符 婉 田紹文游 詠
綜述
Apelin-13生物功能研究進(jìn)展
符 婉1田紹文2游 詠1
Apelin是由77個(gè)氨基酸構(gòu)成的多肽,其受體為血管緊張素樣G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(APJ)。Apelin/APJ系統(tǒng)在外周與中樞均有廣泛分布;Apelin-13是Apelin亞型之一,具有較強(qiáng)的生物活性。本文綜述了Apelin-13參與心血管系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、消化系統(tǒng)和內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)等生理病理過程調(diào)節(jié)的研究新進(jìn)展。
Apelin-13;心血管系統(tǒng);呼吸系統(tǒng);神經(jīng)系統(tǒng);內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)
Tatemoto[1]于1998年首次從牛胃分泌物中提取出一種新的血管活性肽—Apelin。Apelin-血管緊張素樣受體(Apelin-angiotensin receptor-like,APJ)是O’Dowd于1993年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的孤兒G白偶聯(lián)受體,Apelin是其內(nèi)源性配體。Apelin/APJ系統(tǒng)在外周與中樞均有廣泛分布。Apelin具有多個(gè)亞型:Apelin-12、Apelin-13、Apelin-17、Apelin-28和Apelin-36。Apelin-13作為Apelin亞型之一,具有較強(qiáng)的生物活性。[pGlu]Apelin-13是Apelin存在于心臟、大腦、下丘腦中的主要亞型,且具有多種生物學(xué)功能。本文綜述了Apelin-13參與心血管系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、消化系統(tǒng)和內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)等生理病理過程調(diào)節(jié)的研究新進(jìn)展。
1.1 Apelin-13的結(jié)構(gòu) 富含精氨酸和賴氨酸殘基的Apelin前體肽,被血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶2剪切成不同長度的亞型,如Apelin-13、Apelin-17和Apelin-36。Apelin-13是C末端含有13個(gè)氨基酸的短肽[2],見圖1。Apelin-13的N端參與調(diào)節(jié)其與APJ受體的結(jié)合,C端主要參與調(diào)控其生物活性。[pGlu]Apelin-13是Apelin-13的N端焦谷氨酸化形式,有較強(qiáng)的穩(wěn)定性,能夠防止C末端的多肽被酶分解。Kleinz等[3]進(jìn)一步研究顯示,Apelin-13生物活性較長肽Apelin強(qiáng),但其與受體結(jié)合能力較差。
Fig.1 Amino acid sequence of human Apelin subtypes圖1 人類Apelin亞型氨基酸序列
1.2 Apelin-13的分布 Apeilin-13分布廣泛,在人體大腦、心臟、胃、腎臟、視網(wǎng)膜、結(jié)腸、臍靜脈、脂肪組織、骨間質(zhì)祖細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中都能檢測到Apelin-13的表達(dá)。有研究表明[pGlu]Apelin-13是健康人體血漿中存在的最主要的Apelin亞型,其血漿濃度為7.7~23.3 μg/L[4]。
2.1 Apelin-13與心血管系統(tǒng) Apelin-13與APJ受體結(jié)合,能夠拮抗血管緊張素Ⅱ?qū)ρ艿氖湛s作用,從而舒張血管、降低血壓。一項(xiàng)針對中國沿海人群的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,血清Apelin-13水平與收縮壓、舒張壓和平均動(dòng)脈壓呈負(fù)相關(guān)[5]。研究顯示惡性高血壓與慢性腎病關(guān)系密切,慢性腎病患者中有非對稱性二甲基精氨酸(asymmetric dimethylarginine,ADMA)聚集,ADMA能夠造成血管內(nèi)皮損傷,引起惡性高血壓[6]。有研究顯示,ADMA呈劑量和時(shí)間依賴性地增加人臍靜脈血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的通透性,Apelin-13可以通過ADMA損傷人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的屏障,直接引起人臍靜脈血管平滑肌細(xì)胞肌球蛋白輕鏈的增多[7]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,給予SD大鼠ADMA持續(xù)皮下泵入4周,與對照組比較,Apelin-13能夠顯著增加ADMA組大鼠的收縮壓,且機(jī)制是Apelin-13直接引起ADMA組大鼠血管平滑肌細(xì)胞肌球蛋白輕鏈的增 多[6]。此外,Apelin-13能夠通過激活磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT)信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)大鼠胸主動(dòng)脈血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖[8]。上述研究結(jié)果提示Apelin-13在不同條件下對血壓具有雙向調(diào)控作用。
Apelin-13亦具有抵抗缺血和缺血再灌注對心肌細(xì)胞損傷的作用。有研究顯示在大鼠左冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支梗死24 h后,連續(xù)5 d腹腔注射[pGlu]Apelin-13后,與對照組比較,Apelin-13能夠減少心肌梗死面積,增加心率和血清一氧化氮水平,抵抗缺血對心肌細(xì)胞的損傷[9]。在大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型中,Aplein-13可拮抗缺血再灌注誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激損傷[10-11];而給予PI3K/AKT、胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶1/2(ERK1/2)及一磷酸腺苷依賴的蛋白激酶(AMPK)等信號(hào)通路的抑制劑能夠阻斷Aplein-13拮抗內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡,提示Apelin-13對心肌細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用需要PI3K/AKT、ERK及AMPK信號(hào)通路的參與[10-11]。
