張夏+張惠英
[摘要] 目的 從動(dòng)靜態(tài)兩方面研究盆底器官脫垂(POP)患者肛提肌的MRI影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)。 方法 采用品質(zhì)標(biāo)志分組法分為POP組32例,對(duì)照組15例,比較兩組的肛提肌裂孔寬度(LHW)、髂骨尾骨肌厚度(ICT)、髂骨尾骨肌角度(ICA)、提肌板角度(LPA)、LH線及M線。 結(jié)果 平靜狀態(tài)下,POP組的LHW及LPA均明顯大于對(duì)照組,ICT明顯小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。最大腹壓時(shí),POP組的LHW、ICA及LPA均明顯大于對(duì)照組,ICT明顯小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。經(jīng)最大腹壓后,POP組的ΔA1及ΔA2均大于對(duì)照組,LH線、M線均長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 MRI影像學(xué)檢查能很好地顯示肛提肌的正常或病理形態(tài),動(dòng)態(tài)觀察可以評(píng)估肛提肌的功能改變。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肛提肌;MRI成像;盆底功能障礙
[中圖分類號(hào)] R711.5[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2014)05(c)-0118-04
MRI research on the levator ani muscle of the patients with pelvic floor dysfunction
ZHANG Xia ZHANG Hui-ying
Department of CT/MRI,Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University,Tangshan063000,China
[Abstract] Objective To research the imaging performances of patients with pelvic organ prganprolapse(POP)dynamiclly and staticlly. Methods Quality mark grouping method was used in this research,POP group had 32 cases,control group had 15 cases.Levator ani muscle hiatal width(LHW),ilium PC muscles thickness(ICT),ilium PC muscles angle(ICA),levator ani muscle plate angle(LPA),LH-line and M-line in two groups was compared respectively. Results In calm state,LHW and LPA in POP group was significantly larger than that in control group respectively,ICT in POP group was significantly smaller than that in control group,with statistical difference(P<0.05).When the maximum abdominal pressure,LHW,ICA and LPA in POP group was significantly larger than that in control group respectively,ICT in POP group was significantly smaller than that in control group,with statistical difference(P<0.05).After the maximum abdominal pressure,ΔA1 and ΔA2 in POP group was larger than that in control group respectively,LH-line and M-line in POP group was longer than that in control group respectively,with statistical difference(P<0.05). Conclusion MRI imaging can display the normal and pathological form of levator ani muscle and can evaluate the function change of the levator ani muscle by dynamic observation.
[Key words] Levator ani muscle;MRI imaging;Pelvic floor dysfunction
