朱淀等
摘要 蔬菜消費(fèi)在中國(guó)居民的食物消費(fèi)中占據(jù)極其重要的地位,但化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的施用嚴(yán)重影響了蔬菜質(zhì)量安全,推廣和施用生物農(nóng)藥成為當(dāng)前提高包括蔬菜在內(nèi)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全的最現(xiàn)實(shí)的路徑。然而,本文對(duì)中國(guó)江蘇省豐縣294戶(hù)蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)的調(diào)查顯示,分別有66.00%、71.43%和69.05%的受訪(fǎng)農(nóng)戶(hù)對(duì)生物農(nóng)藥沒(méi)有認(rèn)知、沒(méi)有施用過(guò)生物農(nóng)藥和對(duì)生物農(nóng)藥的施用效果持懷疑態(tài)度。為進(jìn)一步考察農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥的意愿,本文以理性人為假設(shè)條件,以農(nóng)戶(hù)性別、年齡、受教育年限、對(duì)農(nóng)藥的殘留認(rèn)知、家庭蔬菜種植面積、蔬菜價(jià)格水平認(rèn)知作為自變量,并基于二元logistic模型存在偏誤與分離問(wèn)題,引入帶罰函數(shù)的二元Logistic模型,計(jì)量結(jié)果顯示,具有女性、年齡在40歲以下、感知化學(xué)農(nóng)藥殘留危害、受教育年限在9年及以上等個(gè)體特征和家庭蔬菜種植面積在5畝以下、非農(nóng)業(yè)性收入在3萬(wàn)及以上、參加農(nóng)業(yè)合作組織等家庭特征的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)更愿意施用生物農(nóng)藥,而政府補(bǔ)貼與政府農(nóng)藥施用的技能培訓(xùn)對(duì)蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥意愿的驅(qū)動(dòng)不足。據(jù)此,本文提出了,政府應(yīng)該借助于農(nóng)業(yè)合作組織推廣生物農(nóng)藥;加大對(duì)施用生物農(nóng)藥的支持力度;指導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作組織應(yīng)重點(diǎn)建設(shè)優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷(xiāo)售網(wǎng)絡(luò)等政策。
關(guān)鍵詞 蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù);生物農(nóng)藥;施用意愿;帶罰函數(shù)的二元logistic模型
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào) F304.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A
文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)04-0064-07
農(nóng)作物病蟲(chóng)害是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要生物災(zāi)害。一旦病蟲(chóng)災(zāi)害發(fā)生時(shí),生產(chǎn)農(nóng)戶(hù)就施用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥來(lái)殺除病蟲(chóng)害以有效避免農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量損失[1]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在全球由于施用DDT等化學(xué)農(nóng)藥而挽回的糧食損失占總產(chǎn)量的15%[2]。化學(xué)農(nóng)藥已成為防治農(nóng)作物病蟲(chóng)害最常用的手段之一。但是化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的施用也產(chǎn)生了一系列負(fù)面影響,尤其是導(dǎo)致自然界生態(tài)系統(tǒng)紊亂[3],以及農(nóng)藥殘留通過(guò)食物鏈與生物富集效應(yīng)累積等途徑對(duì)人體健康產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重威脅[4]。由于生物農(nóng)藥是以生物活體或其制劑來(lái)防治農(nóng)作物病蟲(chóng)害的產(chǎn)品,具有與環(huán)境相容性較高,對(duì)人畜比較安全等特點(diǎn),經(jīng)過(guò)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的實(shí)踐,已逐步被人們所認(rèn)識(shí)和接受[5]。目前可以認(rèn)為,生物農(nóng)藥不僅能夠代替化學(xué)農(nóng)藥有效地防治病蟲(chóng)害,而且在保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境、保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全與人類(lèi)健康等方面比化學(xué)農(nóng)藥具有相對(duì)的優(yōu)越性[6-9]。農(nóng)戶(hù)在中國(guó)是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的基本單位,是農(nóng)藥施用的主體,因此研究農(nóng)戶(hù)對(duì)生物農(nóng)藥可接受性與主要影響因素,對(duì)中國(guó)政府深化農(nóng)藥管理體系改革與保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
