曾克輝
1. 問:as...as結(jié)構(gòu)能表示最高級(jí)嗎?
答:可以,但是用as...as表達(dá)最高級(jí)必須符合以下兩個(gè)條件:
①as...as any后接名詞(名詞常被省略)表最高級(jí)。
He is as clever as any (student) in our class. 他是我們班最聰明的同學(xué)。
②as...as ever后接動(dòng)詞的過去式,也表最高級(jí)。
He was as brave a soldier as ever lived. 他是最勇敢的士兵。
2. 問:much too和too much都可以作狀語(yǔ)嗎?如果是,有什么不同?
答:都可以作狀語(yǔ),但much too作狀語(yǔ)修飾形容詞或副詞,而too much 作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞。如:
He is much too tired. 他實(shí)在是太累了。(作狀語(yǔ),修飾形容詞)
He walked much too slow. 他走得實(shí)在是太慢了。(作狀語(yǔ),修飾副詞)
I miss you too much. 我實(shí)在是太想你了。(作狀語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞)
注:too much還可以作代詞或形容詞用,分別擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。例如:
Too much will be done. 要做的事太多了。(作主語(yǔ))
He ate too much. 他吃的太多了。 (作賓語(yǔ))
He wasted too much time. 他浪費(fèi)了太多的時(shí)間。(作定語(yǔ)).
The rubbish in the room is too much. 屋子里的垃圾太多了。(作表語(yǔ))
3. 問:我看到這樣一句話“He had the bravery to save the child from the flood.”,請(qǐng)問如何理解?
答:句意:“他非常勇敢,結(jié)果從洪水中救出了那個(gè)孩子?!边@是“have + the + 抽象名詞 + 不定式”表示“如此......以至于……;非?!Y(jié)果……”的句式。又如:
He had the luck to find a satisfactory job.
= He was so lucky that he found a satisfactory job.
= He was lucky enough to find a satisfactory job.
= He luckily found a satisfactory job. 他非常幸運(yùn),找到稱心如意的工作。
注:這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式to do也可以用of doing。如:
He had the carelessness to fail / of failing in the exam. 他是如此地粗心大意,以至于他沒有通過這次考試。
4. 問:在“He came up to see what was the matter.”這句話中,what was the matter是否應(yīng)該寫成what the matter was?
答:這里的what was the matter與 what was wrong是一樣的。wrong是形容詞,the matter是名詞,但在表示“問題;毛病”時(shí),the matter常被當(dāng)作形容詞來(lái)用。例如:
Is anything the matter? 怎么了?
Theres nothing the matter with it. 這沒有問題。
當(dāng)然也有人將the matter直接用作名詞“毛病;麻煩事”。如:
Every time he peeps, she jumps to see what the matter is. 每次他一發(fā)出尖細(xì)的叫聲,她就跳起來(lái)看是怎么一回事。
但這在英語(yǔ)中,尤其在口語(yǔ)中是不常見的,因?yàn)樗袝r(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義,如:
I dont know what is the matter. 我不知道出了什么問題。
I dont know what the matter is. ① 我不知道出了什么問題。② 我不知道這個(gè)物質(zhì)是什么。
5. 問:This secret is more than we can let out. 怎樣翻譯?是什么句式?
答:這是繞彎強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。句意:“這個(gè)秘密我們是不能泄露的?!?more than之后接帶有can的從句時(shí),常表示“否定意義”。此時(shí),從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是及物動(dòng)詞,并且與句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)生邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。在英語(yǔ)中,為了加重語(yǔ)氣,常使用此類繞彎強(qiáng)調(diào)法。這里再介紹幾種繞彎強(qiáng)調(diào)句式:
① 雙重否定。例如:
If you dont hurry, you wont catch the early bus. 若不快點(diǎn),你就趕不上早班車了。
Without the Chinese Communist Party, there would be no New China. 沒有共產(chǎn)黨就沒有新中國(guó)。
② nothing but“不過;只是”。例如:
Winds are nothing but moving air. 風(fēng)不過是運(yùn)動(dòng)著的空氣罷了。
③ anything but“決不是”。例如:
He is anything but a thief. 他決不是小偷。
▲ 注:若but后接形容詞,則but是并列連詞。如:endprint
He is anything but honest. (= He is anything, but he is not honest.)他絕對(duì)不誠(chéng)實(shí)。
④ no more than“不過;僅僅”。例如:
He is no more than a small bully. 他不過是個(gè)小混混。
He has no more than 5 yuan. 他身上僅有五塊錢。
⑤ no more…than或not…any more than“和……一樣地不……”,意味著兩者都否定,但往往著重說(shuō)明前面的一個(gè)分句,其作用相當(dāng)于“neither…nor”。例如:
Mary is no more diligent than Tom. = Neither Mary nor Tom is diligent. 瑪麗和湯姆倆人都不勤奮。
⑥ no / none other than“正是,就是”。例如:
My English teacher is none other than my father. 我的英語(yǔ)老師就是我父親。
That was no other than my old friend Jones. 那正是我的老朋友瓊斯。
6. 問:Its up to you. 是什么意思?