盆底功能障礙(pelvic floor dysfunction,PFD)是指年老、分娩或長(zhǎng)期便秘等長(zhǎng)期腹壓增高的因素使盆底支撐肌肉不堪負(fù)荷而松弛,甚至缺損,導(dǎo)致盆腔臟器失去支撐而發(fā)生解剖位置的改變或盆腔臟器的功能發(fā)生異常改變。PFD主要包括盆腔器官脫垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)和壓力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence,SUI),其中POP是中老年女性十分常見的疾病,由于年齡、產(chǎn)次及其他病史的不同,其發(fā)病率為6.0%~56.3%[1-2]。目前為止,PFD及進(jìn)一步的POP是由盆底支持肌肉或結(jié)締組織損傷引起的這一觀點(diǎn)被普遍認(rèn)同。肛提肌為成對(duì)分布的片狀肌群,兼顧控便和控尿等重要功能,是支撐盆底的重要結(jié)構(gòu),肛提肌的損傷無(wú)疑會(huì)造成盆底功能發(fā)生障礙。磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)檢查的軟組織分辨率非常高,可從各個(gè)角度清晰地顯示盆底肌肉的復(fù)雜形態(tài)及毗鄰關(guān)系,是一項(xiàng)極佳的無(wú)創(chuàng)性檢查方法。本研究從靜息與運(yùn)動(dòng)兩個(gè)方面探討POP患者肛提肌在MRI圖像上的特征性改變,為臨床診斷及治療方案的規(guī)劃提供有價(jià)值的影像學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
2012年4月~2013年4月在滄州市中心醫(yī)院MRI室進(jìn)行盆腔平掃的患者中,選取符合臨床診斷的POP患者32例;選取正常對(duì)照組15例,均為本院職工組成的志愿者,排除盆腔腫瘤及PFD。POP組:平均年齡(49.78±7.80)歲,平均產(chǎn)次(2.01±0.53)次,體重指數(shù)(24.77±2.78) kg/m2;對(duì)照組:平均年齡(50.24±8.91)歲,平均產(chǎn)次(2.42±0.76)次,體重指數(shù)(24.92±2.70) kg/m2。兩組的年齡、產(chǎn)次及體重指數(shù)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 MRI掃描儀器及方法
采用GE750 3.0T全身MR掃描儀及研究所需的后處理軟件。檢查前0.5 h囑患者排空膀胱,取仰臥位,雙下肢稍外展。POP患者將脫垂器官還納于陰道內(nèi),下腹部放置四通道體表線圈。在靜息及最大腹壓狀態(tài)下從橫斷、冠狀、矢狀3個(gè)方位采集圖像。整個(gè)掃描過程約需12 min。圖像采集工作均由同一名操作技師完成,每位受試者均完成預(yù)期的全部掃描并最終得到滿意圖像。
1.3 掃描范圍
橫斷位:從兩側(cè)髂前上棘至恥骨聯(lián)合下緣。矢狀位:兩側(cè)髂棘間。冠狀位:兩側(cè)髂前上棘至肛管。
1.4 掃描參數(shù)
靜態(tài)采用TSE序列,T2加權(quán)快速自旋回波,TR 4610/TEl3,層厚5.0 mm,層間距4.0 mm,視野400×400,矩陣376×512;動(dòng)態(tài)采用T2穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下快速成像,TR4610/80,層厚5.0 mm,層間距4.0 mm,視野279×380,矩陣376×516;掃描過程10 min左右。
1.5 圖像分析與測(cè)量方法
1.5.1 圖像分析在滄州市中心醫(yī)院影像科GE MR750掃描儀配套的圖像處理工作站中處理剛采集到的薄層MRI圖像,經(jīng)過完善的影像學(xué)軟件分析并完成各項(xiàng)預(yù)設(shè)指標(biāo)的測(cè)量。測(cè)量工作由本科室的兩名資深醫(yī)師完成,測(cè)量結(jié)果不一致時(shí)經(jīng)討論直至意見統(tǒng)一,取兩者平均值,得出最終數(shù)據(jù)。
1.5.2 參數(shù)測(cè)量測(cè)量肛提肌裂隙寬度(LHW)、髂骨尾骨肌厚度(ICT)、髂骨尾骨肌角度(ICA)、提肌板角度(LPA)、LH線及M線等,各參數(shù)指標(biāo)的測(cè)量方法如下。LHW:在恥骨聯(lián)合下緣水平測(cè)量?jī)蓚?cè)恥骨直腸肌間最寬的距離;ICT:選取所見肌肉顯示最厚的層面,垂直肌肉的走形方向測(cè)量;ICA:左右側(cè)髂尾肌與水平線的夾角,冠狀位上測(cè)量陰道正中平面至背側(cè)的4個(gè)連續(xù)平面,并取平均值;LPA:取正中矢狀位測(cè)量肛提肌板與水平線的夾角;LH線:恥骨聯(lián)合下緣與直腸肛管移行處直腸后壁間的垂直距離;M線:靠近直腸肛管處PCL線與LH線間的垂直距離;PCL線:正中矢狀面上恥骨聯(lián)合下緣至尾骨尖的連線。在恥骨聯(lián)合下緣的橫斷位圖像上測(cè)量肛提肌裂孔在平靜狀態(tài)下和最大腹壓時(shí)的LHW。于正中矢狀面旁開10.0 mm連續(xù)測(cè)量4個(gè)平面上ICT,并取其平均值。ICA于冠狀位自陰道成像平面向背側(cè)依次測(cè)量4個(gè)平面,取平均值。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析和處理,計(jì)量資料以x±s表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 平靜狀態(tài)下兩組相關(guān)觀察指標(biāo)的比較
