼓勵創(chuàng)新、尊重創(chuàng)新以及崇尚公平公正的良好氛圍,企業(yè)家精神才有可能蓬勃發(fā)展。企業(yè)如果依靠政府和行政的力量,占有社會資源與財富,攫取超額壟斷利潤,總想借助權(quán)力和資本,而不是借助企業(yè)家自身的智慧去創(chuàng)造財富、謀求發(fā)展,最終會泯滅企業(yè)家的精神和創(chuàng)造力,而一個沒有精神和創(chuàng)造力的企業(yè),注定行而不遠。
因此,這幾年,造船界眾多專家呼吁要管住政府之手,政府不要做企業(yè),與其去刻意培育世界一流企業(yè),不如營造好世界一流企業(yè)需要的土壤。政府只要創(chuàng)造了能夠云集的企業(yè)家和高素質(zhì)人才,以及適合創(chuàng)業(yè)的寬松平等的商業(yè)環(huán)境,不唯身份論英雄,那么優(yōu)秀企業(yè)何愁不會像雨后春筍般地成長起來。
中國造船業(yè)要做大做強,我們不知喊了多少年了。事實上,不僅僅是造船業(yè),國內(nèi)其他行業(yè),亦是如此。多年來,中國自上而下被“世界500強情結(jié)”所裹挾,企業(yè)家們以上規(guī)模、做大做強為目標,政府部門則傾心于“造大船,出遠洋”,希望可以靠迅速做大來趕超美歐等發(fā)達工業(yè)化國家。然而,改革開放30多年來,中國企業(yè)界最經(jīng)常上演的就是“一舉成名天下知”,然后就“兵敗如山倒”的傳奇故事。
可以說,2008年突如其來的一場金融危機,讓我們清醒了很多。多年提倡做大做強的發(fā)展方向,如今該轉(zhuǎn)舵了。尤其在國有企業(yè)掌控天下的今天,企業(yè)“做大”從來不是個問題,在規(guī)模上兼并整合很快就能組成若干500強企業(yè)。
從本質(zhì)上來說,做“大”與“強”之間沒有必然的因果,“大”未必就一定“強”,相反,大更容易虛胖,更容易蒙蔽企業(yè)家的眼睛,很難持久。只有在做專做強的基礎(chǔ)上做大,才是企業(yè)正確的發(fā)展路徑。企業(yè)毫無競爭力虛胖式的“大”極其危險,因為它抗不住一點點風(fēng)險,會頃刻之間轟然倒塌。我國許多企業(yè)家熱衷于把企業(yè)做大,一度掀起爭上世界500強榜單熱,這是誤區(qū)。用世界500強企業(yè)和我國上榜企業(yè)比較就會發(fā)現(xiàn),它們之間有著顯著區(qū)別:無論是屬于哪個行業(yè),世界500強企業(yè)(除了極少數(shù)是所在國家的政府性壟斷企業(yè)外)幾乎都是所在行業(yè)市場中競爭力最強的企業(yè),且多是專業(yè)化公司。中國企業(yè)一定要看清世界500強之所以強大的本質(zhì)?!按蟆保亲觥皩!弊觥皬姟表槑У慕Y(jié)果,不是強大的手段,本末倒置的事情終歸長久不了。
從這一觀點來看,國內(nèi)船舶工業(yè)正好相背而行。船企和配套企業(yè)扎堆低端,缺乏專業(yè)優(yōu)勢,鮮有企業(yè)在專和強上下功夫,難以做到幾年、幾十年如一日地堅守和專注,只想走捷徑,靠資本和規(guī)模一夜做大。企業(yè)此種做法,市場行情好時大家都賺錢,然而一旦市場不好,這種靠資本和規(guī)模堆積起來的企業(yè),可能迅速消亡。目前中國很多船企深有體會。但是,那些專注某一個領(lǐng)域,默默堅守的船企,在這次金融危機中卻收到了意想不到的結(jié)果。
一個個活生生的案例告訴我們,真正的市場化環(huán)境內(nèi),船舶企業(yè)的專業(yè)化經(jīng)營顯然更能適應(yīng)激烈的市場競爭環(huán)境。市場競爭越激烈,專業(yè)性越發(fā)重要,企業(yè)只有通過聚焦與專注,才能在某一領(lǐng)域做深做透,持續(xù)培養(yǎng)企業(yè)的核心競爭力,這是企業(yè)長期發(fā)展和領(lǐng)先的基礎(chǔ)。企業(yè)若沿著這一路經(jīng),由專而強,由強而大,那么企業(yè)的發(fā)展理念、價值觀、戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)、管理機制、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新等必然是先進的、健全的和符合時代發(fā)展潮流的,因為這是企業(yè)多年經(jīng)驗的積淀。
通過此次金融危機和市場的洗禮,中國造船界應(yīng)該好好反思,我們的發(fā)展思路是否依然沒有厘清?中國造船企業(yè)緣何忽視世界成功企業(yè)的發(fā)展規(guī)律而選擇一條看不清未來的發(fā)展之路?為什么我們?nèi)鄙賹6鴱姷钠髽I(yè)?我們是否依然奔跑在迷戀大企的道路上?
