本刊記者 張向輝
中國船舶工業(yè)開啟3.0時代
本刊記者 張向輝
從粗放式發(fā)展一路走來的中國船舶工業(yè),亟待完成由“量”到“質(zhì)”的蛻變。
在日前召開的全國船舶工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)型升級工作會議上,工信部副部長蘇波表示,當前至未來10年至20年,進入以調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)型、全面做強為標志的船舶工業(yè)3.0時代——“我國最終將成為世界最主要的造船強國。”那么,3.0時代的中國船舶工業(yè)將是什么樣的?
2013年11月6日央視財經(jīng)頻道制作的專題紀錄片《大國重器》播出后,再一次引發(fā)了國內(nèi)眾多人士對裝備工業(yè)的審視。自從2009年中國裝備制造總產(chǎn)值超過美國成為全球第一的制造業(yè)大國后,關(guān)于中國制造方面的爭論更是一浪高過一浪。而作為裝備工業(yè)中重要一員,中國船舶工業(yè)同樣引起了國內(nèi)業(yè)界的高度關(guān)注。
應(yīng)該說,中國船舶工業(yè)的國際化之路是從改革開放開啟的。1978年到上世紀末,船舶工業(yè)在鄧小平同志“中國的船舶要出口,要打進國際市場”指示指引下,率先開放,逐步實現(xiàn)軍轉(zhuǎn)民、軍民結(jié)合,實現(xiàn)從國內(nèi)市場到國際市場的重大戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型,成為世界造船市場的重要一極,這一時期可以稱之為以擴大開放、走向世界為標志的船舶工業(yè)1.0時代;從上世紀末至本世紀前10年,中國船舶工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模迅速壯大,國際市場地位顯著提升,2008年三大造船指標超過日本,2010年超過韓國,成為了世界最主要的造船大國,這一時期可以稱之為以高速發(fā)展、規(guī)模壯大為標志的船舶工業(yè)2.0時代;當前至未來10~20年,在全球船舶市場和船舶工業(yè)深度調(diào)整的背景下,我國船舶工業(yè)深化結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,全面轉(zhuǎn)型升級,加快由大到強的轉(zhuǎn)變,最終將成為世界最主要的造船強國。這一時期可以稱之為以調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)型、全面做強為標志的船舶工業(yè)3.0時代。
近年來,隨著中國粗放式經(jīng)濟的弊端日益顯現(xiàn),全球減排浪潮的洶涌澎湃,作為全球第二經(jīng)濟體,中國對海洋的依賴程度正日趨加深,建設(shè)海洋強國、發(fā)展海洋經(jīng)濟已經(jīng)成為國家重要戰(zhàn)略,也是新的經(jīng)濟驅(qū)動力。船舶工業(yè)是建構(gòu)包括海洋漁業(yè)、海洋油氣業(yè)、濱海旅游業(yè)等在內(nèi)的建設(shè)海洋經(jīng)濟強國的重要支撐,同時船舶工業(yè)還與鋼鐵、重型機械、裝備技術(shù)、對外貿(mào)易等行業(yè)發(fā)展緊密相連,特別是保衛(wèi)海洋權(quán)益和維護世界和平更需要加強國防力量,而這又離不開海洋裝備的保證。要建設(shè)海洋強國,必須首先要建設(shè)造船強國。在這種背景下,中國提出在船舶工業(yè)3.0時代發(fā)展成為世界造船強國的目標。
在目標中首先提到了國際市場份額世界領(lǐng)先,從2010年至今,中國連續(xù)四年在造船完工量、新接訂單、手持訂單三大指標保持第一。如果仔細分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn),我們勝在常規(guī)船型,而在高技術(shù)、高難度、高附加值船舶(“三高船舶”)和海工訂單跟韓國相比,還有較大差距。還有最關(guān)鍵一直被忽視的船舶配套訂單,在“三高船舶”和海工領(lǐng)域,我們更缺少話語權(quán)。因此,從粗放式發(fā)展一路走來的中國船舶工業(yè),亟待完成由“量”到“質(zhì)”的蛻變。
