鄧曉蘭等
摘要:在應(yīng)對世界金融經(jīng)濟危機過程中公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)性問題,即不引發(fā)財政危機的公共債務(wù)水平或路徑的研究,更加引起全球廣泛關(guān)注。國際上關(guān)于公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究的理論觀點與方法雖然零散但具有一致的內(nèi)在邏輯。首先,歸納概述公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性的概念含義;其次,著重從可持續(xù)性指標和可持續(xù)性檢驗兩條思路,評述公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性條件研究的內(nèi)容和方法;再次,介紹了近年來公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性邊緣研究的新觀點;最后,總結(jié)現(xiàn)有研究可資借鑒之處及其未來的研究方向。
關(guān)鍵詞:公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性;政府違約;研究理論與方法
中圖分類號:F810 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:
10085831(2014)02003108
公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究始于20世紀90年代,基于公共債務(wù)過高引起政府違約甚至導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟危機的擔(dān)憂,引發(fā)了對適度公共債務(wù)水平或合理的公共債務(wù)路徑的深入研討。2007年美國金融危機爆發(fā)后大量舉發(fā)國債,2010年初歐洲主權(quán)債務(wù)危機凸顯,公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)性問題更引起全球廣泛關(guān)注。中國在應(yīng)對世界金融經(jīng)濟危機過程中實施公債支撐的積極財政政策,公共債務(wù)及其可持續(xù)性問題更不能忽視。事實上,20世紀80年代美國的巨額國債和90年代拉丁美洲新興市場經(jīng)濟國家的政府債務(wù)問題,早已引發(fā)了大量關(guān)于公共債務(wù)、赤字或財政可持續(xù)性問題的研究,并已經(jīng)形成了較為完善的理論體系和研究方法。本文試想通過對國外關(guān)于公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究文獻的綜述,為后續(xù)研究提供可借鑒的思路與方法。文章的結(jié)構(gòu)安排是:第一部分是對公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性定義進行概括評述。第二部分是綜述公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性條件的研究思路與方法,現(xiàn)有的研究循兩個思路:(1)展望的視角——探討適度的公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性指標,以求得一個不致使政府違約的公共債務(wù)水平;(2)回顧的視角——根據(jù)歷史數(shù)據(jù)對公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性狀況進行檢驗,關(guān)注于不引發(fā)政府違約的公共債務(wù)路徑。第三部分是有關(guān)公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性的邊緣研究:一些學(xué)者提出了異于公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性含義但仍然聯(lián)系到公共債務(wù)政策能否延續(xù)問題的觀點;最后一部分是全文觀點總結(jié)及研究展望。
一、公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性的概念
在現(xiàn)有的相關(guān)文獻中,都將“財政可持續(xù)性”、“赤字可持續(xù)性”與“公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性”視為同一個概念[1-3],在文獻中這三種表述似乎是等同的。誠然,從政策的執(zhí)行來看,由財政政策引起赤字,赤字是由債務(wù)融資來支撐;從可持續(xù)性來看,公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)狀況直接影響赤字的可持續(xù)性,進而影響一國的財政可持續(xù)狀況,這三種表述是同一的。但是,本文認為,對政府償付能力問題的上述表述中,“公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性”更為準確,因為“財政可持續(xù)性”的表述沒有直接的研究對象,雖然“赤字可持續(xù)性”的表述中可以將“赤字”視為研究對象,但僅以赤字作為研究對象卻忽視了累積債務(wù)這一重要對象。所以,本文將以公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性作為核心概念。
