程 海 艷
1.中國(guó)地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)力學(xué)研究所,北京 1000812.中國(guó)地質(zhì)科學(xué)院頁(yè)巖油氣調(diào)查評(píng)價(jià)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100081
庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西段鹽底辟成因機(jī)制
程 海 艷1,2
1.中國(guó)地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)力學(xué)研究所,北京 100081
2.中國(guó)地質(zhì)科學(xué)院頁(yè)巖油氣調(diào)查評(píng)價(jià)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100081
庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶是由印度板塊和歐亞板塊碰撞形成的新生代再生前陸盆地,沉積古近系和新近系兩套鹽巖,在其西部發(fā)育鹽底辟構(gòu)造。根據(jù)野外地質(zhì)調(diào)查、地震剖面解釋以及平衡剖面制作,探討了庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶鹽底辟的成因機(jī)制。庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶鹽底辟分為兩種類型:沿喀拉玉爾滾走滑斷層發(fā)育的點(diǎn)狀鹽底辟構(gòu)造——鹽栓;發(fā)育在吐孜瑪扎地區(qū)的線狀鹽底辟構(gòu)造——鹽墻。庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西段鹽上生長(zhǎng)地層主要發(fā)生在庫(kù)車組中段沉積期及以后,庫(kù)車組中段發(fā)育角度不整合面,反映鹽底辟的形成。鹽栓受走滑作用的控制,為走滑拉張作用的產(chǎn)物,而鹽墻受庫(kù)車組中段及其后差異壓實(shí)作用的控制,受擠壓作用的改造。
鹽底辟;生長(zhǎng)地層;不整合;成因機(jī)制;庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶
鹽構(gòu)造研究是當(dāng)前含油氣盆地構(gòu)造研究的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題之一[1-5]。鹽巖在地質(zhì)條件下表現(xiàn)為黏塑性流體,并具有相對(duì)高的松弛速度,鹽巖變形可以被當(dāng)作是純塑性變形[1];因此鹽巖對(duì)盆地變形具有重要的影響,鹽構(gòu)造研究是含鹽盆地構(gòu)造分析的基礎(chǔ)。庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶位于塔里木盆地北緣,是新生代含鹽再生前陸盆地,沉積了古近系庫(kù)姆格列木群和新近系吉迪克組兩套膏鹽巖,形成復(fù)雜的鹽構(gòu)造樣式。
圖1 庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶DEM高程地質(zhì)解譯圖(方框示研究區(qū))Fig.1 DEM geological interpretation map in KFTB(the square showing study area)
前人對(duì)庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶鹽構(gòu)造進(jìn)行了大量研究[6-22],明確了庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶鹽構(gòu)造的主要類型,并分析了其形成機(jī)制,認(rèn)為庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶發(fā)育擠壓型和差異負(fù)載型鹽構(gòu)造樣式,經(jīng)歷了鹽巖沉積、低幅度鹽枕、鹽背斜持續(xù)隆升并被斷層破壞等3個(gè)主要的演化階段。汪新等[13-14]注意到庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西段鹽底辟構(gòu)造的存在,認(rèn)為庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶在鹽巖沉積之后由差異負(fù)載作用形成早期的鹽底辟。但是庫(kù)車地區(qū)沉積地層研究表明,鹽巖沉積之后的地層厚度差異不大,巨大的地層厚度差異出現(xiàn)在庫(kù)車組沉積期及以后,早期鹽底辟存在的直接證據(jù)還不足。