1 文獻(xiàn)綜述
目前僅有極少量的文獻(xiàn)研究蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)生物農(nóng)藥的施用意愿。例如,Adetonah等[10]研究了非洲西部農(nóng)戶(hù)在控制棉鈴蟲(chóng)上施用生物農(nóng)藥的觀(guān)念和意愿,以及影響農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥意愿的因素;傅新紅、宋汶庭[11]研究了中國(guó)四川省406戶(hù)農(nóng)戶(hù)的生物農(nóng)藥施用意愿和影響因素。這些文獻(xiàn)沒(méi)有對(duì)蔬菜種植戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥的意愿作出清晰的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)解釋。研究表明,即使是傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),生產(chǎn)要素的配置也是經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的[12]。因此,蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)可以被假定為精于判斷計(jì)算滿(mǎn)足理性人假設(shè),其在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中對(duì)生物農(nóng)藥與化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的選擇必定是基于期望效用的大小。期望效用的大小與蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)收益與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成本相關(guān)[13]。
1.1 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好
由于個(gè)體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好并不是先天確定的而是受一個(gè)人的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況以及心理狀態(tài)的影響[14],風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好的類(lèi)型可能與蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)性別[11,15]、農(nóng)戶(hù)年齡[16]、農(nóng)戶(hù)的收入[17]、農(nóng)戶(hù)受教育年限 [18-19]、農(nóng)戶(hù)家庭人口特征[20-21]、農(nóng)戶(hù)蔬菜種植面積 [22-23]等具有相關(guān)性。
1.2 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)收益
由于生物農(nóng)藥在中國(guó)作為新的農(nóng)藥品種,施用生物農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)蔬菜具有兩個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn):一是市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一方面,從經(jīng)驗(yàn)上判斷,施用生物農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)的蔬菜相對(duì)于施用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的蔬菜應(yīng)有更大的市場(chǎng)需求,價(jià)格水平高低目前尚無(wú)法確定,這取決于農(nóng)戶(hù)的認(rèn)知[16];另一方面,消費(fèi)者對(duì)施用不同農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)的蔬菜難以實(shí)施質(zhì)量鑒別,上述兩方面將導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)生。如果由農(nóng)業(yè)合作組織推廣施用生物農(nóng)藥,并由其組織收購(gòu)農(nóng)戶(hù)生產(chǎn)的蔬菜,則有助于消費(fèi)者鑒別,并可在一定程度上降低市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。張?jiān)迫A等[21]與周潔紅[22]亦認(rèn)為農(nóng)戶(hù)施用農(nóng)藥的意愿與行為與農(nóng)戶(hù)是否參加合作組織相關(guān)。二是技術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前在中國(guó)生物農(nóng)藥尚沒(méi)有廣泛施用且品種有限,其殺除病蟲(chóng)害的效果、蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥的操作技能也存在著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如果政府能提供的相關(guān)農(nóng)藥施用的技能培訓(xùn)[22]或者政策提供農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)[24-25],則可降低技術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