公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)性涉及兩個問題:(1)什么樣的公共債務(wù)政策是可持續(xù)的?(2)如何評價實踐中特定政策的可持續(xù)性?大多數(shù)文獻跳過了第一個問題而關(guān)注于第二個問題,但是這些研究中對可持續(xù)性蘊含了這樣的含義:如果一個公共債務(wù)政策的運行軌跡滿足預(yù)期的未來基本盈余現(xiàn)值等于初始債務(wù),那么它是可持續(xù)的。Burnside認為公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)性是指在不斷償付(而不是拖欠)債務(wù)的同時能夠無限期地保持同樣的一套政策[1]。顯然,以上定義的出發(fā)點都是政府跨期預(yù)算約束,這些定義關(guān)注于公共債務(wù)的時間路徑,而不是公共債務(wù)本身的規(guī)模,也就是說,這種定義存在著不符合直觀認識的情況:即使當前的公共債務(wù)(或赤字)非常高,只要未來的基本盈余能夠保證抵消這些債務(wù)(或赤字),它仍然是“可持續(xù)的”。Chalk 批評了上述定義中存在的“反直觀情況”[2],他認為這種情況是從政府跨期預(yù)算約束出發(fā)定義公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性的固有缺陷,于是,他從OGL模型出發(fā)對可持續(xù)性問題進行了研究,雖然沒有給出可持續(xù)性的定義,但顯然他認為可持續(xù)性的定義中還應(yīng)當規(guī)定赤字或債務(wù)存量規(guī)模不能“過大”。同時,公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)性與經(jīng)濟運行情況相聯(lián)系:(1)經(jīng)常的預(yù)算赤字并不能說明不可持續(xù)性,因為在低利率下,有可能在經(jīng)常的(甚至是永久的)基本赤字下的公共債務(wù)仍然是可持續(xù)的;(2)一個穩(wěn)定的債務(wù)負擔(dān)率并不能證明公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)性,不可持續(xù)政策并不一定有爆發(fā)式增長的債務(wù)負擔(dān)率,例如在未來經(jīng)濟增長率低于利率時,即使基本盈余為零,(已存在的)債務(wù)不斷滾動會違反可持續(xù)性。
綜觀上述各種公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性定義,以及下文將提到的非主流的可持續(xù)性觀點,可以認為公共債務(wù)的持續(xù)性是與政府償付能力相聯(lián)系的一個概念,償付能力是指一個政府能夠履行它的債務(wù)義務(wù)而不是拖欠或拒償債務(wù)的能力。因此,公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究的是政府債務(wù)清償能力問題。當政府有能力償還債務(wù)時,公共債務(wù)就是可持續(xù)的;反之,公共債務(wù)就不可持續(xù),政府就要違約或“破產(chǎn)”。可以說,可持續(xù)的公共債務(wù)是指不會造成政府違約的公共債務(wù)水平或債務(wù)路徑。
二、公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性的條件研究
公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性的條件是為了回答上文提到的第二個問題:如何評價實踐中特定政策的可持續(xù)性?現(xiàn)有研究文獻在對可持續(xù)性條件的研究中已形成了兩個主要的思路:(1)可持續(xù)指標研究:依據(jù)對當前公共債務(wù)水平和財政狀況的認識以及對未來財政收支的預(yù)期,計算出適當?shù)目沙掷m(xù)性指標,這可以視為一種展望的視角;(2)可持續(xù)性檢驗研究:根據(jù)歷史數(shù)據(jù)來檢驗公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性狀況,雖然這也會對未來作出預(yù)測,但可以認為它更多的是一種回顧的視角。
(一)可持續(xù)性指標研究
1.Domar條件
(二)政府違約閥值
Besancenot、Huynh等研究了在流動性不足假定下的可持續(xù)公債的拖欠問題[25],他們
認為基于可持續(xù)性定義所確定的“合理”債務(wù)規(guī)模,如馬約規(guī)定的60%的債務(wù)負擔(dān)率,并不是排除債務(wù)危機的充分條件,如墨西哥政府1995年被迫發(fā)生債務(wù)拖欠時,債務(wù)負擔(dān)率遠遠小于一般的合理標準(30%,1993),這次債務(wù)拖欠的根源是投資者拒絕購買延期的政府債務(wù)。他們運用博弈理論解釋了為什么有時投資者不愿去購買“可持續(xù)”的公共債務(wù),建立了一個基于重復(fù)博弈的理性預(yù)期均衡模型,通過反復(fù)迭代,該模型得到一個不斷降低的閾值(Threshold)。它將收斂到一個極限,這個極限相當于一部分未來基本盈余的貼現(xiàn),即為投資者開始拒絕購買新債務(wù)的臨界值,也即為政府的違約閥值。
違約閥值:
(三)財政政策的非線性調(diào)整
IBC的另一層含義,或者說是IBC的一個必要條件是公共債務(wù)的均值回歸(債務(wù)收斂于未來基本盈余的現(xiàn)值),這個回歸能夠說明政府在采取正確的措施,也就是在債務(wù)規(guī)模過大時致力減少赤字。近年來在許多檢驗IBC的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了財政政策的非線性調(diào)整:政府的政策反應(yīng)程度取決于財政不平衡的規(guī)模,并證實這個反應(yīng)系數(shù)是隨著不平衡的規(guī)模而增加的。Bohn通過增加高次多項式,以及一個在dt=0.343(這是他得到的dt的樣本均值)時的分段線性函數(shù)建立了一個簡單的非線性模型,得到了一個遞增的盈余對債務(wù)的邊際反應(yīng),從而提出了它們之間的非線性、凸性關(guān)系。