平靜狀態(tài)下,POP組的LHW及LPA均明顯大于對(duì)照組,ICT明顯小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。平靜狀態(tài)下正常組女性肛提肌裂孔近似呈V型,尿道、陰道及直腸由此裂孔穿過(圖1);平靜狀態(tài)下正常組女性兩側(cè)髂骨尾骨肌基本對(duì)稱,保持一定的張力似穹隆狀(圖2);平靜狀態(tài)下正常組女性提肌板與PCL線間呈一定角度,即LPA,且肌肉連續(xù)性良好(圖3)。
表1 平靜狀態(tài)下兩組相關(guān)觀察指標(biāo)的比較(x±s)
圖1 正常女性肛提肌橫斷位
圖2 正常女性肛提肌冠狀位
圖3 正常女性肛提肌矢狀位
2.2 最大腹壓狀態(tài)下兩組相關(guān)觀察指標(biāo)的比較
最大腹壓時(shí),POP組的LHW、ICA及LPA均明顯大于對(duì)照組,ICT明顯小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
表2 最大腹壓狀態(tài)下兩組相關(guān)觀察指標(biāo)的比較(x±s)
2.3 經(jīng)腹壓前后兩組LH線、M線變化的比較
經(jīng)最大腹壓后,POP組的ΔA1及ΔA2均大于對(duì)照組,LH線、M線均明顯長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。
表3 經(jīng)腹壓前后兩組LH線、M線變化的比較(x±s)
髂尾肌角度的變化表示為ΔA1;肛提肌板角度的變化表示為ΔA2
3 討論
肛提肌這一名詞最初是由Vesalius在1555年提出,之后Shafik等[3]對(duì)肛提肌的定義進(jìn)行了一系列的研究,但國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)肛提肌的組成仍存在很大爭(zhēng)議,其解剖概念在歷史上也曾進(jìn)行過多次修改。肛提肌的解剖概念并沒有達(dá)成一致的意見。MRI圖像能夠清晰地展現(xiàn)人體盆底肌肉復(fù)雜抽象的形態(tài),動(dòng)靜態(tài)結(jié)合檢查手段還可以觀察其功能變化。Janda等[4]通過尸體解剖測(cè)量所得到的數(shù)據(jù)與MRI掃描圖像結(jié)果幾乎完全一致。Falkert等[5]也認(rèn)同利用核磁圖像來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)肛提肌損傷十分具有可靠性。本文利用MRI動(dòng)靜態(tài)檢查相結(jié)合的手段,對(duì)肛提肌在損傷之后相關(guān)指標(biāo)的變化進(jìn)行了較為全面的研究。
肛提肌為一對(duì)四邊形薄扁肌[6-7],起于恥骨后面與坐骨棘間的肛提肌腱弓,纖維行向內(nèi)下,止于會(huì)陰中心腱、直腸壁、尾骨和肛尾韌帶,左右聯(lián)合成漏斗狀,按照大體解剖分為恥骨尾骨肌、髂骨尾骨肌和尾骨肌。肛提肌是盆底最重要的支撐結(jié)構(gòu),用以阻止PFD的發(fā)生。隨著年齡增長(zhǎng),人體各器官會(huì)不同程度的老化,肛提肌功能的降低可造成盆底支持組織缺損或松弛,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致PDF[8]。PDF可引起壓迫感、間斷性疼痛、膀胱失控伴或不伴有腸道失控、排尿困難、膀胱或陰道沉重下墜感等,甚至可表現(xiàn)為子宮脫垂、陰道脫垂,同時(shí)伴有膀胱、直腸和小腸膨出[9]。衰老是造成PDF的主要病因,但肌張力和雌激素水平降低、多次陰道分娩、肥胖、外傷、既往手術(shù)史、長(zhǎng)期便秘及用力咳嗽等,也是造成該疾病的重要因素[10]。PDF嚴(yán)重影響了女性的健康和生活質(zhì)量。POP發(fā)病率近幾年有上升趨勢(shì)。婦女健康研究顯示,已婚婦女子宮脫垂的發(fā)病率為0.04%~0.14%,51~60歲的發(fā)病率為0.33%,>60歲的發(fā)病率為0.71%[11-12]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在子宮脫垂的年齡分段中,50~59歲占12.5%,>60歲者為76.7%[13]。PDF是一種可以治療的疾病,本研究通過對(duì)肛提肌的相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行定量研究,提高對(duì)肛提肌正常的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及病理狀態(tài)的MRI影像特點(diǎn)及演變規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí),對(duì)PDF的診斷及臨床治療具有十分重要的意義。
動(dòng)態(tài)MRI檢查利用平靜狀態(tài)下和最大腹壓時(shí)ICA及LPA的變化來(lái)表明盆底肌肉的功能狀態(tài)。研究表明,LH線應(yīng)短于5.0 cm,M線應(yīng)短于2.0 cm方為正常。本研究中,POP患者LH線及M線均長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,LHW也明顯大于對(duì)照組,可見LHW、LPA、LH線及M線均可用來(lái)表示盆底松弛程度。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Rortveit G,Brown JS,Thom DH,et al.Symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse:prevalence and risk factors in a population-based,racially diverse cohort[J].Obstet Gynecol,2007,109(6):1396-1403.