還是那句話,中國造船業(yè)要想做大其實很簡單,用搭積木式地拼湊組合就能搞成幾個國際大型企業(yè),但這樣的企業(yè)骨子里注定沒有成為世界級強企的基因。目前最讓人擔心的不是我們的公司不夠大,而是不夠?qū)!⒉粔驈姟?/p>
當今世界,大型公司在世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中發(fā)揮的重要作用越來越重要。據(jù)2009年的一份資料顯示,全球100大經(jīng)濟體中,51個是公司,49個是國家。世界上有161個國家的財政收入比不上沃爾瑪公司的收入。全球最大的10個公司的銷售總額,超過了世界上最小的100個國家國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的總和。毫不夸張地說,公司強則國家強。對于中國而言,在國家經(jīng)濟未來發(fā)展越來越依賴海洋的今天,打造自己的世界級造船巨人集團,顯得愈加迫切。
中國船舶工業(yè)相比國內(nèi)其他眾多行業(yè)而言,是國際競爭力最強的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。經(jīng)過了改革開放以來30多年的快速發(fā)展,中國培養(yǎng)出了一大批較有競爭力的船企,既有中國船舶工業(yè)集團和中國船舶重工集團這樣的國家隊,又有像揚子江、太平洋、熔盛重工等大型民營船企。但與此同時,船舶產(chǎn)業(yè)與國內(nèi)其他行業(yè)一樣也存在共同的缺陷,整個產(chǎn)業(yè)分散,企業(yè)國際競爭力不強,核心技術(shù)大多掌握在歐美國家手里等。因此,打造中國的世界級龍頭強企,以龍頭帶動整個船舶產(chǎn)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型升級顯得迫在眉睫。
對此,國內(nèi)很多專家建議,中國應(yīng)建立自己的財團。日本經(jīng)濟研究專家白益民認為,中國的財團應(yīng)該由央企組建,財團圍繞全套完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈而構(gòu)造,使整個產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一發(fā)展。它實際上是“航空母艦群”,是平臺,應(yīng)該有產(chǎn)業(yè)、商業(yè)、金融,跟中小企業(yè)捆綁發(fā)展,以便讓更多的中小企業(yè)發(fā)揮作用。中小企業(yè)應(yīng)該變成一架架“專業(yè)戰(zhàn)斗機”,在這個平臺上起降。
正如白益民先生所言,日本企業(yè)很多經(jīng)驗都可供我們借鑒。提起“日本制造”,一般人都會想到豐田、本田、三菱、索尼、松下等這些大企業(yè)。但真正支撐“日本制造”并賦予其精神內(nèi)核的,卻是這些大企業(yè)之外數(shù)以百萬計的中小企業(yè)。占日本企業(yè)總數(shù)99%的中小企業(yè)與其支撐的大企業(yè)之間,建立的是一種獨特的金字塔式的“系列企業(yè)”結(jié)構(gòu)。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,處于金字塔頂端的大企業(yè)與按層級構(gòu)成塔基的中小企業(yè)之間,并非單純的訂貨和提供所需產(chǎn)品及勞務(wù)的關(guān)系。下游企業(yè)不僅根據(jù)上游企業(yè)的要求為其生產(chǎn)零件,還可以進行深層研發(fā),不斷提高某一專門領(lǐng)域的加工工藝。日本很多小企業(yè)數(shù)十年如一日,只生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品,專攻一門技術(shù),磨練一項工藝,并因此成為各自領(lǐng)域中的佼佼者。而這種專精性也得到上游大型企業(yè)的認可,使雙方得以保持長期穩(wěn)定的合作關(guān)系,從而促成了“系列企業(yè)”結(jié)構(gòu)的良性循環(huán)。
國內(nèi)著名經(jīng)濟評論人葉檀對于建立財團的問題,也同樣有自己的見解。她認為,中國應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)韓國的大資金集團軍的作戰(zhàn)模式。行業(yè)整合是利大于弊,可以學(xué)習(xí)韓國利用收購等辦法將造船企業(yè)做成財團。通過低谷期的收購獲得所需的資源,既可整合產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈也能進行多元化運作。中國產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型無捷徑可走。技術(shù)含量低而污染高的造船企業(yè)只能任其淘汰,而技術(shù)較為高端的制造企業(yè),如滬東中華造船廠等,則可打造成市場化、互相競爭的新財團。中國機械行業(yè)正在這么做,造船行業(yè)同樣會這么做,關(guān)鍵是這些企業(yè)得保持市場狼性,而不是由懶散的壟斷貴族們來主導(dǎo)這場變革。
由此看來,中國造船業(yè)在這一方面還有很大的想象空間,中國有需求、有資本、有市場、有制造業(yè)基礎(chǔ)、有勞動力優(yōu)勢,可以說應(yīng)有盡有,但就缺一個串聯(lián)環(huán)節(jié),而組建造船領(lǐng)域的新財團用意就在于此,只有它才能盤活整個船舶工業(yè)的“大棋”,真可謂,一子定乾坤。
顯然,接下來直面的問題是,如何才能組建起夢想中的企業(yè)財團?