Sarno運用美國1916年以來數(shù)據(jù)提出了美國債務(wù)負擔(dān)率的非線性均值回歸的證據(jù)。美國債務(wù)負擔(dān)率呈現(xiàn)一種非線性均值回歸,政府在公債特別高時會對財政赤字作出更大的反應(yīng)[26]。Arghyrou和Luintel在對4個歐元區(qū)國家(希臘、愛爾蘭、意大利和挪威)的公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了所有國家的財政非線性調(diào)整的證據(jù):當財政赤字很高時,向均衡的調(diào)整速度就越快[20]。但Bahmani通過對28個國家的赤字-GDP比率運用KSS檢驗與ADP檢驗進行對比研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[27],只有4個國家在線性檢驗中不平穩(wěn)而在非線性檢驗中平穩(wěn),10個國家在線性和非線性檢驗中都平穩(wěn),另有14個國家在線性和非線性檢驗中都不平穩(wěn)。這個發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然說明了很多國家滿足IBC約束,也在一定程度上支持了線性檢驗有時對財政的非線性調(diào)整是無效的,但似乎也說明了非線性調(diào)整效應(yīng)不夠明顯,這也許是因為作者檢驗的是赤字-GDP比率而不是債務(wù)負擔(dān)率。
四、借鑒與研究展望
綜上所述,公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究關(guān)注于不引發(fā)財政危機的公共債務(wù)水平或路徑。前文介紹了近年來國際上有關(guān)公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究的新觀點,系統(tǒng)歸納了國際上關(guān)于公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性含義、可持續(xù)性指標和可持續(xù)性檢驗等公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性條件研究的內(nèi)容和方法,以及關(guān)于公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究的邊緣問題。國外的研究有如下方面值得借鑒與深入研究。
第一,公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性是與政府償付能力相聯(lián)系的一個概念,政府償付能力是指一個政府能夠履行它的債務(wù)義務(wù)而不是拖欠或拒償債務(wù)的能力。國外學(xué)者的研究提示,在研究政府債務(wù)清償能力問題時不僅要關(guān)注公共債務(wù)本身的規(guī)模,更應(yīng)該關(guān)注公共債務(wù)的時間路徑,也就是說,可持續(xù)的公共債務(wù)是指不會造成政府違約的公共債務(wù)水平或債務(wù)路徑。
第二,關(guān)于公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性條件的研究,我們可以將回顧與展望的研究視角統(tǒng)一起來進行?;仡櫟囊暯桥c展望的視角各有優(yōu)劣,比如可持續(xù)性檢驗的政策意義模糊不清,可持續(xù)性指標的研究過于簡化,與現(xiàn)實情況有較大出入;但可持續(xù)性檢驗也有較穩(wěn)定的一致性,可持續(xù)性指標對短期預(yù)測更為靈敏,不適于長期預(yù)測等。然而,兩種研究思路卻并不矛盾,通常它們得到的結(jié)論是相似的;當出現(xiàn)相悖的結(jié)論時,一般以可持續(xù)性指標為準,因為指標可以對突發(fā)變化作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,而檢驗依賴于較大的樣本容量,但如果突變后的子樣本空間足夠大,仍然可以通過結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變模型得到與可持續(xù)性指標相一致的結(jié)論。
第三,可持續(xù)性研究中的不確定性問題有待深入研究:一個確定性環(huán)境中的可持續(xù)政策在不確定條件下不一定仍然可持續(xù)。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有研究是在確定性條件下進行。雖然有一部分經(jīng)濟學(xué)家認識到了可持續(xù)性研究中的不確定性問題,但目前來看,對不確定性因素的處理不夠精確,顯得有些任意武斷,如前面所指出的,在同一樣本的基礎(chǔ)上,對折現(xiàn)因子的不同處理得到的檢驗結(jié)果大相徑庭。所以公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究的一個發(fā)展方向就是納入隨機因素和風(fēng)險度量后的可持續(xù)性研究:包括折現(xiàn)因子的不確定性和主要經(jīng)濟變量的不確定性。