2.2 Apelin-13與呼吸系統(tǒng) 除草醚誘導(dǎo)的橫膈疝氣模型大鼠具有肺動(dòng)脈高壓癥,長期肺動(dòng)脈高壓會(huì)導(dǎo)致肺血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖和遷徙。Hofmann等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)該模型大鼠肺脈管系統(tǒng)中Apelin-13/APJ的mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著上調(diào),提示Apelin-13信號(hào)可能與長期肺動(dòng)脈高壓誘導(dǎo)肺血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖和遷徙有關(guān)。外源性給予Apelin-13能夠抑制低氧誘導(dǎo)的肺動(dòng)脈血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和自噬[13]。此外,體外細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)肺腺癌細(xì)胞過表達(dá)APJ,Apelin-13可顯著增加腺癌細(xì)胞ERK1/2磷酸化水平,促進(jìn)肺腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖和自噬[14]。
2.3 Apelin-13與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) Apelin-13在大腦中分布廣泛,在脊髓、腦橋/延髓、中腦、大腦皮質(zhì)、下丘腦、小腦、紋狀體、嗅球和海馬中均檢測到了Apelin-13 mRNA表達(dá)。研究表明Apelin-13具有保護(hù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞損傷作用[15]。Zeng等[15]觀察到在無血清誘導(dǎo)大腦皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞損傷的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Apelin-13可通過ERK1/2信號(hào)通路抑制門冬氨酸受體活化引起的Ca2+內(nèi)流、氧化應(yīng)激、線粒體功能損傷、細(xì)胞色素C的釋放及caspase-3的激活,保護(hù)大腦皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞凋亡和神經(jīng)興奮性毒性損傷。Khaksari等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),Apelin-13可以改善大腦中動(dòng)脈局部缺血引起的大鼠大腦再灌注損傷和病理性水腫,并顯著縮小腦梗死面積和水腫面積,其機(jī)制可能與Aplein-13抑制細(xì)胞凋亡過程有關(guān)。Apelin-13亦具有鎮(zhèn)痛作用。Lv等[17-18]發(fā)現(xiàn)在小鼠蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔注射醋酸誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)臟痛模型中,Apelin-13可發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛樣作用,該效應(yīng)可被阿片類受體拮抗劑所阻斷。最近研究結(jié)果表明,Apelin-13可影響學(xué)習(xí)記憶和情緒。Telegdy等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Apelin-13能增強(qiáng)小鼠被動(dòng)回避學(xué)習(xí)記憶的鞏固過程,而α-腎上腺素能、類膽堿能、多巴胺能、5-羥色胺能、γ-氨基丁酸能等遞質(zhì)受體拮抗劑及一氧化氮合成抑制劑均能阻斷Apelin-13對記憶鞏固的增強(qiáng)作用。Telegdy等[20]研究顯示,在高架十字迷宮檢測實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Aplein-13能夠提高CFLP小鼠的抗焦慮水平,且給予酚芐明、氟哌啶醇、普萘洛爾(心得安)和二甲麥角新堿能夠阻斷Apelin-13的抗焦慮水平,提示Apelin-13的抗焦慮作用與α、β腎上腺素能、多巴胺能和5-羥色胺能有關(guān)。
2.4 Apelin-13與消化系統(tǒng) 早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)APJ受體在胃腸道有分布,提示Apelin-13可能參與調(diào)控胃腸功能。Lv等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)給予小鼠側(cè)腦室注射Apelin-13(3~10 μg/只)可抑制胃排空和胃腸道活動(dòng),而腹腔注射Apelin-13(10~100 μg/只)對胃排空無影響。給予Apelin-13受體阻斷劑(F13A)和納洛酮可拮抗Apelin-13抑制胃排空的作用,提示APJ受體和阿片類受體參與了Apelin-13對胃排空的調(diào)控。此外,體外實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,給予結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞APJ特異性受體拮抗劑F13A能顯著抑制結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖[22]。