After the baptism of the fi nancial crisis and the market,Chinese shipbuilding industry should introspect and should consider whether we haven’t cleared up our ideology of development? Why Chinese shipbuilding enterprises ignore the development rules and the experience of the world’s successful enterprises and choose a road to an indef i nite future? Why we are short of enterprises of specialty and strength? Are we still infatuated with becoming large scale enterprises?Many domestic experts suggest that China should establish its own consortiums. Bai Yimin, Japanese economy research expert believes that the consortiums in China should be formed by the state enterprises,surrounding the complete set of industry chain and enabling coordinated and uniform development of the whole industry. They are in fact the “flotilla of aircraft carriers” and the platform, they should have industry,business, fi nancing and should develop together with medium and small enterprises, so that more such enterprises will play their role. Medium and small enterprises should become “expertise fighters” which take oあ and land on this platform.
Just as Mr Bai Yimin said, Japanese companies have a lot of experience that we can learn from. When we mention “Made in Japan”, large enterprises such as Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi, SONY, Panasonic, etc.will come to our minds. However, it is millions of medium and small enterprises that is supporting “Made in Japan” and gives it its spiritual core. Between the medium and small enterprises which account for 99%of Japanese enterprises and the large enterprises they support, a unique structure of “series of enterprises” like the pyramid has been established. In this structure, the relationship between the large enterprises at the top of the pyramid and small and medium-sized enterprises which constitute the base of the pyramid by level, is not as simple as making orders and providing the required products and services. Downstream enterprises not only produce spare parts for upstream fi rms, but also carry out deep-level research and development and constantly improve the processing technology in a specialized fi eld.Many Japanese small and medium-sized enterprises produce only one type of product over tens of years,they specialize on only one technology and polish up only one technique and have become the best in their respective fi elds. This specialization is also recognized by the upstream large enterprises, which maintains the long-term and stable cooperative relations between them,thus contributing to the virtuous cycle of the structure of“series of enterprise”.
Ye Tan, the famous domestic economy critic, has her own opinions about establishing consortiums. She believes that China should learn from South Korea which adopts the mold of large capital and groups. Industrial consolidation does more good than harm, and we can learn from South Korea which converts shipbuilding enterprises into consortiums by means of acquisitions.The required resources acquired from acquisitions in the diき cult period can either integrate the industrial chain or to conduct diversif i ed operation. There is no shortcut for China's industrial transformation. Shipbuilding enterprises with low-end technology and high pollution should be left to be phased out, whilst manufacturing companies with high-end technology such as Hudong-Zhonghua Shipyard can be converted as the new consortium with marketization and competition. China’s machinery industry is doing this, the shipbuilding industry will also do the same, and the key is that these enterprises should maintain their competitiveness as opposed to this transformation being controlled by the laid-back monopoly nobles.
It seems that Chinese shipbuilding industry still has a very big space for imagination, China has demand,capital, market, manufacturing base, labor advantage, it can be said that she has everything, but the one thing she lacks is the link, and this is the exact purpose of forming a new consortium in shipbuilding industry. Nothing but it can revitalize the “great game” of the whole shipbuilding industry. It alone can determine the result of the game.
Obviously, the next question that confronts us is how to establish a consortium we are dreaming of?
Reporter Yang Peiju
We have been calling for many years for a bigger and stronger Chinese shipbuilding industry. However, we seem to have some deviation in understanding the “big” and “strong”enterprises. In essence, there is no necessary cause and eあ ect between being “big” and being “strong”, being “big”does not necessarily mean being “strong”. The correct way for the development of enterprise is to become big on the basis of being specialized and strong. It would be extremely dangerous for enterprises to become big without any competitiveness. From this perspective, the domestic shipping industry is just going in the opposite direction. Shipbuilding and equipment industries are all engaging in low-end products and lack expertise advantages. Few enterprises are working hard on specialty and strength, most of them just want to take the short-cut and want to become big over one night by relying on capital and scale, it is diき cult for them to hold on and to focus over several or dozens of years. This behavior of the enterprise can make it earn money while the market is good, however, when the market is bad, enterprises relying on capital and scale will soon vanish.
The Reverse Thinking of Shipbuilding Giants