第四,現(xiàn)有公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性研究對內(nèi)生性關(guān)注不夠。公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)性是與經(jīng)濟運行狀況緊密聯(lián)系的。大多數(shù)研究看到了經(jīng)濟增長率對公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)的重要影響,但很少考察公共債務(wù)及其可持續(xù)性的經(jīng)濟增長效應(yīng),現(xiàn)有研究只是將經(jīng)濟狀況作為外生變量來考察其對公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性的影響,而反過來,實質(zhì)上財政政策的運行無疑對經(jīng)濟運行有著顯著影響。出于研究需要,當前的公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)的研究對此鮮有涉及,如Chalk甚至將財政赤字作為消耗性(NonProductive)支出,以此簡化模型。所以,
今后的研究應(yīng)該把公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)性與經(jīng)濟內(nèi)生因素緊密聯(lián)系起來進行。
第五,關(guān)于可持續(xù)性檢驗的起點——現(xiàn)值預(yù)算約束受到質(zhì)疑:現(xiàn)代財政主義提出的“價格決定的財政理論”(Fiscal Theory of Price Level)認為,政府預(yù)算等式并不是一個約束,而是一個均衡條件,也就是說,在均衡時,現(xiàn)值預(yù)算等式是確定成立的,在FTPL框架下,傳統(tǒng)的“公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性檢驗”只是一個統(tǒng)計問題而不具有理論意義。這一批評對公共債務(wù)的可持續(xù)性檢驗研究無疑是致命的,理應(yīng)在實證檢驗之前對這一問題作出理論上的解釋。
另外,與成熟市場經(jīng)濟體不同,對于財政狀況較差及金融市場不完備的新興市場國家而言,公共債務(wù)可持續(xù)性問題的一些邊緣研究可能更有意義:如能保證財政危機下債務(wù)償還的自然債務(wù)警戒線,投資人意愿認購公債水平的政府違約閥值等研究,應(yīng)當獲得進一步的拓展和深入。參考文獻:
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A Review of Theory and Method of Research on Public Debt Sustainability
DENG Xiaolan1, HUANG Xianlin1, ZHANG Xutao2
(1. School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xian 710061, P. R .China;2. Postdoctoral Workstation, China Merchants Securities,Shenzhen 518026, P. R. China)
Abstract:
Since the financial crisis spreads around the world, there is a growing concern about the sustainability of public debt, which focuses on the path or level of public debt that is necessary for ruling out a fiscal crisis. This paper aims to provide an overview of research on public debt sustainability. Relative conceptions are introduced and redefined at first, and there are two approaches we comment to assessing sustainability of public debt, one is testing whether the IBC holds, and the other is using indicators to know how far public debt departs from sustainability. Then we introduce some opinions different from, but relative to the sustainability of public debt. Finally the advantages of those researches and future tasks are discussed.
Key words: public debt sustainability; government default; research theory and method
(責(zé)任編輯 傅旭東)
[20] ARGHYROU M G,LUINTEL K B.Government solvency: Revisiting some EMU countries[J].Journal of Macroeconomics, 2007,29(2):387-410.
[21] BOHN H.The behavior of U.S. public debt & deficits[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1998(3):949-963.
[22] CANZONERI M, CUMBY R, DIBA B. Is the price level determined by the needs of fiscal solvency? [J].American Economic Review, 2001(6):1221- 1238.