1.3 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成本
施用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥因存在潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所導(dǎo)致的損失包括兩個(gè)方面:一方面,因化學(xué)農(nóng)藥殘留導(dǎo)致的食品安全事故所引發(fā)的賠償支出,或者由此導(dǎo)致蔬菜滯銷(xiāo)、價(jià)格下降;另一方面,由于毒性較大,施用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥對(duì)農(nóng)戶(hù)自身健康產(chǎn)生影響,從而增加了醫(yī)療成本和精神傷害 [26-27]?;瘜W(xué)農(nóng)藥損失與蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)對(duì)于化學(xué)農(nóng)藥殘留危害的認(rèn)知相關(guān)[27-28]。如果蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥,可以避免或減少上述兩種損失,但是施用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成本可能被生物農(nóng)藥較高的購(gòu)買(mǎi)成本抵消。一旦政府能對(duì)蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行適當(dāng)補(bǔ)貼,則兩類(lèi)農(nóng)藥間的成本差異將會(huì)縮小,這有助于提高蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)生物農(nóng)藥施用意愿[22]。
2 調(diào)查的方案設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 農(nóng)作物品種的選擇
國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2010年、2011年中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民人均年蔬菜消費(fèi)量分別為116.10 kg和93.30 kg、114.60 kg和89.40 kg,人均蔬菜消費(fèi)在總的食物消費(fèi)中所占的比重基本保持在28%-36%的水平上。由于蔬菜在中國(guó)居民的食物消費(fèi)中占據(jù)重要的地位,應(yīng)該成為生物農(nóng)藥重點(diǎn)推廣施用的農(nóng)作物,因此以蔬菜為案例研究蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥的意愿在中國(guó)就極具前瞻性。
2.2 研究區(qū)域
2011年中國(guó)蔬菜種植面積1 963.92萬(wàn)hm2,總產(chǎn)量6.79億t。江蘇豐縣是蘇魯皖地區(qū)著名的蔬菜之鄉(xiāng)。20世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)始,該縣眾多的農(nóng)戶(hù)就逐步以種植與銷(xiāo)售蔬菜作為謀生的重要職業(yè)之一。2010年全縣蔬菜復(fù)種面積達(dá)到76萬(wàn)畝,而其中連片種植規(guī)模面積達(dá)58萬(wàn)畝,出口蔬菜的規(guī)模種植面積達(dá)60萬(wàn)畝,約有32.7萬(wàn)個(gè)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力從事蔬菜種植,蔬菜生產(chǎn)能力位居全國(guó)十強(qiáng)縣的第二位。蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)主要施用殺菌劑、殺螨劑和除草劑等類(lèi)型化學(xué)農(nóng)藥防治病蟲(chóng)害。因此,選擇中國(guó)的蔬菜種植大縣——江蘇豐縣的生產(chǎn)農(nóng)戶(hù)展開(kāi)研究更具有典型性。
2.3 問(wèn)卷設(shè)計(jì)與調(diào)查對(duì)象
本研究在調(diào)研過(guò)程中將調(diào)查對(duì)象設(shè)定為具備農(nóng)藥施用經(jīng)歷的蔬菜種植的普通農(nóng)戶(hù)。調(diào)查問(wèn)卷主要采用封閉型題型,由蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)的基本特征、生物農(nóng)藥的認(rèn)知、施用意愿等三個(gè)部分的21個(gè)問(wèn)題組成。在預(yù)先調(diào)查并取得經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上修正和確定問(wèn)卷。在實(shí)際調(diào)查過(guò)程中采用多層隨機(jī)抽樣方法選取樣本。在豐縣隨機(jī)選取首羨鎮(zhèn)、范樓鎮(zhèn)、宋樓鎮(zhèn)和趙莊鎮(zhèn)4個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn),每個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)隨機(jī)選擇3個(gè)自然村,每個(gè)自然村隨機(jī)調(diào)查30個(gè)農(nóng)戶(hù),共訪(fǎng)談360個(gè)農(nóng)戶(hù),回收有效問(wèn)卷294份。本研究采取一對(duì)一訪(fǎng)談并當(dāng)場(chǎng)答卷的方式進(jìn)行,并由調(diào)查人員填寫(xiě)問(wèn)卷。
2.4 問(wèn)卷分析