在登上世界第一造船大國之位固然能給國內(nèi)造船業(yè)發(fā)展帶來巨大提振,但面對造殼工業(yè)的質(zhì)疑,中國造船人仍無法釋懷。中船重工經(jīng)濟研究中心副總工程師韓光指出,我國在海洋運輸裝備方面已經(jīng)取得了巨大的成就。這主要體現(xiàn)在三個方面:一是產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模已達世界第一,硬件設(shè)施、造船規(guī)模等都居世界前列。二是產(chǎn)品基本全覆蓋。除豪華郵輪等極少數(shù)船型外,我國已經(jīng)具備建造絕大多數(shù)船型的能力,其中包括高技術(shù)含量的液化天然氣(LNG)船、大型滾裝船、大型集裝箱船等。三是技術(shù)水平大幅提升,現(xiàn)已處于世界第一方陣。但中國船舶工業(yè)仍存在不少短板,在一些重要領(lǐng)域缺乏關(guān)鍵、核心技術(shù),高技術(shù)船舶設(shè)計與系統(tǒng)集成方面與日韓存在差距等都是我國急需改變的狀況。
這種短板帶來的后果在逐年放大。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,2013年1至11月,中國船舶全行業(yè)實現(xiàn)利潤252億元,同比下降13.1%,且利潤主要來自非船產(chǎn)品、物流配套、資本運作等業(yè)務(wù),船舶產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)業(yè)務(wù)基本無利可圖。由于船價本就很低,又加之高端受制于人,企業(yè)能夠維持生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)不錯了。與中國的船舶工業(yè)艱難處境相比,外國的一些高端配套企業(yè)的經(jīng)營則好很多。比如,德國曼恩集團2011年前三季度營業(yè)利潤收入就達到11億歐元。船舶工業(yè)空殼化帶來的影響之大可見一斑。
對于國內(nèi)船舶配套業(yè)發(fā)展,江蘇兆勝空調(diào)有限公司總經(jīng)理秦佰進建議:對于國內(nèi)船東造船優(yōu)先選用國產(chǎn)設(shè)備給予一定的政策傾斜;從我們公司在外國建立服務(wù)網(wǎng)點的經(jīng)驗來看,與國外同行建立國外代理和售后服務(wù)網(wǎng)路是相對比較可行的選擇,但要注意應(yīng)尋找與船東關(guān)系好的代理商進行推廣,如果能抱團合作,既能達到目的又能降低成本,徹底解決客戶的后顧之憂;設(shè)備廠商不僅要積極主動與中國的船廠、設(shè)計院一道合作研發(fā),而且還可以一起向國外船東推廣國內(nèi)設(shè)備;在高尖端產(chǎn)品方面要由政府組織國家隊參與國際競爭,針對一些關(guān)系到船員安全的技術(shù)含量較高的高尖端產(chǎn)品,應(yīng)由政府組成國家隊在人力、物力、科研等方面加大投入,并通過并購參股技術(shù)引進等手段,以抗衡國外的大型企業(yè)對一些行業(yè)的壟斷,對一些像空調(diào)、水泵、家具、舾裝件等領(lǐng)域國家隊應(yīng)該局部退出或者與一些有實力的民營企業(yè)合作,共同參與國際競爭,以提升整個中國的造船含金量等。
其實,多年來,關(guān)于國內(nèi)造船界重總裝輕配套的狀況一直心知肚明,也都懂得這是一種畸形的發(fā)展方式,但似乎誰都無能為力。從整個船舶工業(yè)鏈條上來看,總裝水平與日韓差距很小,但在配套領(lǐng)域,我們與之差距拉得太大了,到目前為止整體船舶設(shè)備國產(chǎn)化配套率不超過50%,相比日本的超過95%、韓國的超過90%的國產(chǎn)化配套率相去甚遠。對此,中國船舶工業(yè)行業(yè)協(xié)會會長張廣欽認為,我國要成為造船強國,最突出的問題是總裝和配套沒能取得同步發(fā)展。每次搞規(guī)劃都對配套發(fā)展提出要求,制定了本土化配套率的指標,但是具體的發(fā)展思路和措施往往不到位。希望從政府的主管部門到船舶大集團里應(yīng)該設(shè)有專門的機構(gòu),有專人來考慮配套業(yè)的發(fā)展為好,從總體發(fā)展思路、爭取國家的政策措施,到抓住具體關(guān)鍵配套、關(guān)鍵零部件、關(guān)鍵的瓶頸問題,有計劃有針對性的組織聯(lián)合推進。由配套企業(yè)單打獨斗、放任自流,很難真正改變目前的局面。
正如張廣欽會長所言,這些年,我們在船舶配套方面的確忽略了。毫無疑問,船舶3.0時代,中國造船應(yīng)該把力量更側(cè)重配套才是正道。無論增加硬實力也好,還是軟實力也罷,船舶工業(yè)的強大最終還是體現(xiàn)在整個船舶工業(yè)鏈條上,配套率上不去,打造船舶工業(yè)強國只是一句空話。從目前來看,國內(nèi)船舶配套仍然被邊緣化。
