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植物縮合單寧對(duì)草食動(dòng)物的抗寄生蟲(chóng)性

2014-08-15 00:42:29王文霞劉寶慶劉樹(shù)強(qiáng)胡德夫
關(guān)鍵詞:單寧線蟲(chóng)寄生蟲(chóng)

王文霞 周 冉 劉寶慶 劉樹(shù)強(qiáng) 張 東 李 凱 胡德夫*

(1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué)自然保護(hù)區(qū)學(xué)院,北京 100083;2.陜西片仔癀麝業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,寶雞 721000)

植物單寧(vegetable tannin)又稱(chēng)植物多酚(plant polyphenol),廣泛存在于眾多植物種群,尤其是在豆科植物和木本植物的嫩枝芽部位。植物單寧與植食動(dòng)物的采食防御機(jī)制密切相關(guān),是植物進(jìn)化過(guò)程中衍生出來(lái)的一種自身保護(hù)性的次生代謝物質(zhì),是動(dòng)植物協(xié)同進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物[1-3]。根據(jù)單寧的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)和性能將其分為2大類(lèi):水解單寧(hydrolysable tannins,HT)和縮合單寧(condensed tannins,CT)。后者是最常見(jiàn)的單寧類(lèi)型。高含量的單寧不利于單胃動(dòng)物和反芻動(dòng)物的消化和生理,通常會(huì)降低草食動(dòng)物采食量、消化率、身體發(fā)育和產(chǎn)毛量等。

研究表明,植物縮合單寧對(duì)草食動(dòng)物的胃腸道寄生蟲(chóng)(gastrointestinal parasites,GIP)具有抑制作用[4-6]。究其原因,胃腸道寄生蟲(chóng)是制約草食家畜生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及生產(chǎn)性能的重要因素,感染胃腸道寄生蟲(chóng)會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響動(dòng)物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸收,導(dǎo)致腹瀉、食欲低下、貧血、體重下降甚至死亡[7-9]。傳統(tǒng)上,家畜飼養(yǎng)業(yè)采用化學(xué)驅(qū)蟲(chóng)劑控制寄生蟲(chóng)感染,獲得了顯著的成效。然而,源于連續(xù)使用驅(qū)蟲(chóng)劑造成的抗藥性[10-14]及公眾對(duì)食品中藥物殘留的關(guān)注等原因,已有研究者著手探索控制家畜寄生蟲(chóng)的替代方法[15-17]。植物縮合單寧廣泛存在于植物界,是動(dòng)物與植物相互作用的重要環(huán)節(jié)。而且大量研究表明,縮合單寧可通過(guò)直接或間接作用抑制胃腸道寄生蟲(chóng)數(shù)量并提高動(dòng)物的生產(chǎn)性能[6,18-21]。由此可見(jiàn),縮合單寧有望成為草食家畜寄生蟲(chóng)防控的新途徑[19-23]及動(dòng)植物協(xié)同進(jìn)化的新切入點(diǎn)[20-21]。

1 植物縮合單寧的結(jié)構(gòu)及存在方式

植物縮合單寧是碳-碳鍵連接起來(lái)的黃烷酮寡聚體和多聚體[3,22],通常由 10~12 個(gè)低聚物組成,且相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量是 2 000~4 000[22],它是以黃烷-3醇類(lèi)(焦兒茶酸)或黃烷-3,4二醇類(lèi)(表兒茶酸)的低聚物存在??s合單寧的不同組成產(chǎn)生了多種多樣的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu),也形成了物理和生物化學(xué)特性上的差異。

縮合單寧廣泛存在于雙子葉植物的細(xì)胞壁或莖桿、樹(shù)皮、花和種子的胞液中,熱帶和亞熱帶喬灌木含量最高,豆科植物(如紅豆草、百脈根和小冠花)、油菜籽及高梁含量次之,小麥、白苜蓿和黃苜蓿等含量較低,鮮見(jiàn)于禾本科植物[21]。研究表明,不同植物和部位中縮合單寧的類(lèi)型和含量均有很大的差異,且其含量隨生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境和階段不同而改變[22-25]。普遍認(rèn)為豆科植物和木本植物所含縮合單寧顯著高于其他植物種群[25-26]。