(1)農(nóng)戶(hù)特征。如表1顯示,受訪(fǎng)的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)具有如下特征:第一,年齡較大,受教育程度偏低。66.30%的受訪(fǎng)農(nóng)戶(hù)的年齡在40歲以上,76.6%的農(nóng)戶(hù)受教育程度在9年及以下。受訪(fǎng)農(nóng)戶(hù)的年齡和受教育特征與中國(guó)農(nóng)村農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者的基本特征相吻合。第二,家庭收入水平不高。84.70%的受訪(fǎng)農(nóng)戶(hù)家庭年總收入水平在3萬(wàn)元以下,略高于江蘇省農(nóng)戶(hù)家庭的平均水平。雖然絕對(duì)收入持續(xù)提高,但由于物價(jià)上漲等因素,受訪(fǎng)農(nóng)戶(hù)相對(duì)收入水平上升幅度有限。第三,職業(yè)出現(xiàn)分化,兼職農(nóng)戶(hù)比重較大。51.00%的受訪(fǎng)農(nóng)戶(hù)都有非農(nóng)業(yè)性收入,但蔬菜種植仍然是農(nóng)戶(hù)的重要的收入來(lái)源。第四,典型的小規(guī)模種植方式。中國(guó)農(nóng)村農(nóng)戶(hù)的人均耕地面積平均水平為1.39畝[29]。在受訪(fǎng)的農(nóng)戶(hù)家庭中,69.40%的家庭人均種植面積(家庭種植面積除以家庭務(wù)農(nóng)人數(shù))在2畝及以下。
(2)農(nóng)戶(hù)認(rèn)知水平和施用意愿。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),66.00%的192戶(hù)受訪(fǎng)蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)表示不了解、不太清楚或不知道生物農(nóng)藥;28.57%的84戶(hù)受訪(fǎng)農(nóng)戶(hù)表示正在或曾經(jīng)施用過(guò)生物農(nóng)藥;69.05%的203戶(hù)受訪(fǎng)農(nóng)戶(hù)對(duì)生物農(nóng)藥的效果持懷疑態(tài)度。
3 模型設(shè)定與計(jì)量分析
3.1 模型設(shè)定與變量設(shè)置
(3)年齡在40歲及以上的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥意愿的可能性顯著低于40歲以下的農(nóng)戶(hù)。這一結(jié)論與Isina 和 Yildirim[16]相似。Binswanger[20]研究表明,年齡較小的農(nóng)戶(hù)更傾向于冒險(xiǎn)。這意味著,相對(duì)于施用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥,如果施用生物農(nóng)藥可以使農(nóng)戶(hù)獲得更高的預(yù)期凈利潤(rùn)但差異并不顯著時(shí),那么年輕農(nóng)戶(hù)更愿意“冒險(xiǎn)”施用生物農(nóng)藥。同時(shí)年齡較輕的農(nóng)戶(hù)受教育程度可能更高,更容易降低施用生物農(nóng)藥的技術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而年長(zhǎng)的農(nóng)戶(hù)在長(zhǎng)期農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中已形成了對(duì)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依賴(lài),必然具有較低的生物農(nóng)藥的施用意愿。
(4)種植面積在5畝及以上的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥的意愿顯著低于5畝以下的農(nóng)戶(hù)。原因可能在于,首先蔬菜種植面積大的農(nóng)戶(hù)主要收入來(lái)源于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),并且在長(zhǎng)期的蔬菜種植的實(shí)踐中,形成了依靠化學(xué)農(nóng)藥防蟲(chóng)治害和獲得較為穩(wěn)定收益的路徑。如果采納生物農(nóng)藥,大面積的種植農(nóng)戶(hù)必將承擔(dān)技術(shù)、市場(chǎng)的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此其更傾向于施用自身熟悉的化學(xué)農(nóng)藥。上述這一結(jié)論支持了王華書(shū)[42]、Ngow 等[25]有關(guān)的種植面積較大的農(nóng)戶(hù),農(nóng)業(yè)商品化程度越高,生物農(nóng)藥施用意愿越低的結(jié)論。
(5)家庭非農(nóng)業(yè)性收入在3萬(wàn)元及以上的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)相對(duì)于3萬(wàn)元以下的農(nóng)戶(hù)更愿意施用生物農(nóng)藥。農(nóng)戶(hù)家庭收入特征是影響其農(nóng)藥施用行為非常重要的因素之一。農(nóng)戶(hù)家庭非農(nóng)業(yè)性收入高說(shuō)明該農(nóng)戶(hù)家庭成員中有外出務(wù)工的人員,家庭成員接受新事物的能力更強(qiáng),對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全更為關(guān)注[28]。對(duì)非農(nóng)業(yè)性收入較高的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)家庭而言,蔬菜種植等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)收入不再是家庭的最主要的來(lái)源,良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件能夠支撐一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)施用生物農(nóng)藥可能產(chǎn)生市場(chǎng)、技術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的承擔(dān)能力較強(qiáng)。因此,非農(nóng)業(yè)性收入高的農(nóng)戶(hù)相對(duì)較有更強(qiáng)的生物農(nóng)藥施用意愿。這與Amaza[43]有關(guān)農(nóng)戶(hù)家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征影響和改變其對(duì)農(nóng)藥新技術(shù)施用的研究結(jié)論相吻合。