目前,在業(yè)界不少人士看來,產(chǎn)能過剩的問題是我國船舶工業(yè)做大做強的掣肘,是實現(xiàn)由量變到質(zhì)變的絆腳石。
業(yè)界常說的產(chǎn)能過剩,實際上是指高端產(chǎn)能不足、低端產(chǎn)能過剩。對此,中國船舶工業(yè)集團公司708所情報室的秦琦表示,中國在邁向世界第一造船大國的發(fā)展過程中,必然會出現(xiàn)產(chǎn)能擴張和膨脹的態(tài)勢。產(chǎn)能過剩局面的出現(xiàn)在于產(chǎn)能發(fā)展節(jié)奏的“度”沒有把握好,之所以沒有把握好度,一方面在于政府機構(gòu)對產(chǎn)能過剩的預警和調(diào)控機制不夠完善,另一方面主要表現(xiàn)為中國多數(shù)造船企業(yè)在長期的發(fā)展過程中,扎堆中低端市場,注重短期利潤而忽視長期競爭力的培養(yǎng),對市場的理解不夠理性和深刻。
事實上,除了總裝能力過剩外,船舶配套方面也出現(xiàn)低端過剩、高端不足的通病。專家指出,船舶產(chǎn)品是高度融入世界一體化的產(chǎn)品,各種標準要求相對較高,需要全國統(tǒng)籌,地方應(yīng)把工作的重點放在培育本省、本地區(qū)有特色的小巨人身上,不能盲目追求本省、本地區(qū)的配套率。
當前,海工產(chǎn)業(yè)熱潮涌動,不少地方以進軍海洋工程裝備市場為由,熱衷于招商引資,建設(shè)大塢;也有一些企業(yè)強調(diào)高端產(chǎn)能不足,船臺船塢不夠,還要新建造船設(shè)施。有不少專家紛紛發(fā)出應(yīng)理性投資海工,避免重蹈造船業(yè)過度投資覆轍的呼吁。對此,政協(xié)委員黃延楠建議,國家有關(guān)部門加快制定海工產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃,提高行業(yè)準入門檻,推動海工企業(yè)走資源整合和高端發(fā)展之路,防止低水平產(chǎn)能過剩;二要加強信貸投放引導。重點支持海工產(chǎn)業(yè)新設(shè)備、新工藝、新技術(shù)研發(fā)及企業(yè)重組并購、供應(yīng)鏈融資,針對行業(yè)特點加大金融產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新力度,完善在建海工產(chǎn)品抵押貸款管理辦法。三是督促銀行加強海洋經(jīng)濟和海洋工程裝備風險監(jiān)測分析,提高風險防范的前瞻性和有效性。
實事求是地說,針對目前國內(nèi)造船界很多關(guān)于造船產(chǎn)能過剩的論斷都很切中實際,而且還提出了不少有針對性的建設(shè)性建議。另外,還有很多專家為企業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型升級、做大做強,以及技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、管理理念、體系建設(shè)、企業(yè)文化等方面,也提出了很多很專業(yè)的建議。這些對中國船舶工業(yè)實現(xiàn)由量到質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)變都非常有裨益。
然而,值得注意的是,這其中大多屬于戰(zhàn)術(shù)層面的東西,即使有戰(zhàn)略層面的,也基本是企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略。事實上,中國船舶工業(yè)最終實現(xiàn)由量到質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)變,最關(guān)鍵的是頂層設(shè)計,這屬于國家戰(zhàn)略層面。當然,要做好并不復雜,屬于政府去做的歸政府,屬于企業(yè)的就交給企業(yè)去做。產(chǎn)能過剩問題需要政府來調(diào)控,本來就是個錯誤。如果讓市場自己來調(diào)控,何來產(chǎn)能過剩一說?我們天天在說,國內(nèi)企業(yè)不重視管、不重視技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、缺乏國際競爭力、沒有長遠眼光、高端領(lǐng)域受外國控制、企業(yè)文化落后等,這些很大程度上是因為政府什么都想管所導致。
企業(yè)的發(fā)展需要自由、開放、公平、公證的法制環(huán)境,若中國能創(chuàng)造這么一個環(huán)境,那么在船舶工業(yè)的3.0時代,企業(yè)的很多短板,相信都可以彌補??蓡栴}是,政府愿意放權(quán),或者放多少?