2 植物縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)性及其作用機(jī)制

2.1 植物縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)性

研究者采用植物縮合單寧或其粗提取物,通過(guò)體內(nèi)或體外試驗(yàn)方法,對(duì)植物縮合單寧進(jìn)行蟲(chóng)卵孵化測(cè)試(egg hatch assay,EHA)、幼蟲(chóng)攝食抑制試驗(yàn)(larval feeding inhibition assay,LFIA)、幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育試驗(yàn)(larval development assay,LDA)、Ⅲ期幼蟲(chóng)遷移抑制試驗(yàn)(larval migration inhibition assay,LMIA)或者成蟲(chóng)活力抑制試驗(yàn)(adult motility inhibition assay,AMIA),結(jié)果證實(shí)了縮合單寧具有抗寄生蟲(chóng)的功效[4,27-43]。

在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)中,富含單寧的白堅(jiān)木(Aspidosperma quebracho)樹(shù)皮提取物可以有效抑制Ⅲ期幼蟲(chóng)在寄主體內(nèi)的定居[30,44],降低線蟲(chóng)的繁殖力和蟲(chóng)卵產(chǎn)量[30-33]。蓮花(Lotus spp.)和紅豆草(Onobrychis viciifolia)的縮合單寧提取物對(duì)牛體內(nèi)的線蟲(chóng)有顯著的抑制作用[45]。Kabasa等[46]研究表明,縮合單寧對(duì)山羊體內(nèi)的寄生蟲(chóng)具有顯著的抑制作用,且山羊可以選擇適宜含量或者類(lèi)型的縮合單寧減緩寄生蟲(chóng)壓力。聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)能有效地結(jié)合單寧并抑制其生物活性。Makkar等[34]的研究表明,在富含單寧的食物中添加適當(dāng)劑量PEG可抑制單寧結(jié)合瘤胃中的蛋白質(zhì),增加瘤胃中蛋白質(zhì)的發(fā)酵并生成大量氣體。有試驗(yàn)表明,山羊飼喂添加PEG的飼料導(dǎo)致其糞便內(nèi)蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵量增加,機(jī)體生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育減緩[46],從而可見(jiàn)單寧有抗寄生蟲(chóng)的功效?,F(xiàn)有大量體外研究證明,PEG可使植物提取物的抗寄生蟲(chóng)性失效[36,39-40]。

在動(dòng)物體外試驗(yàn)中,將白堅(jiān)木[35]、管狀巖黃芪[36]、菊苣[37-38]或者其他木本植物[39]的提取物添加到培養(yǎng)基中,被測(cè)試的寄生蟲(chóng)受到明顯抑制且抑制效果具有劑量依賴性。從菊苣[37]、豆科植物[40]或者綠茶[41]中提煉的縮合單寧對(duì)Ⅲ期幼蟲(chóng)的遷移產(chǎn)生了抑制作用,且具有劑量依賴性。豆科植物中提取的縮合單寧能影響蛇形毛圓線蟲(chóng)卵孵化和幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育[4]。桑寄生(Viscum verrucosum)、槲寄生(Tapinanthus oleifolius)和扁擔(dān)桿屬椴樹(shù)科(Grewia flava)所含縮合單寧能抑制蟲(chóng)卵孵化、幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育和幼蟲(chóng)遷移[6]。綠茶[41]和紅豆草[43]的縮合單寧提取物能抑制幼蟲(chóng)遷移。以黃烷-3-醇和沒(méi)食子酸形式存在的縮合單寧提取物能抑制體外培養(yǎng)的蛇形毛圓線蟲(chóng)的卵孵化,加大劑量則能夠顯著影響其幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育和Ⅲ期幼蟲(chóng)遷移[47]。

2.2 植物縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)作用機(jī)制

動(dòng)物的體內(nèi)外試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)充分證明縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)性,迄今有關(guān)縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)機(jī)制仍缺乏深入的了解??偨Y(jié)迄今的研究結(jié)果,我們將現(xiàn)有的植物縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)機(jī)制歸納為2種假說(shuō)。