筆者在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)野外地質(zhì)調(diào)查和最新地震剖面的解釋,對(duì)庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西部鹽構(gòu)造樣式進(jìn)行了綜合解釋,利用生長(zhǎng)地層和不整合分析其發(fā)育過(guò)程,并在前人物理模擬和數(shù)值模擬的基礎(chǔ)上探討了庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西段鹽構(gòu)造的成因機(jī)制,提出了鹽底辟構(gòu)造發(fā)育模式。
庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶位于天山南緣,平面上呈S形,西界為右旋走滑的喀拉玉爾滾斷裂,東界為興地右旋走滑斷裂。庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶發(fā)育庫(kù)姆格列木群和吉迪克組兩套鹽巖,以庫(kù)車縣為界:西部主要為庫(kù)姆格列木群(E1-2km)膏鹽層,分布范圍較廣,厚度較大,最厚處超過(guò)4.5km;東部主要為吉迪克組(N1j)膏鹽層,分布面積較小,厚度也較小,最厚處約1.8 km。由于新生代印度板塊和歐亞板塊的碰撞,庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈的構(gòu)造變形,形成了復(fù)雜的鹽構(gòu)造,膏鹽巖增厚區(qū)域多呈NEE—SWW 走向,反映出由北向南的擠壓應(yīng)力對(duì)于鹽構(gòu)造的影響,在東部地區(qū)表現(xiàn)尤為明顯(圖1)。
庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶東部主要發(fā)育整合型鹽構(gòu)造,鹽巖聚集在背斜核部,不出露地表,西部既發(fā)育整合型鹽構(gòu)造(鹽背斜)也發(fā)育不整合型鹽構(gòu)造(鹽底辟),鹽巖出露地表,形成外來(lái)鹽席。
庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶地表鹽構(gòu)造分3種類型,即逆沖鹽席、鹽栓和巖墻,其中后兩種為鹽底辟構(gòu)造。逆沖鹽席發(fā)育在卻勒地區(qū),鹽巖沿卻勒逆沖斷層推覆到地表;鹽栓為點(diǎn)狀鹽底辟體,分布在喀拉玉爾滾走滑斷層兩側(cè);巖墻為線狀鹽底辟體,分布在吐孜瑪扎地區(qū)(圖2)。
博孜墩鹽栓位于庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西端,整體呈橢圓形態(tài),長(zhǎng)軸約4km,343°方向,短軸約2.2km,鹽栓總面積6.9km2(圖3)。出露的鹽變形層為古近系庫(kù)姆格列木群小庫(kù)孜拜組黃紅色鹽巖,夾石膏和泥質(zhì)。西南緣依次為蘇維依組、吉迪克組、康村組和庫(kù)車組,呈構(gòu)造不整合接觸關(guān)系;東北部為第四紀(jì)河流沉積。
喀拉玉爾滾走滑斷層切過(guò)博孜墩鹽栓,鹽栓西部地層被強(qiáng)烈抬升,地層產(chǎn)狀陡立,向西逐漸變緩,并發(fā)育順層滑動(dòng)的正斷層(圖3),表明鹽巖發(fā)育底劈作用。鹽栓東部,庫(kù)姆格列木群膏鹽巖切穿鹽上地層,產(chǎn)狀較平緩。
圖2 庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西部構(gòu)造綱要圖(示剖面位置)Fig.2 Structure frame map of the west KFTB (showing the location of the profile)
圖3 博孜墩鹽栓Fig.3 Bozidunsalt stock
鹽巖出露地表后,鹽變形受重力控制。膏鹽流動(dòng)呈現(xiàn)中心式溢流特點(diǎn),自至高點(diǎn)2 160m往3個(gè)地勢(shì)低的方向遷移,整體高差約160m,地表外觀形態(tài)似三葉草。膏鹽遷移過(guò)程中發(fā)育大量的典型履帶式褶皺、多期次周緣復(fù)合平臥褶皺;鹽栓外部,由于地下鹽巖的撤離,形成了鹽撤凹陷構(gòu)造,如圖3所示。
東阿瓦特鹽栓處于阿瓦特背斜西端,長(zhǎng)條形狀,近橢圓,長(zhǎng)軸2.4km,146°方向,短軸約1km(圖2)。鹽層為古近系庫(kù)姆格列木群鹽巖,夾石膏和泥巖。鹽栓東部出露吉迪克組,西部為第四紀(jì)河流沉積。
東阿瓦特鹽栓地表表現(xiàn)為一個(gè)鹽巖穹窿,北部海拔較高,地形平穩(wěn),向南逐漸變低,總的來(lái)說(shuō)鹽巖向南流動(dòng),在地表形成流動(dòng)構(gòu)造。鹽巖在地表受到淋濾作用,形成泥殼、石膏殼、微型峰林、石筍。鹽丘為角礫和鹽巖的混合物質(zhì),并有愈合重結(jié)晶作用,內(nèi)部的平面水平—平緩,表明鹽巖在流動(dòng)過(guò)程中糜棱化。