答:“取決于你;由你決定”。短語(yǔ)up to的用法很多,在不同的句式中有不同的意義。例如:
① up to “多達(dá)”,如:
Tobacco kills up to half of its users. 煙草導(dǎo)致多達(dá)半數(shù)使用者死亡。
② up to “直到;到……為止”。如:
I walked straight up to him. 我徑直走到他跟前。
Up to now, Ive heard nothing from him. 到目前為止,我沒有他的任何消息。
③ up to “可以相比;比得上;相近”。如:
As for English, I m not up to my desk-mate. 至于英語(yǔ),我比不上我的同桌。
④ up to “有能力;能勝任;適合”。如:
I m not up to the job. 我不能勝任這個(gè)工作。
⑤ up to “從事于;忙于”。如:
What tricks has he been up to? 他一直在搞什么鬼?
⑥ up to “知道;懂得”,相當(dāng)于aware of。如:
He is up to nothing about music. 他對(duì)音樂一竅不通。
⑦ up to “由……決定;由……負(fù)責(zé)”,常構(gòu)成“It s up to sb + 從句或不定式”句式。如:
It s up to you whether to accept the gift or not. 收不收這份禮物得由你決定。
7. 問:在“When the suggestion came up, everyone agreed with it.”這句話中,came up為什么不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?能不能用was come up with?
答:這里用came up是正確的,但也可以用was come up with。come up與come up with均可表“提出,提到”,請(qǐng)看例題:
We all hope to see the plan that at the beginning of the year carried out next year.
A. came up B. came up with
C. came out D. came about
解析:答案是A。come up不及物,主語(yǔ)是“事物”,常以主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義;而come up with是及物的,應(yīng)該用was come up with才對(duì);B、D兩項(xiàng)與題意不符,均應(yīng)排除。
注:不及物動(dòng)詞以主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義的句子很多,如:
How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何出版的?
Our food soon ran out. 我們的糧食很快就吃完了。
The new bridge will come into use next month. 那座橋梁下個(gè)月開始使用。
This kind of cloth washes well. 這種布料很好洗。
The door wont lock. 門鎖不上。
8. 問:ever是一個(gè)很常見的詞,但它的意義很難把握,能列舉一下它的用法嗎?
答:ever在英語(yǔ)中用得很頻繁,但它在不同句式中的確有不同的意義。列舉如下:
①永遠(yuǎn);老是;總是;一直 (用于肯定句)。例如:
He is ever quick to respond. 他的反應(yīng)總是很快。
②曾經(jīng);以前 (用于疑問句)。例如:
Did you ever talk it over with him? 你可曾跟他談過這個(gè)問題?
Have you ever lived in Wuhan? 你曾經(jīng)在武漢住過嗎?
③永不;從來(lái)沒有;至今不曾(用于否定句相當(dāng)于never)。例如:
The hole punched through his cheek doesnt ever heal. 他臉頰里的那個(gè)洞永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法愈合。
This idea hasnt ever been thought of before. 以前從未有人想到過這個(gè)主意。
④要是,如果有的話,任何時(shí)候(用于if 條件從句,加重主句的意思)。例如:
If ever you pass my home, please drop in. 如果你哪天路過我家時(shí),請(qǐng)一定進(jìn)來(lái)坐坐。
⑤到底;究竟(用于特殊疑問句)。例如:
When ever did you leave the classroom last night? 昨晚你究竟什么時(shí)候離開教室的?
What ever did you say to him yesterday? 你昨天究竟對(duì)他說(shuō)了些什么?
Where ever have you put my briefcase? 你究竟把我的公文包放哪兒了?
注:以上的“疑問詞+ever”結(jié)構(gòu)并不等于whenever“無(wú)論何時(shí)”, whatever“無(wú)論什么”或wherever“無(wú)論那兒”。
⑥極為;極其(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的口語(yǔ)中常用“be + 主語(yǔ) + ever + adj.”的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào))。例如:
Was he ever delighted when seeing you come to his birthday party! 看到你來(lái)參加他的生日派對(duì),他高興極了!
注:ever常構(gòu)成一些固定詞組。如:ever so / such (a) 及其,非常;for ever 永遠(yuǎn),總是;ever since (then) 從那時(shí)到現(xiàn)在;as ever 一直,依舊;ever more 永遠(yuǎn),始終;never ever 絕不,從不;than ever比以前;比以往任何時(shí)候。endprint