其一為營(yíng)養(yǎng)免疫假說(shuō),即縮合單寧能結(jié)合并保護(hù)蛋白質(zhì)在反芻動(dòng)物的瘤胃內(nèi)不被降解,使蛋白質(zhì)流向小腸,促進(jìn)氨基酸的吸收[20,48],提高了動(dòng)物機(jī)體獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的能力[49],增強(qiáng)了感染寄生蟲(chóng)個(gè)體的抵抗力及免疫力。因此,適量攝食縮合單寧可提高營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的利用率并增強(qiáng)機(jī)體的抵抗力,被認(rèn)為是縮合單寧的間接抗寄生蟲(chóng)作用。Tibe等[50]通過(guò)體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)證明,扁擔(dān)桿屬椴樹(shù)科和桑寄生科的縮合單寧提取物可以刺激幼年山羊血液中T細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加且能夠提高其先天的免疫應(yīng)答。然而,有關(guān)縮合單寧的營(yíng)養(yǎng)免疫假說(shuō)仍缺乏足夠的試驗(yàn)證據(jù),有限的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果仍具有不確定性[30,51-54]。

其二為代謝阻斷假說(shuō),即縮合單寧能夠影響寄生蟲(chóng)的許多重要生物學(xué)過(guò)程。該假說(shuō)得到許多體外研究的支持,尤其是山羊和綿羊的短期體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)[30,33,35]。縮合單寧可結(jié)合蛋白質(zhì)并改變其理化性質(zhì),線蟲(chóng)的角質(zhì)層富含脯氨酸和羥脯氨酸結(jié)構(gòu),這一結(jié)構(gòu)覆蓋了蟲(chóng)體、口腔、食道、泄殖腔和外陰[52],縮合單寧與這些部位的蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合并損害其正常生理過(guò)程。通過(guò)掃描電子顯微鏡,研究者觀察到寄生蟲(chóng)遇到縮合單寧后的表皮蛋白的損傷性變化[55]。這一試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可以解釋?zhuān)诩闹鞲腥炯纳x(chóng)的早期,植物單寧可以完全抑制或延遲了Ⅲ期幼蟲(chóng)的脫鞘,而加入PEG后這種作用就消失的試驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象[56]。在秀麗隱桿線蟲(chóng)中的試驗(yàn)表明,鞣花酸單寧能夠明顯損傷線蟲(chóng)的消化道和生殖道[57]。同時(shí),縮合單寧可抑制蛋白酶活性,從而干預(yù)線蟲(chóng)的重要代謝途徑中活性酶的分泌,影響線蟲(chóng)的生存[35]。

目前,縮合單寧抗寄生蟲(chóng)的作用機(jī)制仍然沒(méi)有定論,其效果會(huì)因寄生蟲(chóng)種類(lèi)、發(fā)育階段、植物的生物化學(xué)特性等因素不同而有所差異[58]。

3 影響植物縮合單寧抗寄生蟲(chóng)性的因素

土壤類(lèi)型、氣候、植物種類(lèi)及其他的環(huán)境因素都會(huì)影響縮合單寧的生物合成途徑[59],從而影響其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)和含量[60]??s合單寧的結(jié)構(gòu)和含量是影響其抗寄生蟲(chóng)效果的 2大主要因素[48,61]。同時(shí),寄生蟲(chóng)的種類(lèi)和發(fā)育階段及寄主胃腸道環(huán)境等因素也影響著縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)性。

3.1 植物縮合單寧的含量

有關(guān)綿羊、山羊[59]和鹿[19,62]的研究表明,飼糧中植物縮合單寧的含量至少達(dá)到30~40 g/kg(干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ))才會(huì)表現(xiàn)出抗寄生蟲(chóng)活性。綜合部分研究[18,23,31-32,35,63-66]的結(jié)果,與采食不含縮合單寧的飼糧相比,采食縮合單寧飼糧(45~55 g/kg干物質(zhì))的綿羊和山羊的糞便蟲(chóng)卵數(shù)(fecal egg count,F(xiàn)EC)減少了約50%;當(dāng)飼糧縮合單寧含量增加到55g/kg(干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ))以上時(shí),驅(qū)蟲(chóng)效果會(huì)有所加強(qiáng);當(dāng)飼糧縮合單寧含量降到30 g/kg(干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ))以下時(shí),F(xiàn)EC變化不再明顯。