圖4是橫穿東阿瓦特背斜的地震剖面,喀拉玉爾滾走滑斷層切過(guò)背斜,導(dǎo)致庫(kù)姆格列木群鹽巖的侵出??駹枬L走滑斷層為一條右旋斷層,斷層的發(fā)育導(dǎo)致斷層左右具有巨大的差異,其西側(cè)為溫宿凸起,新生代地層產(chǎn)狀平穩(wěn),東側(cè)為庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶,地層產(chǎn)狀陡立。
吐孜瑪扎鹽墻走向近EW向,長(zhǎng)度50~60km,寬幾十到幾百米(圖2)。吐孜瑪扎鹽墻東段發(fā)育北傾逆沖斷層,鹽墻被逆沖斷層掩蓋,不出露地表,僅出露少量石膏。
BC05-133剖面過(guò)鹽墻西端(圖5),鹽巖切穿上覆地層到達(dá)地表,鹽墻發(fā)育受控于鹽上地層厚度。吐孜瑪扎鹽墻切穿上覆蘇維依組、吉迪克組、康村組、庫(kù)車組和西域組到達(dá)地表,鹽墻向上不斷變窄,并向造山帶方向遷移,表明其發(fā)育受沉積差異負(fù)載的影響。鹽下發(fā)育疊瓦狀逆沖斷層,北部鹽下地層被抬高。
吐孜瑪扎斷裂南是庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶同沉積現(xiàn)象最為豐富的地區(qū)(圖6)。蘇維依組到庫(kù)車組下段同沉積地層發(fā)育不明顯,庫(kù)車組中段開(kāi)始發(fā)育同沉積地層,沉積中心最先出現(xiàn)在吐孜瑪扎斷裂附近,庫(kù)車組中段吐孜瑪扎斷裂南地層厚度是拜城凹陷地層厚度的2.4倍。這個(gè)同沉積地層之上為一個(gè)不整合面,其后為構(gòu)造平靜期,發(fā)育一套穩(wěn)定沉積。庫(kù)車組上部發(fā)育另一套同沉積地層,此時(shí)沉積中心遷移到拜城凹陷,地層向北尖滅,并被西域組沉積削截。庫(kù)車組之上不整合覆蓋了西域組沉積,該套地層同樣也是同沉積地層,沉積中心位于拜城坳陷,南部地層厚度是北部的2倍。
從BC05-133剖面上可以看出,庫(kù)車組內(nèi)部發(fā)育角度不整合(圖7)。鹽上蘇維依組、吉迪克組、康村組和庫(kù)車組下段由于鹽巖的底辟作用,地層產(chǎn)狀陡立,庫(kù)車組中段被上覆地層削截。這表明鹽底辟作用開(kāi)始發(fā)育在庫(kù)車組沉積中期。
利用平衡剖面方法對(duì)吐孜瑪扎巖墻的分析表明,庫(kù)車組中段沉積前,僅在差異負(fù)載作用下發(fā)育低幅度鹽枕。庫(kù)車組中段沉積時(shí)期,南北向擠壓使得鹽下逆沖推覆構(gòu)造開(kāi)始發(fā)育,中生界抬高,同時(shí)沉積中心向南遷移,南北沉積厚度差異大,由于巨大的沉積負(fù)載作用導(dǎo)致鹽底辟作用的發(fā)育,庫(kù)車組中段和庫(kù)車組上段之間發(fā)育不整合。庫(kù)車組上段沉積時(shí)期為一個(gè)構(gòu)造平靜期,此時(shí)隨著造山卸載作用,沉積中心向北遷移到吐孜瑪扎巖墻處,此時(shí)鹽底辟作用不發(fā)育。西域組沉積時(shí)期,南北向擠壓作用繼續(xù)發(fā)育,盆地北部抬升,沉積中心繼續(xù)向南遷移,南北向沉積厚度差異巨大,此時(shí)一方面鹽下逆沖推覆構(gòu)造繼續(xù)向南發(fā)育,另一方面巨大的沉積差異負(fù)載作用導(dǎo)致鹽底辟作用繼續(xù)發(fā)育(圖8)。
前人利用古地磁研究方法對(duì)南天山新生代構(gòu)造演化歷史進(jìn)行了研究:Sun等[23]對(duì)庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶東部庫(kù)車塔吾剖面的研究表明,6.5Ma是同沉積地層的底界年齡,地層沉積存在明顯加速,且磁組構(gòu)參數(shù)在此時(shí)也發(fā)生了突變;Huang等[24]對(duì)庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶東段克孜努爾河古地磁剖面的研究表明,天山地區(qū)在約7Ma存在一次明顯的構(gòu)造加速事件;Cherreau等[25]在克孜努爾河剖面東秋里塔格背斜北翼的磁性地層研究表明,地層的沉積速率在約11 Ma加倍,天山隆升具有間歇性。
圖4 東阿瓦特鹽栓(BC00-350)地震剖面解釋(剖面位置見(jiàn)圖2)Fig.4 BC00-350seismic section interpretation of Dongawatesalt stock(section position shown in Fig.2)
圖5 吐孜瑪扎鹽墻BC05-133地震剖面解釋(剖面位置見(jiàn)圖2)Fig.5 BC05-133seismic section interpretation of Tuzimazasalt wall(section position shown in Fig.2)