[2]Tegerstedt G,Maehle-Schmidt M,Nyrén O,et al.Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse in a Swedish population[J].Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct,2005,16(6):497-503.
[3]Shafik A.A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation.Ⅷ.levator hiatus and tunnel:anatomy and function[J].Dis Colon Rectum,1979,22(8):539-549.
[4]Janda S,van der Helm FC,de Blok SB.Measuring morphological parameters of the pelvic floor for finite element modelling purposes[J].J Biomech,2003,36(6):749-757.
[5]Falkert A,Endress E,Weigl M,et al.Three-dimensional ultrasound of the pelvic floor 2 days after first delivery:influence of onstitutional and obstetric factors[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2010,35(5):583-588.
[6]高春芳,郭茂林.肛提肌垂直部的磁共振成像解剖[J].解剖學(xué)雜志,2011,34(3):381-384.
[7]van Harten B,de Leeuw FE,Weinstein HC,et al.Brain imaging in patients with diabetes:a systematic review[J].Diabetes Care,2006,29(11):2539-2548.
[8]柯桂珠,宋巖峰,陳自忠,等.盆底器官脫垂患者肛提肌的動(dòng)態(tài)MRI研究[J].現(xiàn)代婦科進(jìn)展,2008,17(7):525-529.
[9]黃曉軍,張曉薇.女性壓力性尿失禁患者盆底肌形態(tài)改變的磁共振成像評(píng)價(jià)[J].中華生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程雜志,2010,16(2):159-162.
[10]DeLancey JO,Morgan DM,F(xiàn)enner DE,et al.Comparison of levator animuscle defects and function in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse[J].Obstet Gynecol,2007,109(2 Pt 1):295-302.
[11]Tunn R,Rieprich M,Kaufmann O,et al.Morphology of the suburethral ubocervical fascia in women with stress urinary incontinence:a comparison of histologic and MRI findings[J].Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct,2005,16(6):480-486.
[12]Ashton-Miller JA,DeLancey JO.Functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2007,1101:266-296.
[13]Stein TA,Kaur G,Summers A,et al.Comparison of bony dimensions at the level of the pelvic floor in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2009,200(3):241.
(收稿日期:2014-03-24本文編輯:李亞聰)
[基金項(xiàng)目] 河北省二〇一一年醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究重點(diǎn)課題計(jì)劃(20110535)
[4]Janda S,van der Helm FC,de Blok SB.Measuring morphological parameters of the pelvic floor for finite element modelling purposes[J].J Biomech,2003,36(6):749-757.