在研究夜關(guān)門(mén)(Lespedeza cuneata)中所含縮合單寧對(duì)山羊FEC的作用時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比,夜關(guān)門(mén)使山羊的FEC從168×104個(gè)/d降低至66×104個(gè)/d,下降幅度達(dá) 61%[23,63]。Min 等[58]指出,F(xiàn)EC的減少通常與飼草縮合單寧含量相關(guān),但采食過(guò)量的植物次生代謝物對(duì)寄主健康不利。Athanasiadou等[35]對(duì)綿羊飼喂含有 16%白堅(jiān)木的飼草,結(jié)果顯示對(duì)食欲的負(fù)面影響超過(guò)了抗寄生蟲(chóng)性帶來(lái)的正面影響??s合單寧可改變綿羊的采食行為和蛋白質(zhì)過(guò)瘤胃的比例,進(jìn)而影響營(yíng)養(yǎng)和生理反應(yīng)。因此,適量攝入縮合單寧(3%~6%干物質(zhì))通常對(duì)寄主生理、生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)毛量或者產(chǎn)奶量都有好處,而大量縮合單寧(7%~8%干物質(zhì))則會(huì)抑制寄主取食,擾亂消化生理,降低消化率和生產(chǎn)能力[20,48]。因此,必須綜合考慮縮合單寧的利與弊[35],一般認(rèn)為,含5%縮合單寧的飼糧可減少感染性寄生蟲(chóng)對(duì)牧草的污染,并降低了驅(qū)蟲(chóng)劑的使用量。

3.2 植物縮合單寧的結(jié)構(gòu)特性

縮合單寧的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)是影響其生物活性的重要因素之一[60,67]??s合單寧是由碳-碳鍵連接起來(lái)的黃烷酮寡聚體和多聚體,相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量較大,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)單元環(huán)上的取代基種類(lèi)、數(shù)目及位置的不同,可將縮合單寧分為3大類(lèi)。第1類(lèi)是原花青素,以(表)兒茶素為基本結(jié)構(gòu)單元;第2類(lèi)是原翠雀定,以(表)掊兒茶素為基本結(jié)構(gòu)單元;第3類(lèi)是原天竺葵定,以(表)阿福豆素為基本結(jié)構(gòu)單元[68]。黃烷-3-醇單體試驗(yàn)表明,原翠雀定和原花青素在縮合單寧中的比例會(huì)影響其抗寄生蟲(chóng)的效果。Molan等[42]的研究證實(shí),原翠雀定較之原花青素對(duì)不同階段的寄生蟲(chóng)的抑制效果更加明顯。一些試驗(yàn)研究比較了多種富含單寧的豆科植物,證實(shí)原翠雀定所占比例高于原花青素的酚類(lèi)植物對(duì)胃腸道寄生蟲(chóng)具有更好的寄生蟲(chóng)抑制效果[42-43]。