圖6 BC05-155剖面吐孜瑪扎鹽墻南生長(zhǎng)地層(剖面位置見(jiàn)圖2)Fig.6 Grown stratigraphy in the south of Tuzimaza salt wall(BC05-155)(section position shown in Fig.2)
饒剛等[26]在吐孜瑪扎地區(qū)的古地磁研究表明,吐孜瑪扎剖面北側(cè)在5.20~2.58Ma沉積速率快速增加,約2.58Ma以后沉積速率下降,隨后在1.5~1.0Ma增加,生長(zhǎng)地層底界年齡約2.58Ma。這與本文的生長(zhǎng)地層的研究相符,在庫(kù)車中段沉積期和西域組沉積期是生長(zhǎng)地層快速發(fā)育期,此時(shí)差異負(fù)載作用使得鹽底辟作用發(fā)育。
圖7 庫(kù)車組內(nèi)部角度不整合面(位置見(jiàn)圖5)Fig.7 Discontiunue in the middle of Kuche Formation(position shown in Fig.5)
沉積差異負(fù)載是指鹽上地層的厚度、密度差異造成的壓力差,膏鹽層在這種壓力差之下由高壓處向低壓處流動(dòng)[27]。庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西部,蘇維依組—庫(kù)車組底部,沉積厚度差異較小,不足以發(fā)生因沉積差異負(fù)載而產(chǎn)生的鹽底辟。從庫(kù)車組中段沉積開(kāi)始,由于受到南北向擠壓應(yīng)力的影響,北部鹽下地層發(fā)育疊瓦狀逆沖斷層,鹽下地層抬高,導(dǎo)致沉積中心南移,導(dǎo)致南部拜城坳陷沉積厚度大,生長(zhǎng)地層發(fā)育,沉積厚度差異巨大,在此基礎(chǔ)上,吐孜瑪扎地區(qū)開(kāi)始發(fā)育鹽底辟構(gòu)造,蘇維依組、吉迪克組、康村組和庫(kù)車組下部地層在底辟過(guò)程中發(fā)生翹傾,同時(shí)形成庫(kù)車組中段角度不整合的發(fā)育,之后存在一個(gè)構(gòu)造平靜期。庫(kù)車組沉積晚期和西域組沉積期隨著逆沖推覆作用,沉積中心進(jìn)一步南移,南北厚度差異巨大,鹽底辟作用繼續(xù)活動(dòng),吐孜瑪扎鹽墻向造山帶方向移動(dòng)。
圖8 過(guò)吐孜瑪扎鹽墻平衡剖面Fig.8 The balanced section crossing Tuzimazha salt wall
單純的走滑作用對(duì)于膏鹽層的影響很小,但是走滑作用派生的拉張作用或擠壓作用會(huì)使膏鹽巖發(fā)生流動(dòng),所以鹽相關(guān)構(gòu)造一般在走滑斷裂系轉(zhuǎn)彎或階步處發(fā)育,在這些局部應(yīng)力區(qū),鹽構(gòu)造發(fā)育和在區(qū)域拉升區(qū)或擠壓區(qū)相似[1]。在影響鹽流動(dòng)方面,走滑斷裂引發(fā)的拉伸剪切比鹽背斜頂部的拉伸更為有力,膏鹽層幾乎不會(huì)在平直并且未發(fā)育斷裂背斜軸部擠出[2]。波斯灣和伊朗高原點(diǎn)狀鹽構(gòu)造研究表明,這些鹽底辟作用與走滑作用密切相關(guān)[28-29]。庫(kù)車前陸褶皺沖斷帶廣泛發(fā)育與區(qū)域走向垂直的走滑斷層[11],鹽栓的發(fā)育與走滑斷層相關(guān)。喀拉玉爾滾斷層是庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶最重要的走滑斷層,為分隔拜城凹陷和烏什凹陷的分界構(gòu)造,斷裂走向NNW向。北喀、中喀和南喀3個(gè)鹽背斜為受其走滑影響而發(fā)育的3個(gè)雁列褶皺,位于斷裂南端的東側(cè),顯示斷裂具有右行走滑特征。東阿瓦特鹽栓和博孜墩鹽栓均沿喀拉玉爾滾走滑斷層發(fā)育,正是受喀拉玉爾滾走滑斷裂在局部產(chǎn)生的拉張作用影響,才使得背斜核部的膏鹽層流動(dòng)到地表。
1)庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西部有兩種鹽底辟作用:一為點(diǎn)狀鹽底辟,發(fā)育在喀拉玉爾滾走滑斷層周圍;二為線狀鹽底辟,發(fā)育在吐孜瑪扎構(gòu)造帶。
2)生長(zhǎng)地層研究表明,庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶生長(zhǎng)地層主要集中在庫(kù)車組中上段和西域組。沉積中心從北向南遷移。鹽墻在庫(kù)車組沉積中期開(kāi)始發(fā)育,并在西域組沉積期最終形成。
3)庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶點(diǎn)狀鹽底辟受走滑作用控制,為走滑作用派生拉張作用的產(chǎn)物;線狀鹽底辟受庫(kù)車組沉積中后期和西域組沉積期差異負(fù)載作用的控制,受擠壓作用的改造。
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Salt Diapirs and Its Mechanism in the West of Kuqa Fold Thrust Belt,Northwest China