(6)對(duì)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥殘留認(rèn)知水平越高的農(nóng)戶(hù)更愿意施用生物農(nóng)藥。理由是顯而易見(jiàn)的,認(rèn)知化學(xué)農(nóng)藥殘留危害的農(nóng)戶(hù)通常受教育程度比較高,年齡也相對(duì)較輕,對(duì)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的施用給自身健康產(chǎn)生的影響、可能導(dǎo)致的潛在損失和蔬菜安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的較高成本較為清晰,故具有更高的生物農(nóng)藥施用意愿。
(7)家庭參加農(nóng)業(yè)合作組織的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥的意愿高于分散農(nóng)戶(hù)。農(nóng)業(yè)合作組織能夠?yàn)檗r(nóng)戶(hù)的蔬菜種植提供優(yōu)良品種與相關(guān)農(nóng)藥等專(zhuān)用生產(chǎn)資料供給的產(chǎn)前服務(wù)、種植過(guò)程中所需的管理技術(shù)等配套活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)中服務(wù)、收購(gòu)與銷(xiāo)售等產(chǎn)后服務(wù)。這不僅能夠穩(wěn)定農(nóng)戶(hù)蔬菜的收購(gòu)價(jià)格,降低生物農(nóng)藥帶來(lái)的市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而且給予農(nóng)戶(hù)的技術(shù)支持,降低了農(nóng)戶(hù)施用生物農(nóng)藥的技術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
4 主要結(jié)論與政策含義
本文的結(jié)果表明,具有女性、年齡在40歲以下、化學(xué)農(nóng)藥殘留危害的感知、受教育年限在9年及以上等個(gè)體特征和蔬菜種植面積在5畝以下、非農(nóng)業(yè)性收入在3萬(wàn)及以上、參加農(nóng)業(yè)合作組織等家庭特征的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)更愿意施用生物農(nóng)藥。這些結(jié)論包涵了豐富的政策含義,可供政策決策參考。
(1)政府應(yīng)該借助于農(nóng)業(yè)合作組織推廣生物農(nóng)藥,同時(shí)考慮到女性、年輕、教育程度較高和家庭種植規(guī)模較小、非農(nóng)業(yè)性收入較高的農(nóng)戶(hù)更容易接受生物農(nóng)藥,政府可以依托農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作組織,重點(diǎn)選擇具有上述特征的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù)來(lái)推廣生物農(nóng)藥。
(2)政府必須加大對(duì)施用生物農(nóng)藥的支持力度。模型結(jié)果顯示,政府對(duì)生物農(nóng)藥的補(bǔ)貼與提供農(nóng)藥施用的技能培訓(xùn)等與政府相關(guān)的變量,并未表現(xiàn)出顯著的相關(guān)性。因此目前生物農(nóng)藥在豐縣的施用主要依賴(lài)于農(nóng)戶(hù)的內(nèi)在驅(qū)動(dòng),政府的外在驅(qū)動(dòng)力并不充分。近年來(lái)政府出臺(tái)的一系列支農(nóng)惠農(nóng)政策,政策基點(diǎn)是確保農(nóng)產(chǎn)品量的增產(chǎn)而非質(zhì)的提高,屬于傳統(tǒng)型的支農(nóng)政策,政府對(duì)農(nóng)戶(hù)的技能培訓(xùn)并沒(méi)有針對(duì)生物農(nóng)藥,也沒(méi)有通過(guò)補(bǔ)貼的方式降低生物農(nóng)藥與化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的相對(duì)價(jià)格,從而難以顯著改變農(nóng)戶(hù)的生物農(nóng)藥施用意愿。因此,政府農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的相關(guān)政策應(yīng)該作出必要的調(diào)整,以更加明確的政策導(dǎo)向,大面積、寬領(lǐng)域地推廣藥生物農(nóng)藥。
(3)政府應(yīng)指導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作組織應(yīng)重點(diǎn)建設(shè)優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷(xiāo)售網(wǎng)絡(luò)等。對(duì)施用生物農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)的蔬菜價(jià)格水平有較高預(yù)期的蔬菜種植農(nóng)戶(hù),未表現(xiàn)出顯著的施用生物農(nóng)藥的意愿。這是因?yàn)樵谥袊?guó)普通的蔬菜市場(chǎng)上,消費(fèi)者難以辨別施用不同農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)的蔬菜,因此農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作組織應(yīng)明確規(guī)范,建立具有公信力的施用生物農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證機(jī)制,開(kāi)拓優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷(xiāo)售網(wǎng)絡(luò),實(shí)行正確的定價(jià)等營(yíng)銷(xiāo)策略,鼓勵(lì)更多消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買(mǎi),有效地提高消費(fèi)者的信任度。