[23] MENDOZA E G,OVIEDO P M.Fiscal policy & macroeconomic uncertainty in emerging markets: The tale of the tormented insurer[C]//Meeting Papers 377.Society for Economic Dynamics,2006.
[24]MENDOZA E G,OVIEDO P M.Public debt, fiscal solvency, & macroeconomic uncertainty in Latin America: The cases of Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, & Mexico[R].Staff General Research Papers 12700, Iowa State University, Department of Economics,2006.
[25] BESANCENOT D, HUYNH K, VRANCEANU R. Default on sustainable public debt: Illiquidity suspect convicted[J].Economics Letters,2004,82:205-211.
[26] SARNO L.The behaviour of US public debt: a nonlinear perspective[J].Economics Letters,2001,74:119-125.
[27]BAHMANI S. Do budget deficits follow a linear or nonlinear path?[J].Economics Bulletin,2007,5(14):1-9.
A Review of Theory and Method of Research on Public Debt Sustainability
DENG Xiaolan1, HUANG Xianlin1, ZHANG Xutao2
(1. School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xian 710061, P. R .China;2. Postdoctoral Workstation, China Merchants Securities,Shenzhen 518026, P. R. China)
Abstract:
Since the financial crisis spreads around the world, there is a growing concern about the sustainability of public debt, which focuses on the path or level of public debt that is necessary for ruling out a fiscal crisis. This paper aims to provide an overview of research on public debt sustainability. Relative conceptions are introduced and redefined at first, and there are two approaches we comment to assessing sustainability of public debt, one is testing whether the IBC holds, and the other is using indicators to know how far public debt departs from sustainability. Then we introduce some opinions different from, but relative to the sustainability of public debt. Finally the advantages of those researches and future tasks are discussed.
Key words: public debt sustainability; government default; research theory and method
(責(zé)任編輯 傅旭東)
[20] ARGHYROU M G,LUINTEL K B.Government solvency: Revisiting some EMU countries[J].Journal of Macroeconomics, 2007,29(2):387-410.
[21] BOHN H.The behavior of U.S. public debt & deficits[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1998(3):949-963.
[22] CANZONERI M, CUMBY R, DIBA B. Is the price level determined by the needs of fiscal solvency? [J].American Economic Review, 2001(6):1221- 1238.
[23] MENDOZA E G,OVIEDO P M.Fiscal policy & macroeconomic uncertainty in emerging markets: The tale of the tormented insurer[C]//Meeting Papers 377.Society for Economic Dynamics,2006.
[24]MENDOZA E G,OVIEDO P M.Public debt, fiscal solvency, & macroeconomic uncertainty in Latin America: The cases of Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, & Mexico[R].Staff General Research Papers 12700, Iowa State University, Department of Economics,2006.
[25] BESANCENOT D, HUYNH K, VRANCEANU R. Default on sustainable public debt: Illiquidity suspect convicted[J].Economics Letters,2004,82:205-211.
[26] SARNO L.The behaviour of US public debt: a nonlinear perspective[J].Economics Letters,2001,74:119-125.
[27]BAHMANI S. Do budget deficits follow a linear or nonlinear path?[J].Economics Bulletin,2007,5(14):1-9.
A Review of Theory and Method of Research on Public Debt Sustainability
DENG Xiaolan1, HUANG Xianlin1, ZHANG Xutao2
(1. School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xian 710061, P. R .China;2. Postdoctoral Workstation, China Merchants Securities,Shenzhen 518026, P. R. China)
Abstract:
Since the financial crisis spreads around the world, there is a growing concern about the sustainability of public debt, which focuses on the path or level of public debt that is necessary for ruling out a fiscal crisis. This paper aims to provide an overview of research on public debt sustainability. Relative conceptions are introduced and redefined at first, and there are two approaches we comment to assessing sustainability of public debt, one is testing whether the IBC holds, and the other is using indicators to know how far public debt departs from sustainability. Then we introduce some opinions different from, but relative to the sustainability of public debt. Finally the advantages of those researches and future tasks are discussed.
Key words: public debt sustainability; government default; research theory and method
(責(zé)任編輯 傅旭東)