Cheng Haiyan1,2
1.InstituteofGeomechanics,ChineseAcademyofGeologicalSciences,Beijing100081,China
2.TheKeyLaboratoryofShaleOilandGasGeologicalSurvey,ChineseAcademyofGeologicalSciences,Beijing100081,China
Kuqafold thrust belt(KFTB)is a Cenozoic rebuilt foreland basin formed by the collision between Indian and Eurasian plate.Kumugeliem Group(K.G.)and Jidike Formation(J.F.)salt was sedimented during Paleogene and Neogenere spectively and salt diapir was developed in the west of KFTB.Field survey,seismic profile interpretation and balanced section were analysed for the mechanism research of salt diapir.Two types of salt diapirs were recognized in the west of KFTB.One is the salt stock developing along Kalayuergun strike-slip fault and the other is the salt wall located in the Tuzimaza area.The growth stratigraphy of the west KFTB was mainly developed in the middle of Kuqa Formation and its upper layers.The unconformity was developed in the middle of Kuqa Formation,showing the development of the salt wall.The salt stock is controlled by the strike-slip;and the tensional stress component of strike-slip caused the salt extruding to the surface.The salt wall is controlled by the sediment differential loading.The huge different sediment thickness made the salt star to develop.The salt wall continued to develop in the later period and the infected by the thrust fault.
salt diapirs;growth stratigraphy;unconformity;mechanism;Kuqa fold thrust belt
10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.201404107
P618.4
A
程海艷.庫(kù)車褶皺沖斷帶西段鹽底辟成因機(jī)制.吉林大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):地球科學(xué)版,2014,44(4):1134-1141.
10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.201404107.
Cheng Haiyan.Salt Diapirs and Its Mechanism in the West of Kuqa Fold Thrust Belt,Northwest China.Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2014,44(4):1134-1141.doi:10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.201404107.
2013-09-15
中國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局地質(zhì)大調(diào)查項(xiàng)目(1212011120964)
程海艷(1983—,女,在站博士后,主要從事盆地構(gòu)造樣式及構(gòu)造演化方面的研究,Tel:010-88815133,E-mail:chhy_yan@163.com。