2.5 Apelin-13與內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng) Aplein-13參與調(diào)控?cái)z食行為和能量穩(wěn)態(tài)。Sunter等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)給予大鼠側(cè)腦室注射Aplein-13可以減少正常大鼠和禁食大鼠的食物攝取量;Taheri等[24]給予大鼠側(cè)腦室注射Apelin-13僅影響了禁食大鼠給藥后2~4 h的食物攝取量。Lv等[25]夜間給予小鼠側(cè)腦室注射Aplein-13后,可顯著降低給藥后4 h內(nèi)禁食小鼠和未禁食小鼠的攝食和攝水量,而白晝給予側(cè)腦室注射Aplein-13對未禁食小鼠的攝食和攝水量沒有影響。上述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示Apelin-13對攝食攝水行為的調(diào)控可能受多種因素的影響。Wattez等[26]研究顯示,在體內(nèi)和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Apelin-13可呈劑量依賴性地促進(jìn)膽囊收縮素和胰高血糖素樣肽1的分泌,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)攝食行為和糖穩(wěn)態(tài)。Shin等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)在肥胖癥小鼠模型的脂肪組織及前體脂肪細(xì)胞中,Apelin-13是Apelin在脂肪組織中最主要的亞型。進(jìn)一步研究顯示,下丘腦室旁核微注射Apelin-13可引起下丘腦室旁核細(xì)胞中高表達(dá)C-fos,并且激活交感神經(jīng)刺激棕色脂肪細(xì)胞,使棕色脂肪細(xì)胞溫度升高,釋放能量[28]。
Apelin-13有利于治療糖尿病。Zeng等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)Apelin-13對無血清誘導(dǎo)的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞損傷具有保護(hù)作用,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞移植可用于治療多種疾病,包括糖尿病。然而,99%的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞易在移植后24 h發(fā)生凋亡。改善低氧誘導(dǎo)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞損傷的促凋亡環(huán)境是治療損傷的關(guān)鍵。低氧會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的活性氧代謝產(chǎn)物(reactive oxygen species,ROS),ROS可以通過激活核因子活化B細(xì)胞κ輕鏈增強(qiáng)子(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,NF-κB)和ERK1/2通路誘導(dǎo)凋亡。因此,Apelin-13通過抑制ERK1/2通路和激活PI3K/AKT通路,抵抗ROS對骨髓間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞的損傷作用,從而用于治療糖尿病[30]。
Apelin-13信號(hào)系統(tǒng)廣泛分布于外周與中樞組織,參與多種生理病理過程的調(diào)節(jié)。而目前對Apelin-13信號(hào)系統(tǒng)功能的研究處于初始階段。在今后的研究中,一方面需要進(jìn)一步明確Apelin-13信號(hào)系統(tǒng)其他生物功能,并對其作用機(jī)制深入研究;另一方面,還需要將Apelin-13信號(hào)系統(tǒng)作為某種疾病治療靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行針對性的臨床前研究。
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(2014-04-23收稿 2014-05-25修回)
(本文編輯 閆娟)
Current Research Progress of Apelin-13
FU Wan1,TIAN Shaowen2,YOU Yong1
1 Department of Neurology,First Affiliated Hospital,University of South China,Hengyang 421001,China;2 Department of Physiology,Medical School,University of South China
Apelin is a polypeptide consisting of 77 amino acids.Apelin receptors are found to be the angiotensinlike G protein coupled receptor(APJ).Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous system. Apelin-13 is one of the subtypes of Apelin,which has strong biological activity.This study reviewed the new research progress of Apelin-13 on physiological and pathological processes involved in the cardiovascular system,respiratory system,nervous system,digestive system and endocrine system.
Apelin-13;cardiovascular system;respiratory system;central nervous system;endocrine system
R592
A
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2014.11.026
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81171281、81300158)、省級(jí)科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013FJ3133)
1南華大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科(郵編421001);2南華大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院生理教研室