3.3 寄生蟲(chóng)種類(lèi)和發(fā)育階段

許多研究表明,植物所含的單寧對(duì)不同線蟲(chóng)的抑制效果存在顯著的差異。以白堅(jiān)木為縮合單寧來(lái)源飼喂已感染寄生蟲(chóng)的綿羊,觀察到腸道內(nèi)的線蟲(chóng)(巴斯特細(xì)頸線蟲(chóng)和蛇形毛圓線蟲(chóng))繁殖力降低和數(shù)量減少,然而皺胃內(nèi)的線蟲(chóng)(環(huán)紋背帶線蟲(chóng)和捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲(chóng))卻沒(méi)有任何變化[31-32,35]。同樣處理,單寧降低了山羊體內(nèi)蛇形毛圓線蟲(chóng)的成蟲(chóng)和捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲(chóng)的成蟲(chóng)繁殖力[30,33],但對(duì)環(huán)紋背帶線蟲(chóng)沒(méi)有影響[30]。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比較,山羊在感染Ⅲ期幼蟲(chóng)前攝入縮合單寧,其體內(nèi)的捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲(chóng)、環(huán)紋背帶線蟲(chóng)和蛇形毛圓線蟲(chóng)分別減少 33%、70%和 66%[30,33]。圈養(yǎng)條件下,馬鹿皺胃中的艾氏毛圓線蟲(chóng)比環(huán)紋背帶線蟲(chóng)對(duì)縮合單寧更敏感[69]??梢?jiàn),寄生蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)剛進(jìn)入富含縮合單寧的消化道,縮合單寧的主要功效是抑制幼蟲(chóng)的定植,而對(duì)于已經(jīng)定植的寄生蟲(chóng),其主要的功效是抑制雌寄生蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵。因此,縮合單寧對(duì)寄生蟲(chóng)的抑制作用隨寄生蟲(chóng)的發(fā)育階段而不同[30,33,36,39]。

3.4 寄主消化道環(huán)境

縮合單寧參與了寄主的消化生理過(guò)程。縮合單寧-蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的反應(yīng),受到縮合單寧特性(相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量和組成)、蛋白質(zhì)(相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量和氨基酸組成)及各種酶的影響,尤其是在中性的瘤胃環(huán)境中形成的穩(wěn)定的縮合單寧-蛋白質(zhì)復(fù)合物在 pH<3.5 和 pH>7.5 時(shí)會(huì)分解[69]。動(dòng)物的瘤胃、皺胃和小腸的環(huán)境完全不同,消化道的不同部位必然影響到植物單寧的存在形式及含量,由此對(duì)不同種類(lèi)的寄生蟲(chóng)及其發(fā)育階段產(chǎn)生不同的抑制效果。Robbins 等[70]和 Silanikove[71]研究了綿羊、鹿和山羊的消化道生理差異對(duì)植物縮合單寧的影響,證實(shí)了消化生理過(guò)程與植物縮合單寧的作用方式會(huì)最終影響到縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)性。盡管已有一些研究,消化道不同部位與縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)性之間的關(guān)系尚需要進(jìn)一步的研究,以便深入揭示縮合單寧的作用機(jī)理。

4 小結(jié)

植物縮合單寧具有抗寄生蟲(chóng)的作用,其功效受到縮合單寧的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)和含量、寄生蟲(chóng)種類(lèi)和發(fā)育階段及寄主消化道環(huán)境的影響,其抗寄生蟲(chóng)機(jī)制可以歸納為營(yíng)養(yǎng)免疫假說(shuō)和代謝阻斷假說(shuō),相關(guān)研究為動(dòng)物腸胃道寄生蟲(chóng)防控提供了新的途徑,植物縮合單寧有望成為傳統(tǒng)化學(xué)驅(qū)蟲(chóng)劑的替代物質(zhì)。從營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)角度來(lái)看,縮合單寧既具有負(fù)面營(yíng)養(yǎng)作用又具有正面營(yíng)養(yǎng)作用,關(guān)鍵在于添加水平或攝入水平。目前認(rèn)為,適量攝入縮合單寧(3%~6%干物質(zhì))對(duì)寄主生理、生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)毛量或者產(chǎn)奶量都有好處,且不會(huì)對(duì)寄主采食及生理生化造成不良影響。

植物縮合單寧既削弱了植食動(dòng)物對(duì)植物的侵害,也抑制了植食動(dòng)物的內(nèi)寄生蟲(chóng),因而可能廣泛參與了植物與植食動(dòng)物,植食動(dòng)物與內(nèi)寄生蟲(chóng)的協(xié)同進(jìn)化。鑒于此,植物縮合單寧可能深刻影響了動(dòng)物與植物的種間聯(lián)系,進(jìn)而參與了生物群落的塑造。因此,研究植物縮合單寧的抗寄生蟲(chóng)特性可能成為揭示生物群落的種間聯(lián)系的切入點(diǎn),并可能在家畜和野生動(dòng)物的食源、牧場(chǎng)和棲息地管理上提供新的思路。

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