[5]Falkert A,Endress E,Weigl M,et al.Three-dimensional ultrasound of the pelvic floor 2 days after first delivery:influence of onstitutional and obstetric factors[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2010,35(5):583-588.
[6]高春芳,郭茂林.肛提肌垂直部的磁共振成像解剖[J].解剖學(xué)雜志,2011,34(3):381-384.
[7]van Harten B,de Leeuw FE,Weinstein HC,et al.Brain imaging in patients with diabetes:a systematic review[J].Diabetes Care,2006,29(11):2539-2548.
[8]柯桂珠,宋巖峰,陳自忠,等.盆底器官脫垂患者肛提肌的動(dòng)態(tài)MRI研究[J].現(xiàn)代婦科進(jìn)展,2008,17(7):525-529.
[9]黃曉軍,張曉薇.女性壓力性尿失禁患者盆底肌形態(tài)改變的磁共振成像評(píng)價(jià)[J].中華生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程雜志,2010,16(2):159-162.
[10]DeLancey JO,Morgan DM,F(xiàn)enner DE,et al.Comparison of levator animuscle defects and function in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse[J].Obstet Gynecol,2007,109(2 Pt 1):295-302.
[11]Tunn R,Rieprich M,Kaufmann O,et al.Morphology of the suburethral ubocervical fascia in women with stress urinary incontinence:a comparison of histologic and MRI findings[J].Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct,2005,16(6):480-486.
[12]Ashton-Miller JA,DeLancey JO.Functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2007,1101:266-296.
[13]Stein TA,Kaur G,Summers A,et al.Comparison of bony dimensions at the level of the pelvic floor in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2009,200(3):241.
(收稿日期:2014-03-24本文編輯:李亞聰)
[基金項(xiàng)目] 河北省二〇一一年醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究重點(diǎn)課題計(jì)劃(20110535)
[4]Janda S,van der Helm FC,de Blok SB.Measuring morphological parameters of the pelvic floor for finite element modelling purposes[J].J Biomech,2003,36(6):749-757.
[5]Falkert A,Endress E,Weigl M,et al.Three-dimensional ultrasound of the pelvic floor 2 days after first delivery:influence of onstitutional and obstetric factors[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2010,35(5):583-588.
[6]高春芳,郭茂林.肛提肌垂直部的磁共振成像解剖[J].解剖學(xué)雜志,2011,34(3):381-384.
[7]van Harten B,de Leeuw FE,Weinstein HC,et al.Brain imaging in patients with diabetes:a systematic review[J].Diabetes Care,2006,29(11):2539-2548.
[8]柯桂珠,宋巖峰,陳自忠,等.盆底器官脫垂患者肛提肌的動(dòng)態(tài)MRI研究[J].現(xiàn)代婦科進(jìn)展,2008,17(7):525-529.
[9]黃曉軍,張曉薇.女性壓力性尿失禁患者盆底肌形態(tài)改變的磁共振成像評(píng)價(jià)[J].中華生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程雜志,2010,16(2):159-162.
[10]DeLancey JO,Morgan DM,F(xiàn)enner DE,et al.Comparison of levator animuscle defects and function in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse[J].Obstet Gynecol,2007,109(2 Pt 1):295-302.
[11]Tunn R,Rieprich M,Kaufmann O,et al.Morphology of the suburethral ubocervical fascia in women with stress urinary incontinence:a comparison of histologic and MRI findings[J].Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct,2005,16(6):480-486.
[12]Ashton-Miller JA,DeLancey JO.Functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2007,1101:266-296.
[13]Stein TA,Kaur G,Summers A,et al.Comparison of bony dimensions at the level of the pelvic floor in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2009,200(3):241.
(收稿日期:2014-03-24本文編輯:李亞聰)
[基金項(xiàng)目] 河北省二〇一一年醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究重點(diǎn)課題計(jì)劃(20110535)