(編輯:劉呈慶)
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[30]Dillon J L, Scandizzo P L. Risk Attitudes of Subsistence Farmers in Northeast Brazil: A Sampling Approach[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1978,60(3):425-35.
[31]彭文平.農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)——發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的新發(fā)展[J].外國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理,2002,(2):2-6.[ Peng Wenping. Farmer Economics: A New Development in Development Economics[J]. Foreign Economies and Management,2002, (2): 2-6.]
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[36]Heinze G, Schemper M. A Solution to the Problem of Separation in Logistic Regression[J]. Statistics in Medicine,2002,21(16):2409-2419.
[37]Doss C R. Desiging Agricultural Technology for African Women Farmers:Lessons from 25 Years of Experience[J]. World Development,2001,29 (12):2075-2092.
[38]Cheryl R D,Michael L M. How does Gender Affect the Adoption of Agricultural Innovations?: The Case of Improved Maize Technology in Ghana[J]. Agricultural Economics,2001,(1):27-39.
[39]Khwaja M A .Impact of Pesticides on Environment and Health[R]. SDPI Res News Bull, 2001.
[40]邢美華,張俊飚,黃光體.未參與循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)戶(hù)的環(huán)保認(rèn)知及其影響因素分析——基于晉、鄂兩省的調(diào)查[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2009,(4):72-79.[Xing Meihua, Zhang Junbiao, Huang Guangti. Environmental Awareness of Farmers not Participating in Circular Agriculture and its Influencing Factors: A Case of Shanxi and Hubei Province[J]. Chinese Rural Economy,2009,(4):72-79.]
[41]Kruger D J, Polanski S P. Sex Differences in Mortality Rates Have Increased in China Following the Singlechild Law[J]. Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science,2011,2(1):1-4.
[42]王華書(shū),徐翔.微觀(guān)行為與農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全——對(duì)農(nóng)戶(hù)生產(chǎn)與居民消費(fèi)的分析[J].南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):社會(huì)科學(xué)版,2004,(1):23-28.[Wang Huashu, Xu Xiang. Microbehavior and Safety of Agiproducts: an Analysis of Rural Household Production and Residents Consumption[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University: Social Sciences Edition,2004, (1): 23-28.]
[43]Amaza P S, Ogundari K. An Investigation of Factors that Influence the Technical Efficiency of Soybean Production in the Guinea Savannas of Nigeria[J]. Food, Agriculture & Environment,2008,6(1):92-96.