On the recently-held work conference of national shipbuilding industry structural adjustment and upgrade, Su Bo, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said that from now on until the next 10 to 20 years, Chinese shipbuilding industry will be in the era of 3.0 featured by adjustment, transformation and comprehensive strengthening---- “China will eventually become the most important shipbuilding power in the world.” Then, what Chinese shipbuilding industry will belike in the era of 3.0?
It should be said that the internationalization of Chinese shipbuilding industry started from the implementation of reform and opening-up policy. From 1978 to the end of the last century, guided by “China should export ships and should advance to the international market”put forward by Deng Xiaoping, Chinese shipbuilding industry took the lead to open up and gradually realized the major strategic transfer from military to civil use and military-civil combination, and from domestic market to international market, becoming an important pole in the world shipbuilding market. This period is called as the 1.0 era of Chinese shipbuilding industry.From the 1990s to the fi rst 10 years of this century, the scale of Chinese shipbuilding industry grew rapidly, and its international market status increased signif i cantly.In 2008, three major shipbuilding index exceeded Japan, and exceeded South Korea in 2010, becoming the world's leading shipbuilding country, and this period can be called as 2.0 era of Chinese shipbuilding industry featured by high-speed development and expansion. From now on to the next 10 to 20 years,with the in-depth adjustment of global shipbuilding market and shipbuilding industry, Chinese shipbuilding industry will deepen the structural adjustment, realize comprehensive transformation and upgrading, speed up the transformation from being large to being strong,and eventually become the world most important shipbuilding power. This period can be called as the 3.0 era of Chinese shipbuilding industry characterized by adjustment, transformation, and comprehensive strengthening.
The target mentions in the fi rst place that China shall take the lead inthe international market share. From 2010 to date, China has maintained in the fi rst place for four yearsin a row in the three indicators of delivery, orders and orders in hand. By careful analysis, it is not diき cult to fi nd that we always win in the fi eld of conventional ship types, but there is still a big gap between China and South Korea when it comes to orders for high technology, high complexity, high value-added ships(“three high ships”) and oあ shore engineering. China is even weaker in orders for marine equipment which has long been ignored. Therefore, there is an urgent need for Chinese shipbuilding industry which has come all the way from extensive development to complete the change from “quantity” to “quality”.
Being the world’s No.1 shipbuilding nation is def i nitely able to bring huge boosts to the development of Chinese shipbuilding industry, but faced with the doubt of the shipbuilding industry, Chinese shipbuilders are still not able to feel relieved. Han Guang, Deputy Chief Engineer of economic research center of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC) pointed out that China has made great achievements in marine equipment field. This is mainly reflected in three aspects: the fi rst is the industry scale, including hardware facilities and shipbuilding scale, is in the fi rst place in the world; the second is the products cover all types; the third is the technical level has improved significantly and is no win the first phalanx of the world. However, Chinese shipbuilding industry still has many short slabs, such as lack of the key and core technology in some important fi elds.
For the development of domestic marine equipment industry, Qin Baijin, General Manager of Jiangsu Zhaosheng Air Conditioning Co. Ltd. suggested that there should be preferential policies for domestic shipowners who choose domestic equipment. Judging from the experience of establishing service network in foreign countries, establishing foreign agents and after-sale service network with foreign counterparts is a relatively feasible choice, but attention should be given that agents who have good relationship with shipowners should be chosen to promote. Equipment manufacturers should not only actively research and develop together with Chinese shipyards and design institutes, but also should promote domestic equipment to foreign ship owners. In terms of high sophisticated products,Chinese government should organize national team to participate in international competition. For some high technology sophisticated products related to ship crew safety, the government should organize national team to increase investment in human, material resources,scientific research etc., and adopt measures such as merger and acquisition, technology introduction and so on to counter against the monopoly of some large-scale enterprises abroad.
Chinese Shipbuilding Industry Embraces the Era of 3.0
Reporter Zhang Xianghui